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Footnote

Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].

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Source

Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]

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Source

http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_

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BK

33.23 Quantenphysik

Classification

33.23 Quantenphysik

Footnote

Die Autoren betonen, dass weder die klassische Information noch die Quanteninformation allein eine vollständige Beschreibung der Wirklichkeit liefern können. Nötig sei vielmehr das »gegenseitige Bedingen und Auseinander-Hervorgehen« von Fakten und Möglichkeiten, was sie als »Schichtenstruktur von klassischer Physik und Quantenphysik« bezeichnen. Da die Autoren von der Universalität der Information ausgehen, vermuten sie genau diese Schichtenstruktur auch als Grundlage der Informationsverarbeitung im Gehirn. Entscheidend sei nicht der Unterschied zwischen dem Unbewussten und dem Bewussten, die beide nur eine Form von Information seien, sondern zwischen der klassischen und der Quanteninformation. Das Selbsterleben habe nun neben dem Zugang zu Fakten auch Zugang zu Quanteninformation: »Denkendes Selbst erleben bildet einen individuellen Quantenprozess, der in seinem Kern bis zum Tod des Lebewesens nicht klassisch wird.« Damit überschreiten die Autoren in einem wesentlichen Punkt das heutige Verständnis der Quantentheorie, demzufolge einem Beobachter der Zugang zur Quanteninformation stets versagt ist, da diese durch eine Messung stets zerstört wird. Quanteninformation beschreibt alle zukünftigen Möglichkeiten eines bestimmten Quantenzustands zugleich, samt deren Veränderungen in der Zeit. Die Autoren sehen hierin eine Erklärung für die Assoziativität des Denkens und die »Nichtentschiedenheit« des Unbewussten. Aber gibt es in unserem Bewusstsein tatsächlich das gleichzeitige Erleben einander ausschließender Möglichkeiten? Dies scheint zunächst wenig plausibel, erleben wir unser Denken doch als grundsätzlich sequenziell, auch wenn wir rasch zwischen den verschiedensten Gegenständen wechseln und dabei mehrere Aspekte dieser Gegenstände im Auge behalten können. Aber auch wenn tiefergehende Introspektion gewisse Aspekte von Parallelität aufzeigen mag, droht hier doch die Schlussfolgerung, dass der Zugang zur Quanteninformation nur ein vermittelter ist, was die ursprüngliche Annahme in Frage stellen würde. Dies bedürfte umso mehr der Klärung, als die Autoren argumentieren, die enorme Geschwindigkeit des Gehirns bei der Lösung komplexer Aufgaben sei nur durch das gleichzeitige Durchdenken aller Möglichkeiten zu erklären: die einem Quantencomputer inhärente Parallelverarbeitung.
Durch die Bildung von neuen, räumlich ausgedehnten Quantenzuständen aus ursprünglich getrennten Zuständen könne schließlich zum einen das »Bindungsproblem« der Hirnforschung gelöst werden, wie nämlich Informationen über ein Objekt an unterschiedlichen Orten im Gehirn zusammengefasst und als Einheit erlebt werden können. Zum anderen enthielten solche kombinierten Quantenzustände die Antworten auf gänzlich neue »Fragen«. Diese Antworten könnten bei Feststellungen oder Entscheidungen zu Fakten werden, die in den Ausgangszuständen gar nicht enthalten waren. So könne im Rahmen der Quantenphysik tatsächlich Neues entstehen. Wie der Titel andeutet, geht das Buch über die hier geschilderten Aspekte hinaus. Es verankert den universellen Informationsbegriff in der Kosmologie, nach dem Vorbild Carl Friedrich von Weizsäckers, dessen Ure in der heutigen Terminologie zu Quantenbits geworden sind, und zeichnet die Evolution der Information von der Strukturbildung in der Natur bis zur Schaffung von Bedeutung in Gehirnen nach. Gleichzeitig sucht es in den Arbeiten von Sigmund Freud und Carl Gustav Jung nach Analogien zur Quantentheorie, versucht etwa das »kollektive Unbewusste« Jungs mit der Quanteninformation im Unbewussten in Beziehung zu setzen. Das Buch ist für einen breiten Leserkreis geschrieben und auch tatsächlich geeignet. Seine Stärke liegt darin, dass es aus einer tiefen Kenntnis der Quantentheorie heraus entstanden ist und deren Möglichkeiten konsequent weiterdenkt. Wenn man dabei auch nicht jedem Argument folgen oder jede Analogie für plausibel halten mag, so ist doch insgesamt ein konsistenter Rahmen geschaffen, der sogar experimentell - durch Introspektion - überprüft werden kann, noch bevor zukünftige Messmethoden Quantenzustände in Gehirnen nachweisen können. Eine wesentliche Frage wird dann sein, ob es im Gehirn makroskopisch ausgedehnte Quantenzustände gibt. Dies dürften viele Physiker bezweifeln. Die Autoren vermuten vor allem Photonen, also elektromagnetische Felder, als Träger von Quanteninformation. Damit haben sich die Autoren nichts weniger vorgenommen als eine Lösung des notorischen Leib-Seele-Problems: Ist alles Denken Folge physiologischer Prozesse und wegen deren Determiniertheit die erlebte Freiheit des Geistes eine Illusion, oder muss man zu einem nichtkausalen Dualismus zwischen Geist und Materie übergehen? Die meisten Naturwissenschaftler wählen die erste Alternative, einige wenige die zweite - und die Autoren eine dritte. Sie erklären die Information zur primären Substanz, räumen Gedanken und anderen erlebten Zuständen denselben Status ein wie materiellen Einheiten; die Kausalität bleibt erhalten, indem die Quantenmechanik zur grundlegenden Theorie der Information erhoben wird. Damit können nicht nur körperliche Zustände zur Ursache von Gedanken werden, sondern insbesondere auch Gedanken körperliche Zustände verursachen. Gibt es in diesem Rahmen eine Chance für die Freiheit des Denkens und Wollens? Die Autoren sehen sie in dem Wechselspiel von durch Fakten bestimmter Notwendigkeit und dem neue Möglichkeiten eröffnenden Zufall, wie es in der Schichtenstruktur von klassischer und Quantenphysik vorgeprägt sei. Diese Antwort vermag zwar noch nicht zu überzeugen. Vermutlich ist es aber auch gar nicht die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaft, die Freiheit des Menschen zu erklären oder zu beweisen. Die Autoren sprechen deshalb auch nur von einem Rahmen, der Freiheit innerhalb einer naturwissenschaftlichen Weltbeschreibung zu denken erlaube. Die Schaffung dieses Rahmens, der mit der Lösung des Dilemmas zwischen Subjektivität und Kausalität zusammenhängt, ist die wesentliche Leistung dieses außergewöhnlichen Buches."

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Abstract

Lange Zeit schien es, als habe die Naturwissenschaft den Geist aus der wissenschaftlichen Weltsicht verdrängt. Doch seit die Quantenphysik gezeigt hat, daß sich die Welt der Materie nicht ohne Einbeziehung des Bewußtseins erklären läßt, stellt sich den verschiedenen Naturwissenschaften immer dringlicher die Frage: Was ist der Geist? Wie funktioniert das Bewußtsein? Und wenn die Erkenntnis der Welt die Erkenntnis des Erkennenden voraussetzt - wie kann das Auge sich selbst sehen, der Verstand sich selbst verstehen, das Bewußtsein seine eigenen Funktionen erfassen? Diese Fragen zu beantworten ist das Ziel einer neuen, interdisziplinären Forschungsrichtung: der Kognitionswissenschaft. In ihr fließen Neurobiologie, experimentelle Psychologie, Verhaltens- und Bewußtseinsforschung, Künstliche Intelligenz und andere wissenschaftliche Disziplinen zusammen mit den Einsichten fernöstlicher Erkenntnislehren. Damit wird die Kognitionswissenschaft, die »neue Wissenschaft vom Bewußtsein«, den menschlichen Geist nicht nur theoretisch beschreiben, sondern auch Wege zu seiner Erweiterung und Transformation im Zeichen des Wertewandels in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft aufzeigen können.

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Abstract

Colours, icons, graphics, hypertext links and other multimedia elements are variables that affect information search strategies and information seeking behaviour. These variables are culturally constructed and represented and are subject to individual and community interpretation. Hypothesizes that users in different communities (in intercultural or multicultural context) will interpret differently the meanings of the multimedia objects on the Internet. Users' interpretations of multimedia objects may differ from the intentions of the designers. A study in this area is being undertaken

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Abstract

Three problems in relation to Luciano Floridi's work on the Philosophy of Information (PI) and the relationship of PI to Library and Information Science (LIS) are considered: the claim that LIS is a materials-based discipline, Floridi's claim about Information as a message transfer system, and his downgrading of Social Epistemology to be a subset of PI. The recent history of LIS and the practice of professional library work are examined for evidence of the basis for making claims about LIS. A view of information based on individual interpretations is preferred to Floridi's account, which is found to be too innocent of LIS practice to be accepted without revision, as is his view of LIS as an applied PI.

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Abstract

A review is presented of the relation between information and entropy, focusing on two main issues: the similarity of the formal definitions of physical entropy, according to statistical mechanics, and of information, according to information theory; and the possible subjectivity of entropy considered as missing information. The paper updates the 1983 analysis of Shaw and Davis. The difference in the interpretations of information given respectively by Shannon and by Wiener, significant for the information sciences, receives particular consideration. Analysis of a range of material, from literary theory to thermodynamics, is used to draw out the issues. Emphasis is placed on recourse to the original sources, and on direct quotation, to attempt to overcome some of the misunderstandings and oversimplifications that have occurred with these topics. Although it is strongly related to entropy, information is neither identical with it, nor its opposite. Information is related to order and pattern, but also to disorder and randomness. The relations between information and the "interesting complexity," which embodies both patterns and randomness, are worthy of attention.

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Abstract

In this paper we discuss the construction of information systems ontologies. We summarize and discuss Barry Smith's review (2003a) of the field in the paper, "Ontology." In that essay Smith concludes with a plea for ontologies that reflect the categories of current scientific theories because they represent our best knowledge of the world. In this context, we develop an argument for a hermeneutic approach to ontologies-one compatible with the orientation introduced into information science by Winograd and Flores (1986) and later developed by many others. To do this, we argue that the literature in the philosophy and history of science supports a hermeneutic interpretation of the nature and growth of science. This, given Smith's argument, shows the relevance of hermeneutics to the creation of information system ontologies. The problems associated with understanding and creating information systems ontologies are addressed fruitfully only if one begins by acknowledging that databases are mechanisms for communication involving judgments and interpretations by intelligent and knowledgeable users. The main contributions of this paper are our conclusions that (a) information system ontologies should take into consideration a perspective of the philosophy and history of science, and (b) hermeneutics as construed by Gadamer (1975, 1979) constitutes a place from which we can understand the tasks of information ontologists and database users.

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Abstract

Purpose - The different senses of the term information in physical, biological and social interpretations, and the possibility of connections between them, are addressed. Special attention is paid to Hofkirchner's Unified Theory of Information (UTI), proposing an integrated view in which the notion of information gets additional properties as one moves from the physical to the biological and the social realms. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - UTI is compared to other views of information, especially to two theories complementing several ideas of it: the theory of the hypertextual documental universe ("docuverse") and the theory of integrative levels of reality. Two alternative applications of the complex of these three theories are discussed: a pragmatical, hermeneutic one, and a more ambitious realist, ontological one. The latter can be extended until considering information ("bit") together with matter-energy ("it") as a fundamental element in the world. Problems and opportunities with each view are discussed. Findings - It is found that the common ground for all three theories is an evolutionary approach, paying attention to the phylogenetic connections between the different meanings of information. Research limitations/implications - Other theories of information, like Leontiev's, are not discussed as not especially related to the focus of the approach. Originality/value - The paper builds on previously unnoticed affinities between different families of information-related theories, showing how each of them can provide fruitful complements to the other ones in clarifying the nature of information.

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Abstract

Luciano Floridi presents an innovative approach to philosophy, conceived as conceptual design. He explores how we make, transform, refine, and improve the objects of our knowledge. His starting point is that reality provides the data, to be understood as constraining affordances, and we transform them into information, like semantic engines. Such transformation or repurposing is not equivalent to portraying, or picturing, or photographing, or photocopying anything. It is more like cooking: the dish does not represent the ingredients, it uses them to make something else out of them, yet the reality of the dish and its properties hugely depend on the reality and the properties of the ingredients. Models are not representations understood as pictures, but interpretations understood as data elaborations, of systems. Thus, Luciano Floridi articulates and defends the thesis that knowledge is design and philosophy is the ultimate form of conceptual design. Although entirely independent of Floridi's previous books, The Philosophy of Information (OUP 2011) and The Ethics of Information (OUP 2013), The Logic of Information both complements the existing volumes and presents new work on the foundations of the philosophy of information.

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Abstract

The purpose of this review paper is to outline the constructivist approach to the notion of information from two perspectives. The first perspective explores the role of 'constructed' information in the 'constructivist niche' - a common name for the appropriate viewpoints in different science fields, such as cognitive and neuroscience, psychology, cybernetics and biology of cognition. The second perspective considers library and information science (LIS) papers in which information is treated as a constructed entity. This paper assumed the origin of the notion of information to be a construction as defined in the 'constructivist niche' that is based upon communication theory and cybernetics. Conversely, the origin of the notion of information as a construction as per LIS can be found in Bateson's definition of information as a 'difference which makes the difference,' as well as in the 1970s LIS definition wherein information is associated with the direction of a cognitive viewpoint, as in a 'cognitive turn'. The study showed that 'information as a construction', except in a few cases, did not play a significant role in the constructivist theories nor in LIS. LIS researchers reduce the concept of information to a subjective, socially-constructed entity which inherently results in different interpretations.

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:01:22

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Content

Als Beispiel der Anwendung von Metaphern in den Naturwissenschaften fällt mir dieses ein: Ein schwarzes Loch ist ein Stern, dessen Anziehungskraft so stark ist, dass keine Information entfliehen kann. Aber buchstäblich ist so ein Stern nicht "schwarz", noch ist er ein "Loch". Und Information, also elektromagnetische Teilchen, "entfliehen" den ordinären Sternen nicht. Mein Kollege Norbert Wiener schrieb einmal: "Information ist Information, nicht Materie oder Energie." Sie ist immer eine private Leistung, nämlich die der Interpretation, deren Ergebnis Wissen ist. Information hat, wie, zum Beispiel die Aufführung eines Tanzes, keine Permanenz; sie ist eben weder Materie noch Energie. Das Maß der Wahrheit des produzierten Wissens hängt von der Qualität der angewandten Interpretation ab. Wissen überlebt, nämlich indem es den denkenden Menschen buchstäblich informiert, also den Zustand seines Gehirns ändert. Claude Shannons Informationstheorie lehrt uns, dass die Bedeutung einer Nachricht von der Erwartung des Empfängers abhängt. Sie ist nicht messbar, denn Nachrichten sind pure Signale, die keine inhärente Bedeutung bergen. Enthält das New Yorker Telefonbuch Information? Nein! Es besteht aus Daten, nämlich aus Texten, die, um zu Information und Wissen zu werden, interpretiert werden müssen. Der Leser erwartet, dass gewisse Inhalte Namen, Adressen und Telefonnummern repräsentieren. Enthält dieses Telefonbuch die Information, dass viele Armenier nahe beieinander wohnen?

Date

16. 3.2008 12:22:08

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Date

17. 7.1996 9:33:22
22. 7.2000 19:05:41

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Source

Ratio. 22(1980), S.155-164

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Date

13. 7.2008 19:22:28

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Abstract

Der Sozialphilosoph Hermann Lübbe ist überzeugt davon, daß die Massenmedien nicht 'vermassend', sondern vielmehr 'pluralistisch' wirken. - Bericht zu den 22. Frankfurter Römerberggesprächen zum Thema: Kommt eine neue Kultur? Auf der Suche nach Wirklichkeit im Medienzeitalter