Search (1102 results, page 55 of 56)

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Abstract

The term information lacks precicion and there is no consensus about its definition because of the differing philosophical theories used as a basis for interpretation e.g. materialism, idealism. Draws on the ideas of Locke, Kant and Piaget to analyse the essential nature of information, concluding that for the purposes of library science, information is best understood as an ideal entity constructed by the individual synthesising his sensory perceptions of the actual world, which is then objectivised resulting in the world of information, part of the wider world but with its own structures, laws and interrelations. This make communication possible

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Abstract

Reproduces the opening session of the Madrid Conference on 'Foundations of Information Science' organized by the university Carlos III of Madrid and the University of Saragossa, in July 94. This conference was an attempt to rescue information as a central scientific tool and put it into a new context so as to serve as a basis for a fundamental disciplinary development. The novelty of the conference was that, instead of attempting a precise 'atomic' definition, information was understood as related to a widespread network of processes potentially involving the integration of subatomic molecular, cellular, computational, human and social occurences, demanding both a unifying and a multiperspective approach

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Abstract

The field of Information Science is constantly changing. Therefore, information scientists are required to regularly review-and if necessary-redefine its fundamental building blocks. This article is one of a group of four articles, which resulted from a Critical Delphi study conducted in 2003-2005. The study, "Knowledge Map of Information Science," was aimed at exploring the foundations of information science. The international panel was composed of 57 leading scholars from 16 countries, who represent (almost) all the major subfields and important aspects of the field. This particular article documents 130 definitions of data, information, and knowledge formulated by 45 scholars, and maps the major conceptual approaches for defining these three key concepts.

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Abstract

Scholars have uncovered abundant data about the history of the term "information," as well as some of its many combined phrases (e.g., "information science," "information retrieval," and "information technology"). Many other compounds that involve "information" seem, however, not to have a known origin yet. In this article, further information about the phrase "information storage and retrieval" is provided. Knowing the history of terms and their associated concepts is an important prescription against poor terminological phrasing and theoretical confusion.

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Series

Advances in information science

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Series

Reviews of concepts in knowledge organization

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Abstract

In the past fifty years scientists have begun to discover how the human brain functions. In this book Wilder Penfield, whose work has been at the forefront of such research, describes the current state of knowledge about the brain and asks to what extent recent findings explain the action of the mind. He offers the general reader a glimpse of exciting discoveries usually accessible to only a few scientists. He writes: "Throughout my own scientific career I, like other scientists, have struggled to prove that the brain accounts for the mind. But perhaps the time has come when we may profitably consider the evidence as it stands, and ask the question . . . Can the mind be explained by what is now known about the brain?" The central question, he points out, is whether man's being is determined by his body alone or by mind and body as separate elements. Before suggesting an answer, he gives a fascinating account of his experience as a neurosurgeon and scientist observing the brain in conscious patients.

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Abstract

For decades, we have been told we live in the "information age"-a time when disruptive technological advancement has reshaped the categories and social uses of knowledge and when quantitative assessment is increasingly privileged. Such methodologies and concepts of information are usually considered the provenance of the natural and social sciences, which present them as politically and philosophically neutral. Yet the humanities should and do play an important role in interpreting and critiquing the historical, cultural, and conceptual nature of information. This book is one of two companion volumes that explore theories and histories of information from a humanistic perspective. They consider information as a long-standing feature of social, cultural, and conceptual management, a matter of social practice, and a fundamental challenge for the humanities today. Bringing together essays by prominent critics, Information: Keywords highlights the humanistic nature of information practices and concepts by thinking through key terms. It describes and anticipates directions for how the humanities can contribute to our understanding of information from a range of theoretical, historical, and global perspectives. Together with Information: A Reader, it sets forth a major humanistic vision of the concept of information.

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 73(2022) no7., S.1058-1061 (Lai Ma).

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Abstract

Describes the methodology and reports the results of a study to measure text comprehension by school students when using a variety of media. Four different texts in the printed multi volume Compton's Encyclopedia and its multimedia CD-ROM database equivalent were read by grade 6 (11-12 year old) students who were then asked several multiple choice questions on them. Three groups, print, text on screen and multimedia (text, illustration and video), were asked only to read the texts presented to them. Two additional groups, print and multimedia CD-ROM, had to retrieve the texts before reading them. No significant main effect was found for multimedia over print or text on screen. However, a significant interaction was found between the use of multimedia and text complexity. Boys were found to cope markedly better with multimedia CD-ROM, a finding which was not expected and ran counter to the results of previous studies

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Abstract

There is a need for a continued recognition of the value of books as an efficient means of information transfer, while recognising that the correct use of all technology can promote services. Currently there is a danger that a surfeit of information and global networks will degenerate into anarchy and the lawlessness of an information jungle. It is important to understand the interrelations between information and different media. Gives the application of facet classification as an example of the ways in which interrelations between traditional LIS methods and new technology can be developed. Examines theories of knowledge and wisdom. LIS can cover the whole spectrum of human experience, the university of knowledge and help tp promote the integration of different branches of public information, helped by modern information technology

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Abstract

Describes the characteristics of the information era: a complex environment with which business attempts, mostly unsuccessfully, to cope using management information and decision support systems. The failures may be due to the fact that the decision maker does notknow what information to look for and where. The impact of the principle of incomplete knowledge upon current business information acquisition problems motivates this paper, which looks at the concepts of data, information, and knowledge in the light of cybernetic research concerning the role of signals, artificial intelligence regarding the nature of knowledge, and Borje Langefor's infological research. The latter bridges the gap between signal and knowledge by introducing the infological equation with information as a key concept. All recognise a communication process. Focuses on the semantic, pragmatic, and social aspects of communication. Concludes that Langefor's e-message concept should be further investigated

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Footnote

In Chinesisch

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Abstract

Contemporary studies of information and documentation focus on 3 dimensions: the theoretical, i.e. the sciences of interpretation of text; the practical, i.e. the impact of new technology on systems of inscription; and the political, i.e. the consequent proceses of social identification and cultural autonomy. Documentation languages provide rules for transforming items of information into documentation products, and the process of information analysis fixes meaning by applying such rules in the context of collective experience. Information transfer and communication thus depends on a communicational contract setting out the parameters for negotiating meaning. This requires the information analyst and other professionals to discuss the rules of the information game openly with external participants, as the necessary condition for a democratic and equitable science of information

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Abstract

The dissertation summarized here aimed to study information seeking by investigating the interaction between information seeking and use and learning outcome. Gives an overview of relevant research, which shows differences between user studies and phenomenographic studies. The empirical study involveld interviewing 25 senior high school students about how they sought and used information to learn about the subject content of an assignment. Aspects chosen for analysis were: students' conceptions of relevance criteria, ways of experiencing information overload, criteria for judging when they had enough information, and ways of experiencing the cognitive authority and bias of information sources. 3 categories of conceptions of information seeking were and use were developed. Discussion focuses on questions regarding implications of the variations in the ways of experiencing information seeking and use; about the fact that their conceptions of seeking and use interact closely with those of content; and implications for further research

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Abstract

In New Scientist issue 18 Sept 1999, "Life force" pp27-30 Paul Davies writes "an apparently random sequence such as 110101001010010111... cannot be condensed into a simple set of instructions, so it has a high information content." (p29). This notion of 'information content' leads to paradoxes. Consider random number generator software. Let it generate 100 and 1000 random numbers. According to the above definition the second sequence of numbers has an information content ten times higher than the first, because its description would be ten times longer. However they are both generated by the same simple set of instructions, so should have exactly the same 'information content'. There is the paradox. It seems clear that this measure of 'information content' misses the point. It measures compressibility of a sequence, not 'information content'. One needs meaning of a sequence to capture information content.

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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the proposal that Luciano Floridi's philosphy of information (PI) may be an appropriate conceptual foundation for the discipline of library and information science (LIS). Design/methodology/approach A selective literature review and analysis are carried out. Findings It is concluded that LIS is in need of a new conceptual framework, and that PI is appropriate for this purpose. Originality/value Floridi proposed a close relationship between PI and LIS more than a decade ago. Although various authors have addressed the aspects of this relationship since then, this is the first proposal from an LIS perspective that PI be adopted as a basis for LIS.

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Abstract

This paper explores collaborative information behavior in the context of highly politicized decision making. It draws upon a qualitative case study of project management of a contentious public sector infrastructure project. We noted the creation of spaces for the development and exchange of information by experts and conceptualize these as information spheres. We postulate that these were formed to bypass power-induced information behavior that excludes expert power, such as information avoidance. This approach contrasts with the expected project management and information norms, rules and behavior, however, provides a language that can be used to explain the phenomena of bounded information spaces which complement and may be used as a development of adjunct to small world's theory.

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Abstract

The influence of cognitive and affective information processing on the late positive complex of the event-related potential was studied by means of structural or affective processing of adjectives categorized as emotionally negative, neutral or positive. An extensive replication study tested 2 research hypotheses derived from a pilot study with 14 subjects. The first hypothesis stated that the active, conscious evaluation of the affective meaning of the adjectives should lead to a long lasting positive shift, which is maximal over the frontal scalp. This shift should be independent of the emotional content of the adjectives and should not be observed during structural processing. Second, the emotionally negative and emotionally positive adjectives should elicit a more positive P3-component compared to neutral adjectives. This effect should be independent of the type of task (structural or affective). Because the hypotheses are in part related to the interpretation of the null hypotheses of the statistical tests, an a priori control of both alpha- and beta-error probability is necessary. - From the results, it is concluded that affect and cognition are separate information processing functions of the brain and are mediated by different brain systems

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Abstract

Information is and always has been an elusive concept; nevertheless many philosophers, mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists have felt that it is fundamental. Many attempts have been made to come up with some sensible and intuitively acceptable definition of information; up to now, none of these have succeeded. This work is based on the approach followed by Dretske, Barwise, and Devlin, who claimed that the notion of information starts from the position that given an ontology of objects individuated by a cognitive agent, it makes sense to speak of the information an object (e.g., a text, an image, a video) contains about another object (e.g. the query). This phenomenon is captured by the flow of information between objects. Its exploitation is the task of an information retrieval system. These authors proposes a theory of information that provides an analysis of the concept of information (any type, from any media) and the manner in which intelligent organisms (referring to as cognitive agents) handle and respond to the information picked up from their environment. They defined the nature of information flow and the mechanisms that give rise to such a flow. The theory, which is based on Situation Theory, is expressed with a calculus defined on channels. The calculus was defined so that it satisfies properties that are attributes to information and its flows. This paper demonstrates the connection between this calculus and information retrieval, and porposes a model of an information retrieval system based on this calculus