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Abstract

"Librarians [...] are not the only ones attempting to assist users with their information needs in the electronic environment", schrieb Ann Marie Parsons im Januar 2001. "There are also 'Aska' services."' Doch was sind diese AskA-Services, diese nichtbibliothekarischen Informationsdienstleister im Internet?2 Wer betreibt sie und zu welchem Zweck? Welche Dienstleistungen bieten sie ihren Kunden? Nimmt ihre Zahl zu? Werden sie Bestand haben oder wieder aus dem WWW verschwinden? All diese Fragen versucht die vorliegende Arbeit zu beantworten. Sie richtet sich an interessierte Studierende und Lehrende des Bibliothekswesen sowie Bibliothekare in der Praxis. Da sich die bibliothekarische Fachwelt dieser Diskussion erst vor kurzem angenommen hat, besteht über die Bedeutung wichtiger Fachbegriffe bisher kein genereller Konsens. Deshalb werden der Begriff 'AskA-Service' und weitere Bezeichnungen aus seinem thematischen Umfeld im zweiten Kapitel definiert. Das dritte Kapitel versucht, die Entwicklung der nicht-bibliothekarischen Informationsdienste in den USA und in Deutschland nachzuzeichnen. Hierzu existieren nur wenige Quellen, sodass die Entwicklungslinien nur grob zu erkennen sind. Welche verschiedenen Arten von AskA-Services sich herausgebildet haben, versucht das vierte Kapitel darzustellen. Ihre Betreiber und die sie bewegenden Motive unterscheiden sich ebenso voneinander wie die eingesetzten Verfahren der Antworterteilung und die daran beteiligten Personen. Dies wurde bei der Durchsicht der spärlichen Literatur zu diesem Thema sowie bei eigenen Recherchen deutlich. Im fünften Kapitel werden mehrere AskA-Services als praktische Beispiele beschrieben. Dabei wurde darauf Wert gelegt, etablierte Services auszuwählen, die die verschiedenen Typen der nicht-bibliothekarischen Informationsdienste repräsentieren. Eine Ausnahme bildet der Dienst Google Answers, der wegen seines Bekanntheitsgrades aufgenommen wurde. Das Fazit greift die Leitfragen dieser Arbeit noch einmal auf. Außerdem werden zukünftig zu bearbeitende Problemstellungen aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in hohem Maße von der schwierigen Quellenlage zum Thema und der Unbeständigkeit des Internets geprägt. Gerade deswegen erscheint es wichtig, einen Zeitpunkt festzusetzen, der ihren Berichtsstand angibt. Entwicklungen und erscheinende Fachliteratur konnten über dieses Datum hinaus nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden. Der Großteil der Arbeit gibt den aktuellen Stand im Juli 2002 wieder. Das fünfte Kapitel baut dagegen auf Anfang August (Abschnitte 5.1 bis 5.4) bzw. Ende November 2002 (Abschnitt 5.5) erhobenen Daten auf. Bei dieser Arbeit handelt es sich um die überarbeitete Version einer im August 2002 an der Fachhochschule Köln vorgelegten Diplomarbeit im Fach Bibliothekswesen. Die Überarbeitung bestand vorwiegend darin, dass die Abschnitte 5.1.6 und 5.5 hinzugefügt wurden. Damit wurde der praktische Teil der Arbeit um eine Untersuchung des Services AskJeeves.com und die Beschreibung von Google Answers reicher. Der letztgenannte Dienst hat seit seinem Start im April 2002 für viel Wirbel gesorgt, weshalb es geboten schien, ihn in die Ausführungen aufzunehmen.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.10, S.1127-1128 (C. Tomer): "This book mixes assessments of how information technology influences the quality of everyday life with analyses of how technological life is portrayed in contemporary films and science fiction novels. What is more important, Connected is based an the idea that contemporary science fiction is the only medium radical enough in its perspectives to provide us with genuinely useful insights into the social upheaval that has been induced by the advances of the Internet and the World Wide Web into everyday life. It is an interesting, but ultimately preposterous concept, because it asks us to believe that we can actually come to understand the world around us by assimilating the largely hallucinogenic views of the novelists about whom Shaviro writes. How other readers react to this notion will probably depend an how seriously they take science fiction, their tolerance for post-modern literary and social deconstruction, the legacies of the Beats and Timothy Leary, and how plastic their attitudes toward the constitution of credible theory are. Discriminating readers, as well as those of lesser forbearance, will most likely turn elsewhere for insights into the meaning of life in "the network society," opting instead for merely mediocre books such as Howard Rheingold's Smart Mobs. So, what is wrong with Connected? The first problem is that Connected is a disioint, often confusing collection of short essays and observations that eschews a more straightforward approach to narrative and thematic development in pursuit of hypertextual effects. The affectation does not serve the book well. The "jumpiness" of the narrative and the attendant discontinuities tend to weaken Shaviro's main thesis. But it is important to note, too, that the style and tone that Shaviro uses in his essays will be familiar to many readers, because it resembles the style and tone of many of the blogs that have become such an important part of the landscape of the World Wide Web.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.11, S.1238-1239 (D.A. Stirling): "Virtual reference services are becoming an important tool as librarians strive to stay current with patron's information demands. In 2001, the Washington State Library initiated the Statewide Virtual Reference Project (SVRP) to support electronic reference services throughout the state. An element of that project, termed "Anytime, Anywhere Answers," was designed to train librarians in the effective use of virtual reference services. The results of that project, including precautions and pitfalls, as well as the curriculum used in the project, are recounted in this book. The book begins with a short review of the Washington State experience with virtual reference training (VRT) and the means by which the guide can be used. The very first page begins with an example of a virtual reference session gone wrong and the authors set the tone for the remainder of the book, which decries the "Shazam! You're a virtual librarian" phenomenon. The second chapter provides a thorough overview of the Washington State SVRP, including planning elements, budgeting, convening of focus groups, and training development. Perhaps the most important information in this chapter is the identification of eight key skills, aptitudes, and knowledge critical in online environments: chat skills, online reference interview, internet searching, database searching, collaborative browsing, customizing scripts, methods for evaluating success, and coping with technical glitches. Building an the aforementioned eight key skills, Chapter Three of the book examines the "core competencies" needed for virtual reference. These 14 competencies are wide ranging and clearly demanding of the librarian training in VRT. In addition, the authors expound upon the eight key skills, aptitudes, and knowledge identified in Chapter Two. Constructivist learning, which has garnered controversy in recent years, was identified as the learning platform for Washington State's SVRP and is the subject of the book's fourth chapter. The authors explain why this learning Format was chosen-primarily because VRT developers felt that participants would learn better by reaching their own conclusions. In this case, constructivist learning involved virtual field trips, secret patron activities, and weekly chat meetings. The challenge of developing the SVRP is described in Chapter Five, with a focus an descriptions of in-person training, online training, and individual and collaborative learning. While earlier chapters discuss theory, practical issues involved in developing and maintaining a VRT program are the subject of Chapters Six through Nine. Important issues, such as curriculum development, training activities, online behavior, and post-program assessment, are examined in detail. Many of the issues examined in these chapters are those that information professionals are faced with an a regular basis. In discussing curriculum development, the authors describe the important questions that need to be asked, as well as important issues such as identifying and qualifying trainers and staff, course timing, determining curriculum efficacy, methods of training delivery, and methods of evaluation.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST. 54(2003) no.9, S.908-909 (L. Ennis): "This is a timely and important addition to the growing body of work an libraries and digital collections. Both Deegan and Tanner bring a wide array of experience and knowledge to the work creating a valuable resource for librarians and digital collection managers. The book is the first in what the authors hope will become a series of volumes covering various issues of digital futures. Digital Futures: Strategies for the Information Age contains nine main chapters divided into sections, an introduction, a conclusion, a bibliography, a glossary, and an index. Each chapter begins with a quote or two and an introduction to help set the stage for the rest of the chapter. The first chapter, "Digital Futures in Current Context," outlines the myriad of changes in information technology from the past 50 years and the impact of those changes an libraries, library practices, and publishing. The book is written for people with little or no prior knowledge of information technology, so technologically savvy readers may find the first chapter a little elementary. For instance, the chapter includes a good bit of the history and workings of the Internet and World Wide Web. However, without the chapter included in the text, the work world lack a real starting point for the narrative and possibly alienate readers just starting their voyage into information science. The second chapter, "Why Digitize?" discusses why libraries and librarians should consider digital projects as a means of providing access. While the concentration is an the benefits of digital projects, the authors are also careful to point out various pitfalls and stumbling blocks to creating, managing, and preserving a digital collection. To help demonstrate their point, the authors include examples of a number of active projects covering newspapers, photo collections, books, and periodicals, and provide URLs so readers can visit the projects an their own. This chapter gives the reader a good overview of the various issues surrounding digitization as well as practical examples. While the first two chapters are a good introduction to the subject and examine theoretical issues, the next two chapters begin take an more practical issues. In Chapter Three, "Developing Collections in the Digital World," and four, "The Economic Factors," the authors explore how digital collections work with traditional library collecfions and how collection development for digital resources differs from collection development of non-digital resources. One of the most interesting topics of these chapters covers the issues surrounding serials using JSTOR and Project MUSE as examples. E-books and their impact an libraries is also discussed. The remaining chapters are by far the most timely and important parts of the work. Chapter Five, "Resource Discovery, Description and Use," examines the growing area of metadata and its importance for libraries and librarians. The chapter begins with a look at how the World Wide Web works and the problems with search engines and then evolves into a discussion of what metadata is, the types of metadata, and metadata creation. The authors explain that one of the biggest problems with the World Wide Web is that the construction and description of web pages is imprecise. The solution for bettering retrieval is metadata.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 57(2006) no.5, S.724-725 (P.K. Nayar): "The network society (Castells, 1996) calls for radically new definitions of the public sphere. and this is what Shaping the Network Society's essays set out to do. The first section lays out the essential issues at stake here: human rights, the sociology of cyberspace. and globalization. Oliver BoydBarrett characterizes cyberspace as exclusive. Pointing to the almost total corporate control of the technologies of cyberspace. Boyd-Barrett argues that any attempt of huge corporate bodies to get into grassroots democracy should be viewed with suspicion. The institution of a public sphere. argues Boyd-Barrett, must begin with an assessment of how far the Internet at fords a space of contestation of elitist governing frameworks. Gary Chapman looks at Italy's slow food movement as a counter to the technoglobalist trends, and suggests that the globaltechnological imperative must not be allowed to occlude human values. Rather we need a social imperative here. one which thinks about technology as "malleable, as capable of serving human-determined ends" (p. 64). Cees Hamelink discusses how four rights-right to speech. democratic order, equal participation in social life. and cultural identity are threatened by what he terms the billboardization of society in the networked age. In the second section a range of case studies are presented. Kate Williams and Abdul Alkalimat survey every public computing facility in Toledo (Ohio) to map the parameters of public access to information and decision-making. They conclude that government public computing sites arc situated randomly, community sites are in economically rich or poor (but not middle-stratum) localities, and that commercial and university sites are influenced by market forces. They suggest that future research must necessarily focus on what forms of cyberpower emerge through such use of public computing.

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Footnote

Neue Herausforderungen angehen Die Publikation erhält ihre Bedeutung aus der mehrperspektivischen Betrachtung von Digitalen Bibliotheken und ihren Services. Der Untertitel »where the new information players meet« macht bereits deutlich, worin der Autor eine der größten Herausforderungen der Zukunft für Bibliotheken sieht: sie befinden sich im Wettbewerb mit anderen Playern im Informationsmarkt. Ausführlich beschreibt Pace auch die zukünftige Rolle von Anbietern im Bereich der Bibliothekssoftware, für sich und im Zusammenspiel mit Bibliotheken. Beide Parteien sollten auf geeigneten Feldern gemeinsam die Herausforderungen angehen, die durch das Erscheinen neuer Informationsanbieter für Bibliotheken und ihre traditionellen Softwarelieferanten entstanden sind. Pace bevorzugt zur Charakterisierung der Beziehung die Begriffe »codependence« und »codevelopment« (S.16), die ihm prägnanter erscheinen als nur »partnership«. Insbesondere die Kapitel 2 »Sizing up the dot-com competition« und 3 »Business challenges to library practices« beschreiben anhand von prägnanten Beispielen, wie solche Mitbewerber mit dem Aufkommen des Internets in den traditionellen Tätigkeitsbereich von Bibliotheken eingetreten sind. Google, Yahoo und Amazon sind heutzutage wohl die bekanntesten kommerziellen Service-Anbieter im Internet, die in kurzer Zeit eine unglaubliche Popularität und internationale Verbreitung erreicht haben. Pace geht aber auch auf Services wie das Open Directory Project ein (www.dmoz.org), in dem registrierte Fachleute nach einem kooperativen Klassifikationssystem ausgewählte Links auf Internetquellen zusammenstellen. Kommerzielle Dienstleister wie Ouestia, Ebrary oder XanEdu, die der Autor beschreibt, haben sich auf das Angebot digitaler Bücher im Internet spezialisiert und treten mit unterschiedlichen Geschäftsmodellen an Bibliotheken und Endnutzer direkt heran. Wenn auch die Oualität laut Pace nicht immer überzeugend ist, so sind Marketing, Geschäftsideen und Verkaufsmodelle doch durchaus einer näheren Betrachtung durch Bibliotheken wert. Pace rät den Bibliotheken, diese neuen Herausforderungen aktiv anzugehen und dabei einerseits von den Erfolgskonzepten eines Google-Dienstes, andererseits aber auch von den Geschäftsmodellen und Planungskonzepten der Privatwirtschaft zu lernen und geeignete Instrumentarien zu übernehmen. Besonders aufschlussreich ist für den Leser Kapitel 4 »Business models for digital library services«. Basierend auf einem Strategiepapier aus dem Jahre 2000, das durch zwei Vertreter der »Fakultät für Geschäftsmanagement« an der Heimatuniversität des Autors erstellt wurde, stellt Pace einige konkrete Prozessschritte aus dem privatwirtschaftlichen Bereich vor, die er in verschiedene Phasen untergliedert. Die Beschreibung ist durch klare Botschaften durchaus anschaulich gestaltet und auch der nicht ganz unbeschlagene Leser fühlt sich zur Reflektion eigener Vorgehensweisen angeregt, wenn er aufgefordert wird: »solve only known problems« (S.75).

Theme

Internet

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Theme

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