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Abstract

Result of a revision work started in 1990. Contains 12902 entries to main subject headings and 10527 references

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Abstract

The library is first divided into nine special libraries which are called Classes. These Classes are Philosophy, Theology, &c., and are numbered with the nine digits. Thus Class 9 is the Library of History; Class 7, the Library of Fine Art; Class 2, the Library of Theology. These special libraries or Classes are then considered independently, and each one is separated again into nine special Divisions of the main subject. These Divisions are numbered from 1 to 9 as were the Classes. Thus 59 is the 9th Division (Zoology) of the 5th Class (Natural Science). A final division is then made by separating each of these Divisions into nine Sections which are numbered in the same way, with the nine digits. Thus 513 is the 3d Section (Geometry) of the 1st Division (Mathematics) of the 5th Class (Natural Science). This number, giving Class, Division, and Section, is called the Classification or Class Number, and is applied to every book or pamphlet belonging to the library. All the Geometries are thus numbered 513, all the Mineralogies 549, and so throughout the library, all the books on any given subject bear the number of that subject in the scheme. Where a 0 occurs in a class number, it has its normal zero power. Thus, a book numbered 510, is Class 5, Division 1, but _no_ Section. This signifies that the book treats of the Division 51 (Mathematics) in general, and is not limited to any one Section, as is the Geometry, marked 513. If marked 500, it would indicate a treatise on Science in general, limited to _no_ Division. A zero occurring in the first place would in the same way show that the book is limited to _no_ Class. The classification is mainly made by subjects or content regardless of _form_; but it is found practically useful to make an additional distinction in these general treatises, according to the form of treatment adopted. Thus, in Science we have a large number of books treating of Science in general, and so having a 0 for the Division number. These books are then divided into Sections, as are those of the other Classes according to the form they have taken on. We have the Philosophy and History of Science, Scientific Compends, Dictionaries, Essays, Periodicals, Societies, Education, and Travels,--all having the common subject, =NATURAL SCIENCE=, but treating it in these varied forms. These form distinctions are introduced here because the number of general works is large, and the numerals allow of this division, without extra labor for the numbers from 501 to 509 would otherwise be unused. They apply _only_ to the general treatises, which, without them, would have a class number ending with two zeros. A Dictionary of Mathematics is 510, not 503, for every book is assigned to the _most specific head that will contain it_, so that 503 is limited to Dictionaries or Cyclopedias of Science _in general_. In the same way a General Cyclopedia or Periodical treats of no one class, and so is assigned to the Class 0. These books treating of no special class, but general in their character, are divided into Cyclopedias, Periodicals, etc. No difficulty is found in following the arithmetical law and omitting the initial zero, so these numbers are printed 31, 32, etc., instead of 031, 032, etc.
The selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the classification cannot be explained in detail for want of space. In all the work, philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge as preserved in books, has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony and exactness has been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library or to the convenience of the department in the college. As in every scheme, many minor subjects have been put under general heads to which they do not strictly belong. In some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type, e. g., 429 =Anglo-Saxon=, under =ENGLISH PHILOLOGY=. The rule has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied heads, or where it was thought they would be most useful. The only alternative was to omit them altogether. If any such omission occurs, it is unintentional and will be supplied as soon as discovered. Wherever practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the most nearly allied subjects and thus the greatest convenience is secured both in the catalogues and on the shelves. Theoretically, the division of every subject into just nine heads is absurd. Practically, it is desirable that the classification be as minute as possible without the use of additional figures, and the decimal principle on which our scheme hinges allows nine divisions as readily as a less number. This principle has proved wholly satisfactory in practice though it appears to destroy proper co-ordination in some places. It has seemed best in our library to use uniformly three figures in the class number. This enables us to classify certain subjects very minutely, giving, for example, an entire section to Chess. But the History of England has only one section, as our scheme is developed, and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated. The apparent difficulty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure, giving nine sub-sections to any subject of sufficient importance to warrant closer classification. In history where the classification is made wholly by countries, a fourth figure is added to give a division into _periods_. As the addition of each figure gives a ten-fold division, any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing of special subjects. The apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that only the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed, the fourth figure and the sub-sections being supplied on the catalogues in manuscript. Should the growth of any of these sub-sections warrant it, a fifth figure will be added, for the scheme admits of expansion without limit.
The arrangement of headings has been sometimes modified to secure a mnemonic aid in numbering and finding books without the Index. For instance, the scheme is so arranged that China has always the number 1. In Ancient History, it has the first section, 931: in Modern History, under Asia, it has 951: in Philology, the Chinese language appears as 491. After the same manner the Indian number is 2; Egyptian, 4; English, 2; German, 3; French, 4; Italian, 5; Spanish, 6; European, 4; Asian, 5; African, 6; North American, 7; South American, 8; and so for all the divisions by languages or countries. The Italian 5, for instance, will be noticed in 35, 55, 450, 755, 850, and 945. This mnemonic principle is specially prominent in Philology and Literature and their divisions, and in the _form_ distinctions used in the first 9 sections of each class. Materials, Methods, or Theory occurring anywhere as a head, bears always the number 1. Dictionaries and Cyclopedias, 3; Essays, 4; Periodicals, 5; Associations, Institutions, and Societies, 6; Education, 7; Collections, 9. In the numerous cases where several minor heads have been grouped together under the head Other, it always bears the number 9. Wherever practicable, this principle is carried out in sub-dividing the sections. For instance, the Geology of North America, which bears the number 557 is sub-divided by adding the _sections_ of 970 (History of North America). The Geology of Mexico then bears the number 5578: mnemonically, the first 5 is the Science number; the second 5, Geology; the 7, North America; and the 8, Mexico. Any library attendant or reader after using the scheme a short time will recognize at a glance, any catalogue or ledger entry, book or pamphlet, marked 5578 as something on the Geology of Mexico. Users of the scheme will notice this mnemonic principle in several hundred places in the classification, and will find it of great practical utility in numbering and finding books without the aid of Catalogue or Index, and in determining the character of any book simply from its call number as recorded on the book, on all its catalogue and cross reference cards, on the ledger, and in the check box.
In naming the headings, brevity has been secured in many cases at the sacrifice of exactness. It was thought more important to have short, familiar titles for the headings than that the names given should express with fullness and exactness the character of all books catalogued under them. Many subjects, apparently omitted, will be found in the Index, assigned, with allied subjects, to a heading which bears the name of the most important only. Reference to this Subject Index will decide at once any doubtful points. In arranging books in the classification, as in filling out the scheme, practical usefulness has been esteemed the most important thing. The effort has been to put each book under the subject to the student of which it would be most useful. The content or the real subject of which a book treats, and not the form or the accidental wording of the title, determines its place. Following this rule, a Philosophy of Art is put with Art, not with Philosophy; a History of Mathematics, with Mathematics, not with History; for the philosophy and history are simply the _form_ which these books have taken. The true content or subject is Art, and Mathematics, and to the student of these subjects they are most useful. The predominant tendency or obvious purpose of the book, usually decides its class number at once; still many books treat of two or more different subjects, and in such cases it is assigned to the place where it will be most useful, and underneath the class number are written the numbers of any other subjects on which it also treats. These _Cross References_ are given both on the plate and the subject card as well as on the cross reference card. If a book treats of a majority of the sections of any division, it is given the Division number instead of the most important Section number with cross references.

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Abstract

Presents a version of the UDC specifically revised and adapted for use in libraries focusing on Polar subjects. The schedules do not derive from the master reference file

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Abstract

THE COLON CLASSIFICATION is the latest scheme in the field of classification. It has revolutionised thinking in classification and stimulated research in it. This new method is suited to small and large, general and special libraries and can be used in classifying whole books as well as individual articles in a periodical or sections in a book.. It is being taught in all schools o Library Science all over the world, not only as a means of arranging books on shelves but also as a means of finding out the focus of a book in systematic way and finding the requirements of a reader while doing reference service. The new methodologies in classification invented as part of the Colon Classification-the Facet Analysis, the Phase Analysis and the Zone Analysis--have lifted Practical Classification from guesswork to scientific method. They are forming an important theme in international conferences on information retrieval.

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Abstract

Die Ausgabe 1993 der KAB/E ersetzt die im Bibliographischen Institut Leipzig erschienene Ausgabe 1990 sowie die Publikation 'Veränderte Hauptgruppen A-F und Veränderungen in weiteren Sachgruppen'. Alle bisher vorgenommenen Veränderungen sowie weitere, von den KAB-Anwendern gewünschte Ergänzungen, Korrekturen und Erweiterungen der Gliederung wurden berücksichtigt. Der Verweisungsapparat der Gliederung ist gegenüber der Ausgabe 1990 bedeutend erweitert worden. Das alphabetische Schlagwortregister wurde grundlegend überarbeitet, durch viele neue Begriffe und der Schlagwortnormdatei ergänzt und umfaßt jetzt ca. 14.500 Schlagwörter bzw. Schlagwortketten sowie Verweisungen. Der Kommentar enthält einleitend die Geschichte der KAB/E und erläutert Inhalt, Aufbau und Struktur der Gliederung

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Content

A. General Works. 4. ed. 1973. - B. B-BJ. Philosphy. Psychology. 4. ed. 1989 / B. BL, BM, BP, BQ. Relgions, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism. 3. ed. 1984 / BR-BV. Religion: Christianity, Bible. 3. ed. 1987. BX. Religion: Christian denominations. 3. ed. 1985. - C. auxilary sciences of history. 3. ed. 1975. - D. History. General and Old World. 2. ed. 1959/ DJK-DK. History of Eastern Europe (General), Soviet Union, Poland. 3. ed. 1987 / D. DS. History of Asia. 3. ed. 1987 / DT-DX. History of Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc. 3. ed. 1989. - E-F. History. America. 3. ed. Reprint 1965. - G. Geography, maps, anthropology, recreation. 4. ed. 1976. - H. H-HJ. Social sciences: economics. 4. ed. 1981/ HM-HX. Social sciences: sociology. 4. ed. 1980. - J. Political science. 2. ed. Reprint 1966; neu: 1991. - K. Law (General) 1977 / KD. Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland. 1973. / KDZ, KG-KH. Law of the Americas, Latin America and the West Indies. 1984 / KE. Law of Canada. 1976 / KF. Law of the United States. Preliminary ed. 1969 / KJ-KKZ. Law of Europe. 1988 / KJV-KJW. Law of France. 1985 / KK-KKC. Law of Germany. 1982. - KL-KWX: Law of Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area and Antarctica. 1993. - L. Education 4. ed. 1984. - M. Music and books on musik. 3. ed. 1978. - N. Fine Arts. 4. ed. 1970. - P-PZ. Language and literature tables. 1982 / P-PM. Suppl. Index to languages and dialects. 3. ed. 1983 / P-PA. Philology. Linguistics. Classical philology. Classical literature. Reissue 1968 / PA. Suppl. Byzantine and modern greek literature. Medieval and modern Latin literature. Reissued with suppl. pages. Suppl. of additions and changes to January 1968. 1968 / PB-PH. Modern European languages. Reprint 1966 / PG Russian literature. Reprint 1965 / PJ-PK. Oriental philology and literature. 2. ed. 1988 / PL-PM. Languages of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania, Hyperborean, Indian and artificial languages. 2. ed. 1988 / PN, PR, PS, PZ. Literature (general). English and American lierature. Fiction in English. Juvenile Belles Lettres. 3. ed. 1988 / PQ, 1. French literature. 2nd ed. 1992 / PQ, 2. Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literatures. Reprint 1965; neu: 1992 / PT, 1. German literature. 2. ed. 1989 / PT, 2. Dutch and Scandinavian literatures. 2nd ed. 1992. - Q. Science. 7. ed. 1989. - R. Medicine. 6(?). ed. 1995. - S. Agriculture. 4. ed. 1982. - T. Technology. 5. ed. 1971. - U. Military science. 5. ed. 1992. - V. Naval science. 4. ed. 1993. - Z. Bibliography and library science. 5. ed. 1980

Footnote

Für eine jeweils aktuelle Übersicht vgl. den Prospekt der Library of Congress; Nachträge und Neuausgaben werden auch in der Zeitschrift: Cataloging service bulletin angezeigt. - Die Konvertierung in das USMARC Format ist angekündigt, das die Ausgabe in verschiedenen physikalischen Medien unterstützen soll. - Gemäß des Artikels von 'G.M. Daly: Reference work in a classified collection ...' ist die Klasse K nunmehr vollständig veröffentlicht

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