Search (780 results, page 1 of 39)

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Abstract

Community networks have existed since the 1970s when Community Memory in Berkeley, Californis, installed terminals in public places for people to read and post material of all sorts on a centralised time sharing system. Community Memory was the first known community access network. Several foundations and government agencies have funded community networks, known as freenets. Discusses the freenet movement; library involvement; the Apple Library of Tomorrow and the Morino Foundation conference on community networks and how to keep in touch with community network developments

Source

Library journal. 119(1994) no.11, S.22-24

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Abstract

State of the art review of the Net (the global telecommunications network as a whole) and the Internet with particular reference to the development of a coherent policy for those uisng these telecommunications facilities. Policy issues discussed include: standards, intellectual property; encryption, rules for transborder data flow; and data privacy. Considers their implications for individuals as well as government and commercial institutions. The review is limited to English language publications and explores specific issues that affect the structure of government, the economy and society, as well as those involved in the design of the net and looks at comparative and international issues. Concludes that the development of policies for the net is made difficult by the many different bodies of law that apply, by the fact that the relevant technologies are new and changing because that technologies are new and rapidly changing and because the net is global. Specific characteristics of the net require new thinking on a constitutional level, since information creation, processing, flows and use are constitutive forces in society

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Abstract

Reviews the literature of the Internet and WWW, since 1990, covering 446 references on the Internet and library and information services with particular reference to issues such as: academic libraries and scholarly research; collection development and cooperation; community colleges and networks; electronic publishing; document delivery and interloans; global and international networking; government information; Internet training; legal, ethical and security issues; OPACs; privatization and commercialization; public libraries; reference services; school libraries; special libraries; standards and protocols; and women, minorities, disabled and equality

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Source

Government publications review. 18(1991) no.5, S.451-472

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Abstract

OCLC distributes several scholarly journals under its Electronic Journals Online programme, acting, in effect, as an 'electronic printer' for scholarly publishers. It is prototyping a WWW accessible version of these journals. Describes the problems encountered, detail some of the short term solutions, and highlight changes to existing standards that will enhance the use of the WWW for scholarly electronic publishing

Date

23. 7.1996 10:22:20

Source

Computer networks and ISDN systems. 28(1995) nos.1/2, S.239-245

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Abstract

Proposes a generic architecture which adheres to the existing standards and client/server model and alleviates the performance handicap of classical relational database gateways. The performance evaluation revealed a noteworthy superiority of the proposed architecture with respect to monolithic Common Gateway Interface based approaches

Date

1. 8.1996 22:08:06

Source

Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1291-1304

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Abstract

Looks at the moves to develop an information superhighway and the National Information Infrastructure in the USA which are being supported by the Clinton Administration. Describes the results of the government report 'National Information Infrastructure: Agenda for action' released in Sep 93, which covers: principles for government action, economic benefits, regulations, suitable applications, and information policy. Examines issues involved in this debate; the private sector/government relationship; open access and universal service; privacy and security; and intellectual property rights

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Abstract

The debate about USA Federal government involvement in development of the National Information Infrastructure (NII) revolves around to what extent it should be left to the private sector; what benefits it should have to the public; and how much government involvement is necessary. Discusses recent developments and the High Performance Computing and communications programme. Describes federal budgetary and policy initiatives for developing the NII. Discusses issues related to the governments role, and discusses NII applications in education, government information, health care, libraries and manufacturing

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Abstract

The U.S. federal government has been a major publisher on the Internet. Its many agencies have used the Internet, and the Web most recently, to provide access to a great quantity of their information output. Several agencies such as the Library of Congress and the Government Printing Office have taken a leading role in both providing information and offering finding aids, while other endeavors such as FirstGov and subject gateways offer other avenues of access. A brief look back at the history of the government on the Web and the continuing concerns and challenges show how the government is not only a major content provider on the Internet but also a source for the organization of the content.

Date

15. 2.2007 19:05:22

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Date

22. 7.1996 19:53:48

Imprint

Washington, DC : US Government

Series

US Government Green Paper; July 1994

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Abstract

Outlines the plans of the new UK Labour Government for information and communications technology in education. Use of multimedia in schools is essential. We need to promote self-starting lifelong learners and help to overcome lack of teacher confidence. The Government is proposing to create a National Grid for Learning, and Internet based resource available to the whole education community. Its initial aim is to help improve teachers' confidence and is exploring ways to help in choosing software

Source

Information technology and public policy. 15(1997) no.3, S.180-181

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Abstract

Social networks evolve over time with the addition and removal of nodes and links to survive and thrive in their environments. Previous studies have shown that the link-formation process in such networks is influenced by a set of facilitators. However, there have been few empirical evaluations to determine the important facilitators. In a research partnership with law enforcement agencies, we used dynamic social-network analysis methods to examine several plausible facilitators of co-offending relationships in a large-scale narcotics network consisting of individuals and vehicles. Multivariate Cox regression and a two-proportion z-test on cyclic and focal closures of the network showed that mutual acquaintance and vehicle affiliations were significant facilitators for the network under study. We also found that homophily with respect to age, race, and gender were not good predictors of future link formation in these networks. Moreover, we examined the social causes and policy implications for the significance and insignificance of various facilitators including common jails on future co-offending. These findings provide important insights into the link-formation processes and the resilience of social networks. In addition, they can be used to aid in the prediction of future links. The methods described can also help in understanding the driving forces behind the formation and evolution of social networks facilitated by mobile and Web technologies.

Date

22. 3.2009 18:50:30

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Abstract

Examines the effect of the information revolution on college and university libraries within the framework of the 3 interrelated concepts of transformation, reengineering and organizational behaviour. Advances in technology, specifically through the Internet, have had a major impact on how information is perceived and obtained and, consequently, the role of the academic librarian is evolving and expanding. Discusses 4 areas which must be addressed by academic librarians in the transition toward a reformed environment; strategic planning; educational aspects of the Internet; policy development; and management of electronic data. The library is a critical partner on academic campuses as an instigator and initiator of information literacy and a key player in accessing through networks that which is relevant

Source

Technical services quarterly. 13(1996) nos.3/4, S.5-22

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.2, S.181-182 (J. Scholl): "The book is based an a doctoral thesis titled "Global opportunity and national political economy: The development of internet ventures in Germany," which was supervised by Razeen Sally and accepted at the International Relations Department of the London School of Economics & Political Science, UK, in 2002. Its primary audience, although it is certainly of interest to policy makers, trade press journalists, and industry practitioners, is the academic community, and, in particular, (international) policy, business, business history, information technology, and information science scholars. The book's self-stated purpose is to explain "why Europe, despite initiating a tremendous amount of change ... failed to produce independent internet ventures of note" (p. 1) in contrast to the United States, where Internet start-ups such as Amazon.com, eBay, E*trade, and Yahoo managed to survive the notorious dot.com shakeout of 200I-2002. A few pages down, the objective is restated as "to explore the hypothesis of a global opportunity for technology innovation delivered via the internet and to explain Europe's entrepreneurial response" (p. 4). As a proxy case for Europe, the study provides a broad account of the changing legal and socioeconomic setting during the phase of early Internet adoption and development in Germany throughout the 1990s. The author highlights and details various facets of the entrepreneurial opportunity and compares the German case in some detail to corresponding developments in Sweden. Waesche concludes that starting an Internet business in Germany during that particular period of time was a "wrong country, wrong time" (p. I86) proposition.
With both context and topic richly introduced, Waesche presents his research in two parts, the first of which outlines what he calls the Global Opportunity while the second details the National Political Economy. In the first part, the rapid global diffusion of the Internet is discussed with a special emphasis an the role of the U.S. government, which significantly fostered the fast pace of growth. Designed as the unifying network of networks, the Internet addressed the specific need of interconnectivity regardless of existing network topology, architecture, speed, or vendor provenience, which was in high demand by the military, the educational, and the commercial sectors in the United States. The U.S. government-sponsored Internet architecture managed to supplant the rivaling European OSl/ISO network standardization attempts both domestically and globally due to a number of compelling technical, cost, and performance advantages. In the United States, those advantages were systematically leveraged further through the timely commercialization of the Internet, also backed by an earlier, well-crafted policy of telecommunications deregulation followed by deliberate tax exempts for Internet sales. While U.S. policy makers heavily relied an unleashing the forces of the market economy and an industry self-regulatinn for securing the success of the Internet, European policy makers were still entrenched in a tradition of regulating and standardizing before the nascent technology Gould have even demonstrated its full potential and impacts an both the economy and society at large. As a result, Internet-related infrastructures and services thrived rapidly in the United States, while they lagged behind in Europe and other parts of the world. However, as Waesche demonstrates, beyond those differing principles in policy making, when European legislators finally embarked an widespread deregulation of telecommunications, the impact of those policy changes came too late in order to establish a flourishing European Internet startup sector which Gould match its US competitors in agility, size, and global reach.
In the second part of his book, Waesche discusses the Gerrnan case in further detail. As he outlines, in this country, due to a tradition of "corporatist" and consensual decision making, entrepreneurial activity typically relies an proactive governmental policy making for setting detailed rules of the road. When in the course of the European Union's integration process national, government-controlled or -owned Post, Telephone, & Telegraph (PTT) monopolies were ordered to be dismantled and deregulated, the German federal government, as the owner of the largest PTT an the continent, opted in favor of a relatively slow and phased approach to privatization and dissection that spun over the major part of the 1990s, coinciding with the global rise of the Internet. Since the PTT managed to maintain its full control over the last mile into the new millennium, it was in a position to stifle the proliferation of the Internet via drastically increased fees for metered local calls. At that time, flat rates for Internet access were not available. To make the prospects for rapid growth even worse, the PTT, as the owner of German cable TV networks, decided to bar those networks from Internet access too. Other providers of physical network infrastructures appeared late an the scene, and play a minor role even today. Hence, accessing the Internet as a consumer or as a small-to-medium business was confined to phone lines with slow connection speeds at a prohibitively high price. As a result, the Internet had a very slow start in Germany. However, German Internet entrepreneurship was not only curtailed by weak demand, but also through insufficient capital supply. Unlike their U.S. counterparts, German Internet entrepreneurs had little or no access to a well-established and technology-savvy venture capitalist community for the most part of the 1990s. They instead had to resort to traditional instruments such as bank loans and self-financing, such that German Internet startups were undercapitalized and not geared for rapid growth. When the Neuer Markt (designed as a German NASDAQ equivalent) finally started providing capital to German Internet firms, it was rather late for helping German startups expand to a global reach. While U.S. Internet startups enjoyed a deregulated as well as an innovation- and technology-friendly domestic environment that readily provided sufficient capital supply and fostered a rapidly growing demand base, German startups had to fight an uphill battle in many respects. The domestic demand base had been artificially curtailed, deregulation had not fully unfolded, capital supply was initially weak, and a widespread mentality of embracing technological and social change was mostly absent in the German society of the 1990s. Unsurprisingly, quite a few U.S. Internet startups managed to grow into a global presence, with the strongest surviving the inevitable shakeout, while global players from Germany are missing.
Assessing the book's academic contribution presents a challenging task, which would have been easier to perform had the purpose been stated more precisely. To the business historian the study casts some light an a relatively short period of time (basically the years 1995 to 1998) of German technology-related policy making, its short-term effects, and the fate of a special breed of entrepreneurial activity during that period of time. The study demonstrates that German Start-ups could not help but miss a global opportunity should that opportunity have existed an a broad scale, at all (for example, why, globally speaking, are there only U.S. survivors of the first wave of "pure" Internet businesses? In other words, to what extent was the opportunity already a global one at that early stage?). The reviewer tends to be skeptical regarding that conjecture. Today, the New Economy euphoria has vanished in favor of a more realistic perspective that acknowledges the tremendous long-term potential of an increasingly global economy with the Internet as an important backbone of this development. In fact, meanwhile it has become undeniable that so-called Old Economy organizations (including governments) were relatively quick an their feet in embracing and even driving the new technological opportunities, therefore contributing to the global change and opportunity decisively more than all first and second-wave Internet startups taken together. Rather than Old versus New Economy, the Internet has challenged almost every organization around the world to change the old way in favor of a new, Internet-related way of doing business. In that regard, the pure Internet entrepreneurial opportunity existed only for a short while when traditional businesses had difficulties to acknowledge the extent and immediacy of the opportunity/threat of a new business model. It is revealing, for example, that Amazon.com, in order to survive, had to divert from its original broker-type model to more traditional ways of retailing books, CDs, Computer equipment, etc., with most of the backend logistics not far from those of traditional players. A 2002 dissertation and a 2003 book should, it is felt, be more critically reflective in that regard rather than stick to a 1998 perspective of an assumed immediate and revolutionary change from brick-and-mortar-based business to a "clicks and cookies" economy.

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Abstract

Examines some of the advanced tools, techniques, methods and standards related to the Internet and WWW which consist of hybrids of documents and software, called 'document program hybrids'. Early Internet systems were based on having documents on one side and software on the other, neatly separated, apart from one another and without much interaction, so that the static document can also exist without computers and networks. Documentation program hybrids blur this classical distinction and all components are integrated, interwoven and exist in synergy with each other. Illustrates the techniques with particular reference to practical examples, including: dara collections and dedicated software; advanced HTML features on the WWW, multimedia viewer and plug in software for Internet and WWW browsers; VRML; interaction through a Web server with other servers and with instruments; adaptive hypertext provided by the server; 'webbots' or 'knowbots' or 'searchbots' or 'metasearch engines' or intelligent software agents; Sun's Java; Microsoft's ActiveX; program scripts for HTML and Web browsers; cookies; and Internet push technology with Webcasting channels

Source

Online and CD-ROM review. 22(1998) no.2, S.55-72

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Abstract

Examines international efforts to promote metadata as a common, interactive resource description tool for the Internet. These efforts centre on the Dublin Core Element Set, but include qualifiers such as those promoted by the Canberra Qualifiers. The LoC Network Development and MARC Standards Office maintains the Dublin Core / MARC / GILS (Government Information Location Standards) crosswalk which maps the common and correlative elements of each system. Describes current international initiatives and issues. Describes the Nordic metadata project which is aiming to create the basic elements of a metadata production and utilization system based on the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set. Describes the WWW consortium efforts in this area

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Abstract

Firstgov is the U.S. federal portal to government information and services. It was conceived by the Clinton administration in June of 2000 and launched in September 2000. A case study of the development of Firstgov indicated that top-level leadership, a small and committed project team, and the very condensed timeframe of the project were factors that contributed to the success of the portal. Another reason cited for the success of the Firstgov development was the U.S. federal information policy environment, a robust and evolving framework creating the climate for electronic government. An unusual feature of the project development was the donation of the Inktomi search engine for three years, an event that further enabled Firstgov to open its door on time and on budget. The portal continues today with funding and resources designed to ensure its future.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 57(2006) no.5, S.724-725 (P.K. Nayar): "The network society (Castells, 1996) calls for radically new definitions of the public sphere. and this is what Shaping the Network Society's essays set out to do. The first section lays out the essential issues at stake here: human rights, the sociology of cyberspace. and globalization. Oliver BoydBarrett characterizes cyberspace as exclusive. Pointing to the almost total corporate control of the technologies of cyberspace. Boyd-Barrett argues that any attempt of huge corporate bodies to get into grassroots democracy should be viewed with suspicion. The institution of a public sphere. argues Boyd-Barrett, must begin with an assessment of how far the Internet at fords a space of contestation of elitist governing frameworks. Gary Chapman looks at Italy's slow food movement as a counter to the technoglobalist trends, and suggests that the globaltechnological imperative must not be allowed to occlude human values. Rather we need a social imperative here. one which thinks about technology as "malleable, as capable of serving human-determined ends" (p. 64). Cees Hamelink discusses how four rights-right to speech. democratic order, equal participation in social life. and cultural identity are threatened by what he terms the billboardization of society in the networked age. In the second section a range of case studies are presented. Kate Williams and Abdul Alkalimat survey every public computing facility in Toledo (Ohio) to map the parameters of public access to information and decision-making. They conclude that government public computing sites arc situated randomly, community sites are in economically rich or poor (but not middle-stratum) localities, and that commercial and university sites are influenced by market forces. They suggest that future research must necessarily focus on what forms of cyberpower emerge through such use of public computing.
Geert Lovnik and Patrice Riemens explore the digital culture of Amsterdam to show how. despite the techno-social idealism of the early years of the public sphere Digital City project. the culture ran into problems. Susan Finquelievich studies the practices of civic networks in Buenos Aires and Montevideo to demonstrate how local sociohistorical conditions have shaped the technology's development. Veran Matic focuses on the role of media in defending human rights in a hostile environment (former Yugoslavia). Media, she notes, need not necessarily he (or become) a tool of fascist forces, but can he used to generate resistance and to forge a democratic public sphere. Scott Robinson looks at Mexico's telecenter movement to argue that these cybercafes are likely to become an institution for the new Second World of immigrants and refugees. through socially relevant functions. Fiorella de Cindio looks at one of the worlds most significant community networks that of Milan. She demonstrates how local citizens have used information and communication technologies to build a viable. and potentially empowering, participatory public sphere in academia, computer-supported cooperative work, participatory design, and civil engagement (what she calls genes). The third section, -'Building a New Public Sphere in Cyberspace," pros- ides a series of suggestions and frameworks for the spacing of public space through information and communications technologies. Craig Calhoun argues that a global public sphere is indispensable to the formation of a global democracy. Public discourse can still fight commercialism and violence to form a more democratic civil society. Howard Rheingold the great enthusiast of virtual worlds-performs an intricate mix of autobiographical reflection and speculation when he writes of the role of the new technologies. Rheingold, despite his fetishistic enthusiasm for technology and online community, is cautious when it comes to crucial issues such as the creation of democratic public spheres, arguing that we require a great deal more serious thinking on matters of ownership and control (over the technology). He argues that if citizens lose our freedom to communicate, then even the powerful potential of the Net to create electronic democracy will be fatal illusion (p. 275). Nancy Kranich turns to public libraries as the site of potential democratic society, arguing that as sites of informationdissemination. public libraries can become a commons for the exchange of ideas and social interaction. David Silver compares the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV) to the Seattle Community Network the former funded by corporations and the state, the latter built essentially out of and through volunteer efforts. Silver, in characteristic style. looks at the historical archaeologies of the networks to show how sociohistorical contexts shape certain kinds of public spheres (and public discourse). going on to ask how, these networks can overcome these contexts to achieve their original goals. He warns that we need to uncover the histories of such networks because they inform the kinds of interactions of communities that exist within them. Douglas Morris analyzes the Independent Media Centre (IMO) Movement of antiglobalization activists to argue that alternative viewpoints and ideological differences can he aired, debated, and appropriated through the new technologies in order to fight corporate and commercial forces.
Peter Day and Douglas Schuler wind up the book by taking a close look at the sociotechnical context in the 1990s. They argue that utopian schemes for the development of civil society and/or the public sphere may entail a degree of risk. However. Day and Schuler argue that community networks should be ''networks of awareness. advocacy and action" with a high degree of grassroots involvement. This can be done through more responsive policies. Local citizens-the first beneficiaries or victims of policy-should he brought into the decision-making process via civic dialogue. Public funding must be provided for projects that enable dissemination of information about a variety of cultures and belief systems. Shaping the Network Society is understandably more cautious than earlier accounts of cyberculture in its reception of new information and communications technology. Haunted by post 9/11 security measures. increasing surveillance, the faster erosion of liberal humanist ideals, and the internationalization/ commercialization of the media, the essays prefer to be wary about the potential of cyberpower. However, the optimist tone of every essay is unmistakable. While admitting that much more needs to be done to overcome the digital divide and the (mis)appropriation of cyberpower. the essays and ease studies draw attention to the potential for public debate and alternative ideologies. The case studies demonstrate success stories, but invariably conclude with a moral: about the need for vigilance against appropriation and fascist control! What emerges clearly is that the new media have achieved considerable progress in opening up the space for greater citizen involvement, more locally-responsive policy decisions. and socially relevant information-dissemination. Shaping the Network Society, with a strangely messianic slant, is a useful step in the mapping of the present and future cyberspace as the space of new democracies to come of a justice to he worked and prepared for."

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Abstract

Describes Internet, covering protocols, international standards organizations, network nodes and their addresses and connection media such as copper wires and optical cables. The Australian Academic and Research Network (AARNET) links Australian universities and government research organizations and some commercial organizations to the Internet. Offers a guide to searching by Telnet command and using the Archie archive server. Explains File Transfer Protocol. Covers the CERFnet service providing access to library catalogues that have been placed on the Internet