Search (33 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

Social Software Anwendungen wie Wikis, Weblogs oder Social-Networking-Plattformen sind ein integraler Bestandteil der Weiterentwicklungen des Internets. Zur Nutzung kommen diese Anwendungen aus dem Bedürfnis heraus, Wissen zu sammeln, bereitzustellen und zu verteilen bzw. Communities aufzubauen und ihnen Raum zum Austausch zu geben. Worin liegt nun aber der Nutzen des Web 2.0 für Unternehmen? Im Rahmen dieses Buches werden von rund 30 Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis vier große Themenbereiche behandelt, um sich der Beantwortung dieser Frage zu nähern.Im Einführungsteil werden die Grundlagen gelegt und unterschiedliche Social-Software-Anwendungen wie Wikis, Weblogs oder Social Bookmarking erläutert. Im darauf folgenden Abschnitt rücken die Potenziale der Anwendung in Unternehmen und die Wissensarbeiter als Nutzer in den Fokus. Welche Unternehmenskultur und Kompetenzen sind notwendig, um effizient mit Social Software im Unternehmen arbeiten zu können? Wie wird Social Software im Unternehmen eingeführt?Der dritte Teil des Buches befasst sich mit konkreten Anwendungsfällen in Unternehmen. Fallstudien aus großen und kleinen Unternehmen wie z.B. IBM, Deutsche Bahn, Opel, SUN Microsystems und der PSI AG veranschaulicht. Im abschließenden Teil werden zukünftige Entwicklungen ausgelotet und Visionen gewagt.

Footnote

Rez. in: IWP 60(1009) H.4, S.245-246 (C. Wolff): "Der von Andrea Back (St. Gallen), Norbert Gronau (Potsdam) und Klaus Tochtermann herausgegebene Sammelband "Web 2.0 in der Unternehmenspraxis" verbindet in schlüssiger Weise die systematische Einführung in die Themen Web 2.0 und social software mit der Darstellung von Möglichkeiten, solche neuen Informationssysteme für Veränderungen im Unternehmen zu nutzen und zeigt dies anhand einer ganzen Reihe einzelner Fallstudien auf. Auch zukünftige Anwendungen wie das social semantic web werden als Entwicklungschance erörtert. In einer knappen Einleitung werden kurz die wesentlichen Begriffe wie Web 2.0, social software oder "Enterprise 2.0" eingeführt und der Aufbau des Bandes wird erläutert. Das sehr viel umfangreichere zweite Kapitel führt in die wesentlichen Systemtypen der social software ein: Erläutert werden Wikis, Weblogs, Social Bookmarking, Social Tagging, Podcasting, Newsfeeds, Communities und soziale Netzwerke sowie die technischen Besonderheiten von social software. Die Aufteilung ist überzeugend, für jeden Systemtyp werden nicht nur wesentliche Funktionen, sondern auch typische Anwendungen und insbesondere das Potenzial zur Nutzung im Unternehmen, insbesondere mit Blick auf Fragen des Wissensmanagements erläutert. Teilweise können die Autoren auch aktuelle Nutzungsdaten der Systeme ergänzen. Auch wenn bei der hohen Entwicklungsdynamik der social software-Systeme ständig neue Formen an Bedeutung gewinnen, vermag die Einteilung der Autoren zu überzeugen.
Das dritte Kapitel "Social Software als Treiber für Veränderungen im Unternehmen" hat eine Brückenfunktion zwischen der systematischen Systemeinführung und den konkreten Fallstudien zum praktischen Einsatz von social software, da hier zunächst systematische das Potenzial des social software-Einsatzes skizziert wird. Dabei arbeiten die Autoren wesentliche Faktoren für den Einsatz elektronischer Kommunikationsmedien heraus und diskutieren ausführlich den Zusammenhang zwischen Produktivität der Wissensarbeit und Chancen der social software-Nutzung. Erste Fallstudien (Communities in der Medienbranche, Alumnimanagement bei großen Unternehmen, Crowdsourcing als Verfahren der Wissensgewinnung, Einsatz sozialer Geotagging-Systeme, Strategien zum Aufbau von Unternehmenswikis) zeigen mögliche Einsatzstrategien im Unternehmen auf und fokussieren jeweils auf eine spezifische Funktion einer social software-Anwendung. Der vierte Teil stellt anhand mehrerer großer Fallstudien konkrete Einsatzszenerien für social software-Formen wie Wikis und Blogs vor. Dabei sind die Studien in unterschiedlichen Unternehmenstypen angesiedelt: Großkonzerne wie die Deutsche Bahn AG (Wissensmanagement in der Managementberatung mit Wikis), die Siemens AG (Einsatz von Mitarbeiter-Blogs) oder die Adam Opel AG (Podcasts in der Vertriebsschulung) finden ebenso Beachtung wie Software-Firmen (PSI AG: Wiki als Intranet-Anwendung, Sun Microsystems: Wikis und Blogs) oder IT-Mittelständler (Namics AG: Einsatz von Blogs im Unternehmen). Die sehr plastisch beschriebenen Fallstudien machen sowohl die Breite der Einsatzmöglichkeiten als auch die Vielfalt des Lösungsangebotes und der bei der Umsetzung auftretenden Probleme deutlich. Wünschenswert wäre ein noch einheitlicherer Aufbau der Studien, der eine bessere Vergleichbarkeit gewährleisten würde.
Illustrieren die Fallstudien den aktuellen state-of-the-art vor allem großer Unernehmen, so geht das fünfte und abschließende Kapitel unter der Überschrift "Visionen und Trends" auf zukünftige Entwicklungen ein. Dabei stellen die Autoren zunächst das Verfahren der (Netzwerkanalyse vor, die einen Beitrag zum Verständnis von Struktur, Entwicklungsdynamik und Nutzung großer sozialer Netzwerke liefern kann, und schildern dann am praktischen Beispiel einer Großbäckerei den Ansatz einer living corporate landscape (Unternehmenslandkarte 2.0). Bei beiden Beispielen steht aber weniger der Einsatz von social software an sich im Vordergrund, sondern eher der Einsatz innovativer (Daten-)analytischer Verfahren und Repräsentationen, ggf. mit Bezug zu bestehenden social software-Anwendungen. Insofern wird deutlich, dass sich social software mit anderen Anwendungen im Bereich business intelligence koppeln lässt und so ein Mehrwert für die Unternehmen erzeugt werden kann. Zu den weiteren Technologien, die zukünftig social software-Anwendungen ergänzen können, zählen die Autoren virtuelle Welten und das semantic web, wodurch auch die Bandbreite künftiger Technologiekoppelungen im Umfeld der social software deutlich wird. Ein Glossar und ein sehr ausführliches Literaturverzeichnis runden den Band ab. Den Autoren gelingt es, anhand einer Vielzahl von Einzelstudien den aktuellen Stand des Einsatzes von Web 2.0-Anwendungen im Unternehmen darzustellen. Dass dabei tendenziell Großunternehmen im Mittelpunkt stehen, kann kaum verwundern, da anzunehmen ist, dass diese eher die Ressourcen verfügbaren haben, um solche Lösungen umzusetzen - und gleichzeitig mit der Unternehmensgröße auch die Dringlichkeit von Wissensmanagement-Maßnahmen wächst. Ungeachtet dieser Tatsache dürfte der Band aber gerade auch für kleinere Unternehmen oder Institutionen von Interesse sein, die aus den konkreten Erfahrungen, die in den Fallstudien geschildert werden, lernen wollen und sich dies für eigene Vorhaben zu Nutze machen wollen. Dabei ist der Band allerdings weniger ein Vademecum für die konkrete Umsetzung eines Web 2.0-Projektes, sondern dient der Einarbeitung in die heterogene Szenerie des derzeitigen Web 2.0-Einsatzes."

Object

Web 2.0

RSWK

Unternehmen / Wissensmanagement / Soziale Software / World Wide Web 2.0

Subject

Unternehmen / Wissensmanagement / Soziale Software / World Wide Web 2.0

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Content

Inhalt Collaborating to search effectively in different searcher modes through cues and specialty search / Naresh Kumar Agarwal and Danny C.C. Poo -- Collaborative querying using a hybrid content and results-based approach / Chandrani Sinha Ray ... [et al.] -- Collaborative classification for group-oriented organization of search results / Keiichi Nakata and Amrish Singh -- A case study of use-centered descriptions : archival descriptions of what can be done with a collection / Richard Butterworth -- Metadata for social recommendations : storing, sharing, and reusing evaluations of learning resources / Riina Vuorikari, Nikos Manouselis, and Erik Duval -- Social network models for enhancing reference-based search engine rankings / Nikolaos Korfiatis ... [et al.] -- From PageRank to social rank : authority-based retrieval in social information spaces / Sebastian Marius Kirsch ... [et al.] -- Adaptive peer-to-peer social networks for distributed content-based Web search / Le-Shin Wu ... [et al.] -- The ethics of social information retrieval / Brendan Luyt and Chu Keong Lee -- The social context of knowledge / Daniel Memmi -- Social information seeking in digital libraries / George Buchanan and Annika Hinze -- Relevant intra-actions in networked environments / Theresa Dirndorfer Anderson -- Publication and citation analysis as a tool for information retrieval / Ronald Rousseau -- Personalized information retrieval in a semantic-based learning environment / Antonella Carbonaro and Rodolfo Ferrini -- Multi-agent tourism system (MATS) / Soe Yu Maw and Myo-Myo Naing -- Hybrid recommendation systems : a case study on the movies domain / Konstantinos Markellos ... [et al.].

LCSH

Web search engines
World Wide Web / Subject access

RSWK

World Wide Web 2.0
Information Retrieval / World Wide Web / Suchmaschine

Subject

Web search engines
World Wide Web / Subject access
World Wide Web 2.0
Information Retrieval / World Wide Web / Suchmaschine

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Abstract

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, ECDL 2003, held in Trondheim, Norway in August 2003. The 39 revised full papers and 8 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 161 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on uses, users, and user interfaces; metadata applications; annotation and recommendation; automatic classification and indexing; Web technologies; topical crawling and subject gateways; architectures and systems; knowledge organization; collection building and management; information retrieval; digital preservation; and indexing and searching of special documents and collection information.

Content

Inhalt: Uses, Users, and User Interaction Metadata Applications - Semantic Browsing / Alexander Faaborg, Carl Lagoze Annotation and Recommendation Automatic Classification and Indexing - Cross-Lingual Text Categorization / Nuria Bel, Cornelis H.A. Koster, Marta Villegas - Automatic Multi-label Subject Indexing in a Multilingual Environment / Boris Lauser, Andreas Hotho Web Technologies Topical Crawling, Subject Gateways - VASCODA: A German Scientific Portal for Cross-Searching Distributed Digital Resource Collections / Heike Neuroth, Tamara Pianos Architectures and Systems Knowledge Organization: Concepts - The ADEPT Concept-Based Digital Learning Environment / T.R. Smith, D. Ancona, O. Buchel, M. Freeston, W. Heller, R. Nottrott, T. Tierney, A. Ushakov - A User Evaluation of Hierarchical Phrase Browsing / Katrina D. Edgar, David M. Nichols, Gordon W. Paynter, Kirsten Thomson, Ian H. Witten - Visual Semantic Modeling of Digital Libraries / Qinwei Zhu, Marcos Andre Gongalves, Rao Shen, Lillian Cassell, Edward A. Fox Collection Building and Management Knowledge Organization: Authorities and Works - Automatic Conversion from MARC to FRBR / Christian Monch, Trond Aalberg Information Retrieval in Different Application Areas Digital Preservation Indexing and Searching of Special Document and Collection Information

RSWK

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Trondheim <2003>

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World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Trondheim <2003>

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Content

Inhalt u.a.: Architectures I Preservation Retrieval - The Use of Summaries in XML Retrieval / Zoltdn Szldvik, Anastasios Tombros, Mounia Laimas - An Enhanced Search Interface for Information Discovery from Digital Libraries / Georgia Koutrika, Alkis Simitsis - The TIP/Greenstone Bridge: A Service for Mobile Location-Based Access to Digital Libraries / Annika Hinze, Xin Gao, David Bainbridge Architectures II Applications Methodology Metadata Evaluation User Studies Modeling Audiovisual Content Language Technologies - Incorporating Cross-Document Relationships Between Sentences for Single Document Summarizations / Xiaojun Wan, Jianwu Yang, Jianguo Xiao - Semantic Web Techniques for Multiple Views on Heterogeneous Collections: A Case Study / Marjolein van Gendt, Antoine Isaac, Lourens van der Meij, Stefan Schlobach Posters - A Tool for Converting from MARC to FRBR / Trond Aalberg, Frank Berg Haugen, Ole Husby

RSWK

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Alicante <2006>

Subject

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Alicante <2006>

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Abstract

The theme of "Organizing the Internet" brings to mind the late 1950s folk-rock singer Jimmie Rodgers's song titled "The World I Used to Know." A great many developments have transpired in the world of information science since the seminal works of S. C. Bradford, Claude Shannon, Vannevar Bush, and numerous other pioneers. To those of us who have been in the information science field for several decades, the peek-a-boo devices such as Termatrex, Mortimer Taube's Uniterm cards, and discussion of pre- and postcoordinate indexing have given way to the world of browsers, HTML, XML, and numerous other ways of coding text and multimedia. The Internet and the World Wide Web have had a profound impact on how we go about storing and retrieving information. Document integrity has become transient, with little assurance that the location, existence, or even the content of a publication will be the same tomorrow as even a few minutes ago. We are often hard-pressed to determine if the failure to retrieve a publication is one associated with network infrastructure or the publisher. The dream of universal bibliographic control seems quite remote. By being able to bypass traditional publication channels, anyone can publish virtually at will. The situation becomes more chaotic when we consider the increasing redundancy of knowledge and the rampant proliferation of misinformation and disinformation, to say nothing of social concerns with pornography, copyright violations, and other flagrant obtrusions into personal rights. Nevertheless, it behooves the information worker and the information user to make some sense of order if good information is to remain the basis of learning and decision making, and if documents are to continue as an archive of human knowledge.

Content

Enthält die Beiträge: World Libraries on the Information Superhighway: Internet-based Library Services (John Carlo) - Gateways to the Internet: Finding Quality Information on the Internet (Adrienne Franco) - Access in a Networked World: Scholars Portal in Context (Jerry D. Campbell) - Government Information on the Internet (Greg R. Notess) - Creating the Front Door to Government: A Case Study of the Firstgov Portal (Patricia Diamond Fletcher) - The Invisible Web: Uncovering Sources Search Engines Can't See," Chris Sherman and Gary Price) - Web Search: Emerging Patterns (Amanda Spink) - Copyright Law and Organizing the Internet (Rebecca P. Butler) - A Survey of Metadata Research for Organizing the Web (Jane L. Hunter) - Can Document-genre Metadata Improve Information Access to Large Digital Collections? (Kevin Crowston and Barbara H. Kwasnik) - Web-based Organizational Tools and Techniques in Support of Learning (Don E. Descy)

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Abstract

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, ECDL 2007, held in Budapest, Hungary, in September 2007. The 36 revised full papers presented together with the extended abstracts of 36 revised poster, demo papers and 2 panel descriptions were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 153 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on ontologies, digital libraries and the web, models, multimedia and multilingual DLs, grid and peer-to-peer, preservation, user interfaces, document linking, information retrieval, personal information management, new DL applications, and user studies.

Content

Inhalt u.a.: Ontologies - Ontology-Based Question Answering for Digital Libraries / Stephan Bloehdorn, Philipp Cimiano, Alistair Duke, Peter Haase, Jörg Heizmann, Ian Thurlow and Johanna Völker Digital libraries and the Web Models Multimedia and multilingual DLs - Roadmap for MultiLingual Information Access in the European Library / Maristella Agosti, Martin Braschler, Nicola Ferro, Carol Peters and Sjoerd Siebinga Grid and peer-to-peer Preservation User interfaces Document linking Information retrieval - Thesaurus-Based Feedback to Support Mixed Search and Browsing Environments / Edgar Meij and Maarten de Rijke - Extending Semantic Matching Towards Digital Library Contexts / László Kovács and András Micsik Personal information management New DL applications User studies

RSWK

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Budapest <2007> / Online-Publikation

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World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Budapest <2007> / Online-Publikation

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RSWK

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Wien <2005>

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World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Wien <2005>

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RSWK

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Bath <2004>

Subject

World Wide Web / Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Kongress / Bath <2004>

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Abstract

Das "Internet der Dinge" ist eine der "Perspektiven für Zukunftsmärkte" der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Die Vision vom "Internet der Dinge" wurde erstmals 2004 formuliert, als RFID als eine der Technologien, die die Fantasie der Forscher und Ingenieure beflügelt, in die Welt der Warenströme versuchweise integriert wurde. Klar ist, die Technik lässt sich überall einsetzen, wo man Gegenstände identifizieren, registrieren und ihren Weg verfolgen will. Aber es scheint erst der Anfang einer Revolution zu sein. Das Internet der Dinge entwickelt sich rasant. Realistische Szenarien sollen die Warenströme vereinfachen, zuverlässig machen und Problemlösungen nachvollziehbar gestalten lassen. Keine Orwellschen Horrorszenarien, Transparenz der Warenherkunft, des Warenzustands und der Lieferzuverlässigkeit dienen dem Verbraucher und helfen dabei, unsere ständig komplexer werdende Welt gestaltbar zu erhalten. Bei der Idee hat denn auch, wie der Name "Internet der Dinge" andeutet, das existierende World Wide Web Pate gestanden. Jedes Paket, jeder Container, jeder Transportbehälter, so die Vision, findet selbst den richtigen Weg zum Empfänger. Ort und Zustand der Dinge werden transparent und nachvollziehbar, der Schutz der Intimsphären individuell steuerbar. "Die RFID-Technik macht es möglich", prophezeit der Logistikexperte Prof. Michael ten Hompel, Leiter des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Materialfluss und Logistik IML in Dortmund. "Das Ziel wird einfach in die intelligenten Etiketten geschrieben. So weiß das Paket, wo es hin muss, steuert sich selbst auf seinem Weg durch die Anlagen und bucht seinen Platz in einem Transportfahrzeug", beschreibt ten Hompel die Aufgabe, die die Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in die Realität umsetzen wird.

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Date

22. 3.2008 12:21:28

LCSH

Web databases

Subject

Web databases

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Part 1: Beyond stand-alone indexes: embedded indexing: WRIGHT; J.C.: The world of embedded indexing; MONCRIEF, L.: Indexing computer-related documents - Part 2: Beyond the book: Web indexing: WALKER, D.: Subject-oriented Web indexing; BROCCOLI, K. u. G.V. RAVENSWAAY: Web indexing - anchors away; MAISLIN, S.: Ripping out the pages; ROWLAND, M.J.: Plunging in: Creating a Web site index for an online newsletter - Part 3: Special topics in computer-based indexing: ROWLAND, M.J.: <Meta> tags; WOODS. X.B.: Envisioning the word: Multimedia CD-ROM indexing; HOLBERT, S.: How to index Windows-based online help - Part 4: Beyond traditional marketing - selling yourself in hyperspace: ROWLAND, M.J.: Web site design for indexers; RICE, R.: Putting sample indexes on your Web site; CONNOLLY, D.A.: The many uses of Email discussion lists

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Abstract

Web Intelligence is a new research area dealing with all aspects of intelligent data processing in the Web. As the ferst book devoted to Web Intelligence, this coherently written multi-author monograph provides a thorough introduction and systematic overview of this new area. It presents both the current state of research as well as application aspects. All major topics related to Web Intelligence which can have impact an future directions and developments are presented in detail. This book will be a valuable source of reference for years to all research and development professionals interested in Weh Intelligence. Students will also appreciate the numerous illustrations and examples.

Footnote

Rez. in: nfd - Information 54(2003) H.6, S.378-379 (T. Mandl): "Im Oktober 2001 fand erstmals eine Tagung mit dem Titel "Web Intelligence" statt. Ist dies nun eine neue Disziplin oder der Versuch analog zu "Artificial Intelligence" und "Computational Intelligence" ein neues Modewort zu kreieren? Geht es um den Einsatz sogenannter intelligenter Verfahren, um mit dem Internet umgehen zu können oder erscheint das Internet als "emerging global brain" (Goertzel 2002), also als eine unerschöpfliche Quelle von Wissen, die nur geschickt ausgebeutet werden muss? Kommt also die Intelligenz aus dem Web oder dient die Intelligenz als Werkzeug für das Web? Der Tagungsband ist seit Anfang 2003 verfügbar und bietet nun den Anlass, diesen Begriff anhand der darin präsentierten Inhalte zu bewerten. Die Herausgeber führen in ihrem einleitenden Artikel gleich die Abkürzung WI ein und versuchen tatsächlich "Web Intelligence" als neue Sub-Disziplin der Informatik zu etablieren. Zu diesem Zweck greifen sie auch auf die Anzahl der Nachweise für diese Phrase in Suchmaschinen zu. Zwar lieferten die Systeme angeblich Zahlen von über einer Million (S. 4), aber dies überzeugt sicher noch niemanden, das Studium der WI aufzunehmen. Allerdings weist dieses Vorgehen schon auf einen Kern der WI hin: man versucht, aus dem im Web gespeicherten Wissen neues Wissen zu generieren. Damit wäre man sehr nahe am Data oder eben Web-Mining, jedoch geht die Definition der Autoren darüber hinaus. Sie wollen WI verstanden wissen als die Anwendung von Künstlicher Intelligenz sowie Informationstechnologie im Internet (S. 2). Da nun Künstliche Intelligenz bei allen Meinungsverschiedenheiten sicherlich nicht ohne Informationstechnologie denkbar ist, wirkt die Definition nicht ganz überzeugend. Allerdings beschwichtigen die Autoren im gleichen Atemzug und versichern, diese Definition solle ohnehin keine Forschungsrichtung ausschließen. Somit bietet sich eher eine Umfangsdefinition an. Diese solle die wichtigsten Stoßrichtungen des Buchs und damit auch der Tagung umfassen. Als Ausgangspunkt dient dazu auch eine Liste der Herausgeber (S. 7f.), die hier aber etwas modifiziert wird: - Grundlagen von Web Informationssystemen (Protokolle, Technologien, Standards) - Web Information Retrieval, WebMining und Farming - Informationsmanagement unter WebBedingungen - Mensch-Maschine Interaktion unter Web-Bedingungen (hier "HumanMedia Engineering" S. XII) Eine grobe Einteilung wie diese ist zwar übersichtlich, führt aber zwangsläufig zu Ouerschnittsthemen. In diesem Fall zählt dazu das Semantic Web, an dem momentan sehr intensiv geforscht wird. Das Semantic Web will das Unbehagen mit der Anarchie im Netz und daraus folgenden Problemen für die Suchmaschinen überwinden, indem das gesamte Wissen im Web auch explizit als solches gekennzeichnet wird. Tauchen auf einer WebSeite zwei Namen auf und einer ist der des Autors und der andere der eines Sponsors, so erlauben neue Technologien, diese auch als solche zu bezeichnen. Noch wichtiger, wie in einer Datenbank sollen nun Abfragen möglich sein, welche andere Seiten aus dem Web liefen, die z.B. den gleichen Sponsor, aber einen anderen Autor haben. Dieser Thematik widmen sich etwa Hendler & Feigenbaum. Das Semantic Web stellt ein Ouerschnittsthema dar, da dafür neue Technologien (Mizoguchi) und ein neuartiges Informationsmanagement erforderlich sind (z.B. Stuckenschmidt & van Harmelen), die Suchverfahren angepasst werden und natürlich auch auf die Benutzer neue Herausforderungen zukommen. Diesem Aspekt, inwieweit Benutzer solche Anfragen überhaupt stellen werden, widmet sich in diesem Band übrigens niemand ernsthaft. Im Folgenden sollen die einzelnen Themengebiete anhand der im Band enthaltenen Inhalte näher bestimmt werden, bevor abschließend der Versuch eines Resümees erfolgt.
- Grundlagen von Web Informationssystemen Protokolle, Technologien und Standards existieren inzwischen mannigfaltig und lediglich für spezifische Anwendungen entstehen weitere Grundlagen. In dem vorliegenden Band gibt es etwa ein Datenmodell für XML-Datenbanken (Wuwongse et al.) und den Vorschlag einer 3DModellierung (Hwang, Lee & Hwang). Auch für Proxy-Server werden neue Algorithmen entwickelt (Aguilar & Leiss). - Web Information Retrieval, WebMining und Farming Neben klassischen Themen des Information Retrieval wie kontrolliertem Vokabular (Sim & Wong), Ranking (Wang & Maguire), Kategorisierung (Loia & Luongo) und Term-Erweiterung (Huang, Oyang & Chien) stehen auch typische Web Information Retrieval Themen. Multimedia Retrieval spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Web und dazu gibt es Beiträge zu Audio (Wieczorkowska & Ra- Wan, Liu & Wang) und Grafiken (Fukumoto & Cho, Hwang, Lee & Hwang). Das Hype-Thema Link-Analyse schlägt auch gleich den Bogen hin zum Web-Mining, ist mit fünf Beiträgen aber eher unterrepräsentiert. Link-Analyse stellt die Frage, was sich aus den inzwischen wohl über zehn Milliarden Links im Internet folgern lässt. So extrahieren zwei Beiträge die zeitliche Veränderung sozialer Strukturen in Web Communities. Matsumura et al. untersuchen, ob Außenseiter sich auch für die innerhalb einer Community diskutierten Themen interessieren und werten dies als Maß für die Verbreitung des Themas. Bun & Ishizuka interessieren sich nur für die Änderungen innerhalb einer Gruppe von thematisch zusammengehörigen Web-Abgeboten und analysieren in diesem Korpus die wichtigsten Sätze, die neu entstehende Themen am besten repräsentieren. Andere Mining-Beiträge befassen sich mit der Erstellung von Sprachressourcen (Chau & Yeh). - Informationsmanagement unter WebBedingungen Für das Informationsmanagement gelten Ontologien zur Beschreibung des vorhandenen Wissens als wichtiges Instrument und dementsprechend ist "Ontologie" auch ein Kandidat für das höchst-frequente Wort in dem Tagungsband.
Einen weiteren wichtigen Aspekt stellt nach wie vor E-Learning dar, das u.a. neue Anforderungen an die Erstellung und Verwaltung von Lernmodulen (Forcheri et al.) und die Zusammenarbeit von Lehrern und Schülern stellt (Hazeyama et al., Liu et al.). - Mensch-Maschine Interaktion unter Web-Bedingungen Benutzermodellierung (Estivill-Castro & Yang, Lee, Sung & Cho) hat mit der Popularität des Internet eine neue Dimension gewonnen und ist besonders im kommerziellen Umfeld sehr interessant. Eine Wissensquelle hierfür und für andere Anwendungen sind Log-Files (Yang et al.). Breiten Raum nehmen die Visualisierungen ein, die häufig für spezielle Benutzergruppen gedacht sind, wie etwa Data Mining Spezialisten (Han & Cercone) und Soziologen, die sich mit Web-Communities befassen (Sumi & Mase). Agenten (Lee) und Assistenten (Molina) als neue Formen der Interaktion treten nicht zuletzt für E-Commerce Anwendungen in Erscheinung. In diesem Kontext der Mensch-Medien-Beziehung soll das Ouerschnittsthema WebCommunities genannt werden, in dem die sozialen Aspekte der Kooperation (Hazeyama et al.) ebenso wie das Entdecken von Gruppenstrukturen (Bun & Ishizuka) untersucht werden. Dagegen kommen kaum empirische Evaluierungen vor, die belegen könnten, wie intelligent denn die Systeme nun sind. Worin liegt nun der Kern der Web Intelligence? Der Aspekt Web Mining befasst sich mit der Extraktion von Wissen aus dem riesigen Reservoir Internet während der Aspekt Web-Informationssysteme den Einsatz so genannter intelligenter Technologien in Informationssystemen im Internet behandelt. Da jedoch das Spektrum der eingesetzten Informationssysteme praktisch beliebig ist und auch die Auswahl der intelligenten Technologien keinen spezifischen Fokus erkennen lässt, stellt Web Intelligence momentan eher einen bunten Strauß dar als ein klar abgegrenztes Feld. Das Web taugt inzwischen kaum mehr zur Abgrenzung von Technologien. Die Beiträge sind stärker von den Communities der Autoren geprägt als von der Web Intelligence Community, die vielleicht noch gar nicht existiert. Wenn doch, so befindet sie sich in einem frühen Stadium, in dem sich wenig Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Arbeiten erkennen lassen. Allerdings macht die mangelnde Kohärenz die einzelnen Beiträge keineswegs uninteressant. Dieser Meinung sind offensichtlich auch die 57 Mitglieder des Programmkomitees der Tagung, unter denen auch drei deutsche Wissenschaftler sind. Denn für 2003 ist eine weitere Tagung geplant (http://www.comp.hkbu. edu.hk/WIo3/)."

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Footnote

Unlike muck of the professional library literature, Net Effects is not an open-aimed embrace of technology. Block even suggests that it is helpful to have a Luddite or two an each library staff to identify the setbacks associated with technological advances in the library. Each of the book's 10 chapters deals with one Internet-related problem, such as "Chapter 4-The Shifted Librarian: Adapting to the Changing Expectations of Our Wired (and Wireless) Users," or "Chapter 8-Up to Our Ears in Lawyers: Legal Issues Posed by the Net." For each of these 10 problems, multiple solutions are offered. For example, for "Chapter 9-Disappearing Data," four solutions are offered. These include "Link-checking," "Have a technological disaster plan," "Advise legislators an the impact proposed laws will have," and "Standards for preservation of digital information." One article is given to explicate each of these four solutions. A short bibliography of recommended further reading is also included for each chapter. Block provides a short introduction to each chapter, and she comments an many of the entries. Some of these comments seem to be intended to provide a research basis for the proposed solutions, but they tend to be vague generalizations without citations, such as, "We know from research that students would rather ask each other for help than go to adults. We can use that (p. 91 )." The original publication dates of the entries range from 1997 to 2002, with the bulk falling into the 2000-2002 range. At up to 6 years old, some of the articles seem outdated, such as a 2000 news brief announcing the creation of the first "customizable" public library Web site (www.brarydog.net). These critiques are not intended to dismiss the volume entirely. Some of the entries are likely to find receptive audiences, such as a nuts-and-bolts instructive article for making Web sites accessible to people with disabilities. "Providing Equitable Access," by Cheryl H. Kirkpatrick and Catherine Buck Morgan, offers very specific instructions, such as how to renovate OPAL workstations to suit users with "a wide range of functional impairments." It also includes a useful list of 15 things to do to make a Web site readable to most people with disabilities, such as, "You can use empty (alt) tags (alt="') for images that serve a purely decorative function. Screen readers will skip empty (alt) tags" (p. 157). Information at this level of specificity can be helpful to those who are faced with creating a technological solution for which they lack sufficient technical knowledge or training.
Some of the pieces are more captivating than others and less "how-to" in nature, providing contextual discussions as well as pragmatic advice. For example, Darlene Fichter's "Blogging Your Life Away" is an interesting discussion about creating and maintaining blogs. (For those unfamiliar with the term, blogs are frequently updated Web pages that ]ist thematically tied annotated links or lists, such as a blog of "Great Websites of the Week" or of "Fun Things to Do This Month in Patterson, New Jersey.") Fichter's article includes descriptions of sample blogs and a comparison of commercially available blog creation software. Another article of note is Kelly Broughton's detailed account of her library's experiences in initiating Web-based reference in an academic library. "Our Experiment in Online Real-Time Reference" details the decisions and issues that the Jerome Library staff at Bowling Green State University faced in setting up a chat reference service. It might be useful to those finding themselves in the same situation. This volume is at its best when it eschews pragmatic information and delves into the deeper, less ephemeral libraryrelated issues created by the rise of the Internet and of the Web. One of the most thought-provoking topics covered is the issue of "the serials pricing crisis," or the increase in subscription prices to journals that publish scholarly work. The pros and cons of moving toward a more free-access Web-based system for the dissemination of peer-reviewed material and of using university Web sites to house scholars' other works are discussed. However, deeper discussions such as these are few, leaving the volume subject to rapid aging, and leaving it with an audience limited to librarians looking for fast technological fixes."

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.1, S.90-91 (N. Rhodes): "The recent near-exponential increase in XML-based technologies has exposed a gap between these technologies and those that are concerned with more fundamental data management issues. This very comprehensive and well-organized book has quite neatly filled the gap, thus achieving most of its stated intentions. The target audiences are database and XML professionals wishing to combine XML with modern database technologies and such is the breadth of scope of this book (hat few would not find it useful in some way. The editors have assembled a collection of chapters from a wide selection of industry heavyweights and as with most books of this type, it exhibits many disparate styles but thanks to careful editing it reads well as a cohesive whole. Certain sections have already appeared in print elsewhere and there is a deal of corporate flag-waving but nowhere does it become over-intrusive. The preface provides only the very brietest of introductions to XML but instead sets the tone for the remainder of the book. The twin terms of data- and document-centric XML (Bourret, 2003) that have achieved so much recent currency are re-iterated before XML data management issues are considered. lt is here that the book's aims are stated, mostly concerned with the approaches and features of the various available XML data management solutions. Not surprisingly, in a specialized book such as this one an introduction to XML consists of a single chapter. For issues such as syntax, DTDs and XML Schemas the reader is referred elsewhere, here, Chris Brandin provides a practical guide to achieving good grammar and style and argues convincingly for the use of XML as an information-modeling tool. Using a well-chosen and simple example, a practical guide to modeling information is developed, replete with examples of the pitfalls. This brief but illuminating chapter (incidentally available as a "taster" from the publisher's web site) notes that one of the most promising aspects of XML is that applications can be built to use a single mutable information model, obviating the need to change the application code but that good XML design is the basis of such mutability.
There is some debate over what exactly constitutes a native XML database. Bourret (2003) favors the wider definition; other authors such as the Butler Group (2002) restrict the use of the term to databases systems designed and built solely for storage and manipulation of XML. Two examples of the lauer (Tamino and eXist) are covered in detailed chapters here but also included in this section is the embedded XML database system, Berkeley DB XML, considered by makers Sleepycat Software to be "native" in that it is capable of storing XML natively but built an top of the Berkeley DB engine. To the uninitiated, the revelation that schemas and DTDs are not required by either Tamino or eXist might seem a little strange. Tamino implements "loose coupling" where the validation behavior can be set to "strict," "lax" (i.e., apply only to parts of a document) or "skip" (no checking), in eXist, schemas are simply optional. Many DTDs and schemas evolve as the XML documents are acquired and so these may adhere to slightly different schemas, thus the database should support queries an similar documents that do not share the same structune. In fact, because of the difficulties in mappings between XML and database (especially relational) schemas native XML databases are very useful for storage of semi-structured data, a point not made in either chapter. The chapter an embedded databases represents a "third way," being neither native nor of the XML-enabled relational type. These databases run inside purpose-written applications and are accessed via an API or similar, meaning that the application developer does not need to access database files at the operating system level but can rely an supplied routines to, for example, fetch and update database records. Thus, end-users do not use the databases directly; the applications do not usually include ad hoc end-user query tools. This property renders embedded databases unsuitable for a large number of situations and they have become very much a niche market but this market is growing rapidly. Embedded databases share an address space with the application so the overhead of calls to the server is reduced, they also confer advantages in that they are easier to deploy, manage and administer compared to a conventional client-server solution. This chapter is a very good introduction to the subject, primers an generic embedded databases and embedded XML databases are helpfully provided before the author moves to an overview of the Open Source Berkeley system. Building an embedded database application makes far greater demands an the software developer and the remainder of the chapter is devoted to consideration of these programming issues.
After several detailed examples of XML, Direen and Jones discuss sequence comparisons. The ability to create scored comparisons by such techniques as sequence alignment is fundamental to bioinformatics. For example, the function of a gene product may be inferred from similarity with a gene of known function but originating from a different organism and any information modeling method must facilitate such comparisons. One such comparison tool, BLAST utilizes a heuristic method has become the tool of choice for many years and is integrated into the NeoCore XMS (XML Management System) described herein. Any set of sequences that can be identified using an XPath query may thus become the targets of an embedded search. Again examples are given, though a BLASTp (protein) search is labeled as being BLASTn (nucleotide sequence) in one of them. Some variants of BLAST are computationally intensive, e.g., tBLASTx where a nucleotide sequence is dynamically translated in all six reading frames and compared against similarly translated database sequences. Though these variants are implemented in NeoCore XMS, it would be interesting to see runtimes for such comparisons. Obviously the utility of this and the other four quite specific examples will depend an your interest in the application area but two that are more research-oriented and general follow them. These chapters (on using XML with inductive databases and an XML warehouses) are both readable critical reviews of their respective subject areas. For those involved in the implementation of performance-critical applications an examination of benchmark results is mandatory, however very few would examine the benchmark tests themselves. The picture that emerges from this section is that no single set is comprehensive and that some functionalities are not addressed by any available benchmark. As always, there is no Substitute for an intimate knowledge of your data and how it is used. In a direct comparison of an XML-enabled and a native XML database system (unfortunately neither is named), the authors conclude that though the native system has the edge in handling large documents this comes at the expense of increasing index and data file size. The need to use legacy data and software will certainly favor the all-pervasive XML-enabled RDBMS such as Oracle 9i and IBM's DB2. Of more general utility is the chapter by Schmauch and Fellhauer comparing the approaches used by database systems for the storing of XML documents. Many of the limitations of current XML-handling systems may be traced to problems caused by the semi-structured nature of the documents and while the authors have no panacea, the chapter forms a useful discussion of the issues and even raises the ugly prospect that a return to the drawing board may be unavoidable. The book concludes with an appraisal of the current status of XML by the editors that perhaps focuses a little too little an the database side but overall I believe this book to be very useful indeed. Some of the indexing is a little idiosyncratic, for example some tags used in the examples are indexed (perhaps a separate examples index would be better) and Ron Bourret's excellent web site might be better placed under "Bourret" rather than under "Ron" but this doesn't really detract from the book's qualities. The broad spectrum and careful balance of theory and practice is a combination that both database and XML professionals will find valuable."

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Date

29. 9.2001 14:16:54

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Abstract

Web-related studies are a relatively new area of research. Tremendous growth continues in Web use, Web search engines, and Web sites. The interdisciplinary scope of Web research is broadening, and is now an important topic for publication in prestigious scientific journals such as Science and Nature. We are beginning to map the nature of users' Web interactions and the dimensions of better Web systems. However, researchers' and users struggle daily with the tough problems inherent in a system used for general interaction and e-commerce on a massive scale. This special issue of the Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences and Technology includes research articles that address key Web-related issues and problems. Individually and collectively, the articles provide a significant and substantial body of Web research. The diverse range of articles includes studies in Web searching, Web pages, and Web agents. Web searching research develops models of user behavior and conducts trends analysis of large-scale user data. Web page and system research centers on the development and testing of new algorithms, agents, Web page design, interfaces, and systems. Social and organizational impacts and aspects of the Web are not well represented in this special issue. A further special issue including social and organizational Web research is much needed

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