Search (108 results, page 1 of 6)

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Abstract

Purpose - This paper is the final one in a series which has tried to give an overview of so-called transformational areas of digital library technology. The aim has been to assess how much real transformation these applications can bring about, in terms of creating genuine user benefit and also changing everyday library practice. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a summary of some of the legal and ethical issues associated with web 2.0 applications in libraries, associated with a brief retrospective view of some relevant literature. Findings - Although web 2.0 innovations have had a massive impact on the larger World Wide Web, the practical impact on library service delivery has been limited to date. What probably can be termed transformational in the effect of web 2.0 developments on library and information work is their effect on some underlying principles of professional practice. Research limitations/implications - The legal and ethical challenges of incorporating web 2.0 platforms into mainstream institutional service delivery need to be subject to further research, so that the risks associated with these innovations are better understood at the strategic and policy-making level. Practical implications - This paper makes some recommendations about new principles of library and information practice which will help practitioners make better sense of these innovations in their overall information environment. Social implications - The paper puts in context some of the more problematic social impacts of web 2.0 innovations, without denying the undeniable positive contribution of social networking to the sphere of human interactivity. Originality/value - This paper raises some cautionary points about web 2.0 applications without adopting a precautionary approach of total prohibition. However, none of the suggestions or analysis in this piece should be considered to constitute legal advice. If such advice is required, the reader should consult appropriate legal professionals.

Date

22. 1.2011 17:54:04

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Abstract

With the emergence of Web 2.0, sharing personal content, communicating ideas, and interacting with other online users in Web 2.0 communities have become daily routines for online users. User-generated data from Web 2.0 sites provide rich personal information (e.g., personal preferences and interests) and can be utilized to obtain insight about cyber communities and their social networks. Many studies have focused on leveraging user-generated information to analyze blogs and forums, but few studies have applied this approach to video-sharing Web sites. In this study, we propose a text-based framework for video content classification of online-video sharing Web sites. Different types of user-generated data (e.g., titles, descriptions, and comments) were used as proxies for online videos, and three types of text features (lexical, syntactic, and content-specific features) were extracted. Three feature-based classification techniques (C4.5, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine) were used to classify videos. To evaluate the proposed framework, user-generated data from candidate videos, which were identified by searching user-given keywords on YouTube, were first collected. Then, a subset of the collected data was randomly selected and manually tagged by users as our experiment data. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach was able to classify online videos based on users' interests with accuracy rates up to 87.2%, and all three types of text features contributed to discriminating videos. Support Vector Machine outperformed C4.5 and Naïve Bayes techniques in our experiments. In addition, our case study further demonstrated that accurate video-classification results are very useful for identifying implicit cyber communities on video-sharing Web sites.

Object

Web 2.0

Theme

Social tagging

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Abstract

In diesem Artikel geht es darum, was Web 2.0 für die Wissenschaft bedeutet und welchen Nutzen Web 2.0-Dienste für Wissenschaftler haben. Im Rahmen dieses Themas wird eine Studie vorgestellt, bei der Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Fachbereiche unter anderem gefragt wurden, welche Web 2.0-Dienste sie kennen und warum sie Web 2.0-Dienste nutzen. Nach einer kurzen Einleitung zu Web 2.0 und dem bisherigen Forschungsstand folgen die Ergebnisse der Studie, die zeigen werden, dass Web 2.0-Dienste bekannt sind und für private Zwecke und zur Unterhaltung genutzt werden, sie sich allerdings noch nicht als Werkzeuge für die Wissenschaft etabliert haben.

Object

Web 2.0

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Abstract

The web has been, in the last decades, the place where information retrieval achieved its maximum importance, given its ubiquity and the sheer volume of information. However, its exponential growth made the retrieval task increasingly hard, relying in its effectiveness on idiosyncratic and somewhat biased ranking algorithms. To deal with this problem, a "new" web, called the Semantic Web (SW), was proposed, bringing along concepts like "Web of Data" and "Linked Data," although the definitions and connections among these concepts are often unclear. Based on a qualitative approach built over a literature review, a definition of SW is presented, discussing the related concepts sometimes used as synonyms. It concludes that the SW is a comprehensive and ambitious construct that includes the great purpose of making the web a global database. It also follows the specifications developed and/or associated with its operationalization and the necessary procedures for the connection of data in an open format on the web. The goals of this comprehensive SW are the union of two outcomes still tenuously connected: the virtually unlimited possibility of connections between data-the web domain-with the potentiality of the automated inference of "intelligent" systems-the semantic component.

Theme

Semantic Web

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Abstract

The behavior of modern web robots varies widely when they crawl for different purposes. In this article, we present a framework to classify these web robots from two orthogonal perspectives, namely, their functionality and the types of resources they consume. Applying the classification framework to a year-long access log from the UConn SoE web server, we present trends that point to significant differences in their crawling behavior.

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Abstract

This article presents conceptual navigation and NavCon, an architecture that implements this navigation in World Wide Web pages. NavCon architecture makes use of ontology as metadata to contextualize user search for information. Based on ontologies, NavCon automatically inserts conceptual links in Web pages. By using these links, the user may navigate in a graph representing ontology concepts and their relationships. By browsing this graph, it is possible to reach documents associated with the user desired ontology concept. This Web navigation supported by ontology concepts we call conceptual navigation. Conceptual navigation is a technique to browse Web sites within a context. The context filters relevant retrieved information. The context also drives user navigation through paths that meet his needs. A company may implement conceptual navigation to improve user search for information in a knowledge management environment. We suggest that the use of an ontology to conduct navigation in an Intranet may help the user to have a better understanding about the knowledge structure of the company.

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Abstract

Das World Wide Web ist als weltweites Informations- und Kommunikationsmedium etabliert. Neue Technologien erweitern regelmäßig die Nutzungsformen und erlauben es auch unerfahrenen Nutzern, Inhalte zu publizieren oder an Diskussionen teilzunehmen. Daher wird das Web auch als eine gute Dokumentation der heutigen Gesellschaft angesehen. Aufgrund seiner Dynamik sind die Inhalte des Web vergänglich und neue Technologien und Nutzungsformen stellen regelmäßig neue Herausforderungen an die Sammlung von Webinhalten für die Webarchivierung. Dominierten in den Anfangstagen der Webarchivierung noch statische Seiten, so hat man es heute häufig mit dynamisch generierten Inhalten zu tun, die Informationen aus verschiedenen Quellen integrieren. Neben dem klassischen domainorientieren Webharvesting kann auch ein steigendes Interesse aus verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen an thematischen Webkollektionen und deren Nutzung und Exploration beobachtet werden. In diesem Artikel werden einige Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze für die Sammlung von thematischen und dynamischen Inhalten aus dem Web und den sozialen Medien vorgestellt. Des Weiteren werden aktuelle Probleme der wissenschaftlichen Nutzung diskutiert und gezeigt, wie Webarchive und andere temporale Kollektionen besser durchsucht werden können.

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Abstract

This article explores the need for libraries to algorithmically access and manipulate the world's largest API: the Internet. The billions of pages on the 'Internet API' (HTTP, HTML, CSS, XPath, DOM, etc.) are easily accessible and manipulable. Libraries can assist in creating meaning through the datafication of information on the world wide web. Because most information is created for human consumption, some programming is required for automated extraction. Python is an easy-to-learn programming language with extensive packages and community support for web page automation. Four packages (Urllib, Selenium, BeautifulSoup, Scrapy) in Python can automate almost any web page for all sized projects. An example warrant data project is explained to illustrate how well Python packages can manipulate web pages to create meaning through assembling custom datasets.

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Abstract

S R Ranganathan's ideas have influenced library classification since the inception of his Colon Classification in 1933. His address at Elsinore, "Library Classification Through a Century", was his grand vision of the century of progress in classification from 1876 to 1975, and looked to the future of faceted classification as the means to provide a cohesive system to organize the world's information. Fifty years later, the internet and its achievements, social ecology, and consequences present a far more complicated picture, with the library as he knew it as a very small part and the problems that he confronted now greatly exacerbated. The systematic nature of Ranganathan's canons, principles, postulates, and devices suggest that modern semantic algorithms could guide automatic subject tagging. The vision presented here is one of internet-wide faceted classification and retrieval, implemented as open, distributed facets providing unified faceted searching across all web sites.

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Abstract

Is Web 2.0 more than a buzzword? In recent years, technologists and others have heatedly debated this question, even in Wikipedia, itself an example of Web 2.0. From the perspective of the present study, Web 2.0 may indeed be a buzzword, but more substantially it is also an example of an organizing vision that drives a community's discourse about certain new Information Technology (IT), serving to advance the technology's adoption and diffusion. Every organizing vision has a career that reflects its construction over time, and in the present study we examine Web 2.0's career as captured in its Wikipedia entry over a 5-year period, finding that it falls into three distinct periods termed Germination, Growth, and Maturation. The findings reveal how Wikipedia, as a discourse vehicle, treats new IT and its many buzzwords, and more broadly captures the careers of their organizing visions. Too, they further our understanding of Wikipedia as a new encyclopedic form, providing novel insights into its uses, its community of contributors, and their editing activities, as well as the dynamics of article construction.

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Date

16.11.2017 13:04:22

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Abstract

Das Semantic Web und seine Auswirkungen auf Bibliotheken rücken immer mehr in den Fokus informationswissenschaftlicher Forschung. Dieser Artikel erläutert grundlegende funktionale wie technische Konzepte des Semantic Web, um darauf aufbauend in das Thema Library Linked Data einzuführen. Dafür werden einige kürzlich entstandene Projekte und Initiativen vorgestellt. Neben den Visionen und Zielen der jeweiligen Initiatoren, wie bessere Sichtbarkeit von bibliographischen Daten und Entwicklung neuer Applikationen, werden auch offene technische und rechtliche Fragestellungen bzw. Probleme kurzangerissen. In einem letzten Punkt werden mögliche praktische Linked Data-Anwendungsfalle für den österreichischen Kontext vorgestellt.

Content

Inhalt 1. Einleitung 2. Das Semantic Web 3. Technologien und Standards 4. Linked Data 5. Library Linked Data: Projekte und Erwartungen 6. Herausforderungen 7. LLD-Anwendungen in Österreich 8. Fazit

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Abstract

This paper introduces a project to develop a reliable, cost-effective method for classifying Internet texts into register categories, and apply that approach to the analysis of a large corpus of web documents. To date, the project has proceeded in 2 key phases. First, we developed a bottom-up method for web register classification, asking end users of the web to utilize a decision-tree survey to code relevant situational characteristics of web documents, resulting in a bottom-up identification of register and subregister categories. We present details regarding the development and testing of this method through a series of 10 pilot studies. Then, in the second phase of our project we applied this procedure to a corpus of 53,000 web documents. An analysis of the results demonstrates the effectiveness of these methods for web register classification and provides a preliminary description of the types and distribution of registers on the web.

Date

4. 8.2015 19:22:04

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Abstract

Der Beitrag behandelt informationswissenschaftliche Perspektiven des Social Web. Hierzu wird zunächst anhand technologischer und sozialer Entwicklungstendenzen des Internets eine begriffliche Annäherung vorgenommen und die sich daraus ergebenden Phänomene mittels einer exemplarischen Darstellung wichtiger Dienste und Anwendungen veranschaulicht. Darauf aufsetzend wird das Social Web aus gesellschaftlicher Perspektive als eine globale Architektur der Partizipation eingeordnet, die in langfristiger Sicht das Potential für strukturelle Umbrüche in vielfältigen Bereichen und Handlungsfeldern in sich birgt. Dabei lassen sich aus informationswissenschaftlicher Perspektive insbesondere Auswirkungen auf die Ausprägung individueller und kollektiver Informations-, Wissens- und Kommunikationsprozesse als für die Disziplin relevante Aspekte begreifen. So bereichert das Social Web zentrale Themenfelder wie das Information Retrieval, die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion oder das Wissensmanagement um neuartige Facetten. Zugleich werden neue Forschungsfelder virulent. Der Artikel skizziert beispielhaft einige dieser Aspekte, die derzeit in Hildesheim, insbesondere mit der neu geschaffenen Juniorprofessur "Social Networks and Collaborative Media", zu einer Erweiterung des informationswissenschaftlichen Lehr- und Forschungsportfolios führen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es zu verdeutlichen, dass die derzeitigen Entwicklungstendenzen des Internets die Bedeutung der Informationswissenschaft als wichtige zukunftsorientierte Lehr- und Forschungsdisziplin unterstreichen und zugleich Chancen und Bedarf für eine offensive Profilierung der Disziplin schaffen.

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Abstract

Meist reicht ein Blick in die Nachrichten und es wird schnell klar - Inhalte aus sozialen Medien haben einen festen Platz in der Berichterstattung eingenommen. Redakteure binden Fotos von Facebook oder Instagram in Beiträge ein, zeigen Videos von YouTube oder Snapchat und zitieren Tweets. So genannte "Netzreaktionen" und User Generated Content sind seit Langem fester Bestandteil journalistischer Formate. Soziale Netzwerke dienen aber nicht nur der Anreicherung von Beiträgen mit Bildmaterial. Worüber das Netz diskutiert, was gerade "viral" ist und sich überdurchschnittlich schnell in den Communities des World Wide Web verbreitet , dient auch als Trendbarometer und Fundus für die Themenfindung. Aber nicht alles ist bekanntlich Gold, was glänzt. Denn während soziale Netzwerke einerseits wie eine schier unerschöpfliche Quelle quotenträchtiger Stoffe anmuten, so bergen sie doch andererseits einige Hindernisse und Stolpersteine auf dem Weg zum vermeintlich strahlenden Content. Da wäre zum einen die schiere Masse an Posts und Tweets, an Snaps und Live­Videos. So offenbart allein die Nutzerstatistik der Plattform Twitter aus dem Jahr 2016 eine Bilanz von etwa 500 Millionen Tweets - täglich. Zum anderen müssen authentische Inhalte von Spam und Fakes getrennt werden. Journalisten - und alle, die sie bei ihrer Tätigkeit unterstützen - stehen also vor der nicht zu unterschätzenden Herausforderung, soziale Medien effizient zu beobachten, in ihnen zu recherchieren sowie interessante und gleichzeitig echte Inhalte zu selektieren. An die Kuration (lat. curare = sorgen, sich kümmern) von Webinhalten werden bestimmte Erwartungen gestellt. Sie erfordert Expertenwissen auf den abgedeckten Gebieten, ein gutes Informationsmanagement, eine enge Vernetzung mit Quellen und Kanälen sowie die Fähigkeit, den Überblick zu behalten.

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Abstract

Controversy is a complex concept that has been attracting attention of scholars from diverse fields. In the era of Internet and social media, detecting controversy and controversial concepts by the means of automatic methods is especially important. Web searchers could be alerted when the contents they consume are controversial or when they attempt to acquire information on disputed topics. Presenting users with the indications and explanations of the controversy should offer them chance to see the "wider picture" rather than letting them obtain one-sided views. In this work we first introduce a formal model of controversy as the basis of computational approaches to detecting controversial concepts. Then we propose a classification based method for automatic detection of controversial articles and categories in Wikipedia. Next, we demonstrate how to use the obtained results for the estimation of the controversy level of search queries. The proposed method can be incorporated into search engines as a component responsible for detection of queries related to controversial topics. The method is independent of the search engine's retrieval and search results recommendation algorithms, and is therefore unaffected by a possible filter bubble. Our approach can be also applied in Wikipedia or other knowledge bases for supporting the detection of controversy and content maintenance. Finally, we believe that our results could be useful for social science researchers for understanding the complex nature of controversy and in fostering their studies.

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Abstract

Social media have transformed social interactions and now look set to transform workplace communications. In this exploratory study, we investigate how employees use and get value from a variety of social networking technologies. The context of this research is 4 software firms located in China. Notwithstanding differences in corporate attitudes toward social networking, we identify common themes in the way Web 2.0 technologies are leveraged as value is created by employees at all levels. We draw on the communication ecology framework to analyze the application of various technologies. We inductively develop 5 propositions that describe how social networking technologies contribute directly to horizontal and vertical communication in organizations, and ultimately to individual, team, and organizational performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Abstract

In Zeiten zunehmend wissensintensiver Berufsbilder besteht eine große Herausforderung heutiger Unternehmen darin, die zur Unterstützung organisatorischen Handelns erforderliche Information effizient und effektiv zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer adäquaten Informationsumgebung legt dabei das umfassende Verständnis des Kontexts und Verhaltens von Mitarbeitern im Umgang mit Information. Beides unterliegt jedoch einem steten Wandel und stellt hohe Anforderungen an die Flexibilität von Arbeitsplatzkonzepten und der Gestaltung von Informationsumgebungen. In diesem Artikel wird daher die aktuelle Bedeutung und Entwicklung informationswissenschaftlicher Ansätze zur Modellierung von Informationssuchverhalten, deren Methoden, sowie zentrale Konzepte und Erkenntnisse vorgestellt. Anschließend wird die Bedeutung dieser Modelle für den Arbeitsplatz-Kontext in Zeiten zunehmend wissensintensiver Tätigkeiten untersucht. Anhand der Wandlung des primär informativ genutzten Internet zu einem partizipativen Social Web wird daraufhin erörtert, welche neuen Entwicklungen es in der Erforschung des Nutzerkontexts zu berücksichtigen gilt. Die beispielhafte Betrachtung aktueller Forschungsergebnisse auf diesem Gebiet mündet in einer Diskussion weiteren Forschungsbedarfs.

Object

Web 2.0

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Abstract

Web data repositories usually contain references to thousands of real-world entities from multiple sources. It is not uncommon that multiple entities share the same label (polysemes) and that distinct label variations are associated with the same entity (synonyms), which frequently leads to ambiguous interpretations. Further, spelling variants, acronyms, abbreviated forms, and misspellings compound to worsen the problem. Solving this problem requires identifying which labels correspond to the same real-world entity, a process known as entity resolution. One approach to solve the entity resolution problem is to associate an authority identifier and a list of variant forms with each entity-a data structure known as an authority file. In this work, we propose a generic framework for implementing a method for generating authority files. Our method uses information from the Web to improve the quality of the authority file and, because of that, is referred to as WER-Web-based Entity Resolution. Our contribution here is threefold: (a) we discuss how to implement the WER framework, which is flexible and easy to adapt to new domains; (b) we run extended experimentation with our WER framework to show that it outperforms selected baselines; and (c) we compare the results of a specialized solution for author name resolution with those produced by the generic WER framework, and show that the WER results remain competitive.

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Abstract

As the Internet becomes ubiquitous, it has advanced to more closely represent aspects of the real world. Due to this trend, researchers in various disciplines have become interested in studying relationships between real-world phenomena and their virtual representations. One such area of emerging research seeks to study relationships between real-world and virtual activism of social movement organization (SMOs). In particular, SMOs holding extreme social perspectives are often studied due to their tendency to have robust virtual presences to circumvent real-world social barriers preventing information dissemination. However, many previous studies have been limited in scope because they utilize manual data-collection and analysis methods. They also often have failed to consider the real-world aspects of groups that partake in virtual activism. We utilize automated data-collection and analysis methods to identify significant relationships between aspects of SMO virtual communities and their respective real-world locations and ideological perspectives. Our results also demonstrate that the interconnectedness of SMO virtual communities is affected specifically by aspects of the real world. These observations provide insight into the behaviors of SMOs within virtual environments, suggesting that the virtual communities of SMOs are strongly affected by aspects of the real world.