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Isbn

0-8247-8971-7

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.7, S.651-652 (D.G. Smith): "A complex myriad of online information sources and services are currently accessible to knowledge workers worldwide. Those who have a computer equipped with a modern or Internet access can avail themselves of bibliographic, scientific, and full-text databases in a staggering number of disciplines. These online services, fueled by technological advancement, are in a constant state of change. Innovation occurs so quickly that it is difficult for knowledge workers to remember any other technological reality but the present. In such an environment, the origin of online information services often goes unconsidered. A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976, by Charles P. Bourne and Trudi Bellardo Hahn, sheds light an the pioneering efforts of those who made current online information services possible. Michael Buckland states in the book's foreword that Bourne and Hahn's volume is the first history of the early online years. It covers the appearance of the first online information retrieval system in 1963 and concludes during 1976 when several commercial online information services, including DIALOG and LEXIS, became forerunners in the nascent online industry. Although developments in computing technology and communication networks were important to early online efforts, these topics are not discussed in the book. However, there are cases when offline computing technologies, such as database searching with punched cards, are reviewed if they are important to the development of online retrieval systems. ...

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Date

7. 9.2002 11:49:00

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Date

22. 3.2004 14:46:50

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Content

Volume 1 is divided into three parts. Part One (Chapters 1 and 2) constitutes an introduction to the reference process and automated reference services. Part Two, "Information: Control and Access," consists of Chapters 3 through 6 and covers an introduction to bibliographies, indexing, and abstracting services. Chapters 7 through 12 are in Part Three, "Sources of Information," which include encyclopedias, various ready reference sources, biographical sources, dictionaries, geographical sources, and government documents. It is as pointless for students to memorize details about specific reference sources, as it is necessary for them to grasp the essential areas of agreement and difference among the various forms. To this end, every effort is made to compare rather than to detail. Only basic or foundation reference works are discussed in this volume. But readers may not find all basic titles included or annotated because: (1) There is no consensus an what constitutes "basic". (2) The objective of this text is to discuss various forms, and the titles used for that purpose are those that best illustrate those forms. (3) The annotations for a specific title are duplicated over and over again in Guide to Reference Books and Guide to Reference Materials, which list the numerous subject bibliographies. In both volumes, suggested readings are found in the footnotes and at the end of each chapter. When a publication is cited in a footnote, the reference is rarely duplicated in the "Suggested Reading." For the most part, these readings are limited to publications issued since 1987. In addition to providing readers with current thinking, these more recent citations have the added bonus of making it easier for the student to locate the readings. A number of the suggested reading items will be found in Reference and Information Sources, A Reader, 4th ed., published by Scarecrow Press, in 1991. It is beyond argument, of course, that all readings need not necessarily be current and that many older articles and books are as valuable today as they were when first published. Thanks to many teachers' having retained earlier editions of this text and the aforementioned Scarecrow title, it is possible to have a bibliography of previous readings. As has been done in all previous editions, the sixth edition notes prices for most of the major basic titles. This practice seems particularly useful today, since librarians must more and more be aware of budgetary constraints when selecting reference titles. CD-ROMS are listed where available. Prices are based an information either from the publisher of the original reference source or from the publisher of the CD-ROM disc. If a particular work is available online, the gross hourly rate as charged by DIALOG is given for its use. Both this rate and the book prices are current as of late 1990 and are useful in determining relative costs. Bibliographic data are based an publisher's catalogs, Books in print, and examination of the titles. The information is applicable as of late 1990 and, like prices, is subject to change.

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Footnote

Einleitend gewährt Grotjahn kursorische Einblicke in die Geschichte der Enzyklopädien Enzyklopädien, wobei zentrale Themen wie Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen Enzyklopädien und Universalwörterbüchern und die starken historischen Wandlungen unterworfenen Anforderungen an die Wissenschaftlichkeit von Allgemeinenzyklopädien nur angerissen werden. Zentrale (technische) Voraussetzungen der kollaborativen Wissenserstellung wie das Open-Source-Prinzip und die Wikitechnologie werden kurz vorgestellt. Gängige Kriterien zur Beurteilung von Medienqualität werden erwähnt, die anregende Idee, journalistische Qualitätskriterien auf die Wikipedia anzuwenden angerissen, jedoch nicht argumentativ zu Ende geführt. Grotjahn fasst seine Lektüreergebnisse zur Qualitätsbeurteilung von Enzyklopädien in der Erkenntnis zusammen, dass "die objektive Beurteilung von Qualität Schwierigkeiten bereitet" (S. 43). Er macht aus dieser Not eine Tugend und versucht auf indirektem Wege, nämlich durch die Sekundäranalyse - so lautete auch noch der Untertitel seiner Magisterarbeit - von Qualitätsuntersuchungen der Wikipedia, dem Phänomen der Qualitätsbeurteilung und der implizit angewandten Qualitätskriterien auf die Spur zu kommen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die als "Empirie" betitelte Übersicht ausgewählter bis zum Erscheinungstermin der Arbeit vorliegende Qualitätsuntersuchungen zur Wikipedia. Nach der Methode des propositionalen Inventars werden Studien, in denen es zumindest teilweise um Qualitätsmessung geht, in Hinblick auf Ansatz, Untersuchung, Ergebnisse und Einzelbewertung verglichen. Die Vergleichskriterien erschließen sich erst nach genauerem Lesen, so ist mit Ansatz die Fragestellung der jeweiligen Studie gemeint und Untersuchung meint das Forschungsdesign und die Untersuchungsmethodik. Ausgesprochenes Ziel ist es "Gemeinsamkeiten zu finden, gute Ansätze von schlechten zu trennen" (S.7). Grotjahn erhebt den Anspruch, Vorschläge für Qualitätsmaßstäbe zu entwickeln, die den Besonderheiten der Wikipedia gerecht werden. Er hat 17 mehr oder weniger umfangreiche Untersuchungen zusammengestellt, darunter auch die aufsehenerregende Untersuchung von Jim Giles (2005) für die Zeitschrift Nature, in der die Wikipedia mit der Britannica verglichen wurde und die erstmals zu dem Ergebnis kommt, dass zwischen den beiden Werken kein nennenswerter Qualitätsunterschied zu verzeichnen sei. Die Auswahl der analysierten Arbeiten erscheint eher zufällig, seine Recherchestrategie und die zugrunde gelegten Quellen legt Grotjahn nicht offen.

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Footnote

The discussion of modes for digital reference world be incomplete without focusing an the technologies that support this activity. E-mail, Web forms, chat, instant messaging, and videoconferencing, as well as the call center based software, are now being adapted for use in libraries. The book discusses the technologies currently available and an the horizon to support digital reference services. While these sections of the book may not age well, they will provide us with a historical glimpse of the nascent development of such tools and how they were used at the beginning of the digital reference age. True to the emphasis an decision-making, the chapter an technology includes a list of functions that reference librarians world want in software to support digital reference. While no current applications have all of these features, this list provides librarians with some ideas concerning possible features that can be prioritized to aid in a selection process. Despite the emphasis an technology, Janes contextualizes this discussion with several significant issues relating to its implementation. These include everything from infrastructure, collaborative service standards, service design, user authentication, and user expectations. The sections an collaborative service models and service design are particularly interesting since they are both in their infancy. Readers wanting an answer or the "best" design of either institutional or collaborative digital reference service will be disappointed. However, raising these considerations is important and Janes points out how crucial these issues will be as online reference service matures. User authentication in the context of reference service is especially tricky since tensions can emerge between license agreements and the range of people who may or may not be covered by these contracts querying reference librarians. Finally, no discussion of digital reference is complete without a discussion of the possibility of 24/7 reference service and the ensuing user expectations. While Janes has no answers to the dilemmas these raise, he does alert libraries providing digital reference services to some of the realities. One is that libraries will get a broader range of questions, which could impact staff time, collection development to support these questions, and necessitate either a confirmation of priorities or a reprioritization of activities. Another reality is that the users of digital reference services may never have partaken of their services before. In fact, for libraries funded to serve a particular constituency (public libraries, academic libraries) this influx of users raises questions about levels of service, funding, and policy. Finally, in keeping with the underlying theme of values that pervades the book, Janes points out the deeper issues related to technology such as increasing ability to track users an the web. While he realizes that anonymous information about those who ask reference questions world provide reference librarians with a great deal of information to hone services and better serve constituencies, he is well aware of the dangers involved in collectiog patron information in electronic form.