Search (31 results, page 2 of 2)

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Abstract

This paper discusses the ontology of the document and questions whether or not our understanding of the concept of a document has changed now that more and more information is transmitted through increasingly digital means. Moreover, the argument is advanced that the identity of librarians is bound up with the future of the document. Not merely should librarians be changing their roles as a reaction to new technologies but they need to be proactive in embracing change and not in any way resisting it. The paper focuses on the theory of the ontology of documents. A number of ideas will be discussed including the thoughts of Michael Buckland in his seminal paper 'What is a Document' (1997), and further discussion will draw on the work of Michel Foucault (1972), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1958, 1969) and more recently Ziming Liu (2004) among others. Is the concept of a document essentially the same or has the transformation of document to e-document brought about a fundamental change in its nature. The paper goes on to discuss the more practical nature of documents and the role of the librarian. There follows a brief review of a range of types of document, including: E-journals, E-books, and considers the prospect that Extensible Markup Language (XML) offers a technological vehicle for the advent of an E-collection - this being an aggregation of different document mediums. The notion of the delivery of this information to the user (consumer) is then considered and with it the role of librarian. Waaijers (2002) has argued that a consequence of digitisation has brought with it issues of ownership and responsibility, and refers to XML as offering the possibility of "anatomising the internal structure of the document." In the concluding part to this paper some speculative thoughts are advanced on what might be possible outcomes regarding the changing perceptions of what a document might be. Could the Modern Librarian's identity and function be inextricably linked to the concept of the document? Finally it is suggested that further research to gather empirical evidence could involve a comparative study of the providers of information and the users of information focussing on their respective concepts of a document.

Source

Librarianship in the information age: Proceedings of the 13th BOBCATSSS Symposium, 31 January - 2 February 2005 in Budapest, Hungary. Eds.: Marte Langeland u.a

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Content

Telemediatisierung und Kommodifizierung der Bereiche von Wissen und Information beeinflussen zunehmend auch die Infrastrukturen für die Informationsversorgung in Wissenschaft und Ausbildung. Es wird diskutiert, wodurch das für Wissenschaft und Ausbildung zentrale Ziel des freien Zugriffs auf Wissen gefährdet, aber auch befördert wird. Zahlreiche Initiativen, Projekte und Deklarationen machen deutlich, dass im öffentlichen und privaten Bereich die Herausforderungen der virtuellen Organisation der Informationsversorgung aufgegriffen werden, ohne dass allerdings bislang eine überzeugende Gesamtkonzeption vorliegt, weder in makrostruktureller Hinsicht (wie sich Bibliotheken im kompetitiven Geflecht der postprofessionellen Informationsmärkte positionieren sollen) noch in mikrostruktureller Hinsicht (welche neuen integrierte Formen der Infrastruktur an Hochschulen sich entwickeln sollen). Die auf Effizienz ausgerichteten Aktivitäten von Verlagen, von Buchhandel, Fachinformationssystemen, Vermittlern und Content Providern des Internet werden exemplarisch, vor allem mit Blick auf die Volltextversorgung, vorgestellt, und ihnen werden die eher binnen-bibliothekarischen Maßnahmen gegenübergestellt. Im Ausgang von Daten aus der Bibliotheksstatistk 2001 zum Aufwand für Bibliotheken und deren Nutzung wird ein Gedankenexperiment angestellt, ob bei Wegfall der bibliothekarischen Leistung der Bedarf nach Informationsversorgung direkt von jedem Wissenschaftler durch Nutzung der Marktangebote gedeckt werden könnte. Unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten kann das durchaus erfolgreich sein. Die dabei fast unvermeidbar zum Einsatz kommenden Lizenzierungs-, Kontroll- und Abrechnungsverfahren (über Digital Rights Management) konfligieren aber mit dem Ziel der offenen und freien Nutzung und sind sowohl den Zielen der Wissenschaft als auch, langfristig, den Innovationszielen der Wirtschaft konträr. Alternativ wird diskutiert, inwieweit die Selbstorganisationsformen der Wissenschaft (OAI, SPARC, BOAI und so weiter) eine umfassende substituierende oder komplementäre Alternative der Informationsversorgung darstellen können. Als mikrostrukturelle Konsequenz wird die Integration der bisherigen weitgehend getrennten Einrichtungen, also die langfristige Aufhebung der autonomen Bibliotheks-, Rechenzentrums- oder Multimedia-Einheiten und die schrittweise Zusammenlegung in leistungsfähige Infrastrukturen für Information und Kommunikation, als zwingend angesehen, wobei dem Wissensmanagement, einschließlich des Rights Management, eine zentrale Funktion zukommt. Die neue Infrastruktur kann, auch angesichts technologischer Entwicklung der Digitalisierung und des Publishing an Demand, von dem bisherigen umfassenden, ohnehin kaum noch einzulösenden Kultursicherungsauftrag befreit werden; dieser kann von einigen wenigen zentralen Einrichtungen wahrgenommen werden. In makrostruktureller Hinsicht müssen klare Alternativen zur fortschreitenden Kommodifizierung von Wissen und Information entwickelt werden. Die Gesellschaft muss dem Charakter des Wissens als »Commons« Rechnung tragen. Es muss eine Publikations- und Distributions-/Zugriffs-Infrastruktur geschaffen und finanziert werden, die das Bedürfnis nach freiem und offenem Austausch produzierten Wissens befriedigen kann, in erster Linie durch die virtuelle (verteilte, vernetzte) Organisation von umfassenden Aufbereitungs-, Nachweis- und Auslieferungsleistungen, weitgehend aus der Wissenschaft selber. Benötigt wird das transparente umfassende Wissenschaftsportal der Informationsversorgung (in Erweiterung der Idee der koordinierten virtuellen Bibliotheken). Nicht zuletzt wird für das gesamte Gebiet von Wissen und Information eine neue koordinierende Infrastruktur benötigt.

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Abstract

Much time and effort has been devoted to designing and developing library Web sites that are easy to navigate by both new students and experienced researchers. In a review of the Southampton Institute Library it was decided that in addition to updating the existing homepage an alternative would be offered. Drawing on theory relating to user interface design, learning styles and creative thinking, an Alternative Library navigation system was added to the more traditional library homepage. The aim was to provide students with a different way to explore and discover the wide range of information resources available by taking a less formal approach to navigation based on the metaphor of physical space and playful exploration.

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Abstract

A review of the future of academic libraries that draws initially on a generic model to describe the components of all library systems. Touches upon some economic changes and looks for evidence in statistical trends derived from United Kingdom reportage. From this extrapolates scenarios relating to the function of libraries as a collection of resources, as a physical place, its role in organising information and its service function. Library collections will continue to exist but described in different ways, whilst physical collections will mutate into multi-functional spaces. Knowledge management will become increasingly important and the overriding shift will be towards a service and support role. The librarian's role is also discussed and changes summarised.

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Date

22. 7.2004 9:42:33

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Content

"When Randall C. Jimerson, the president of the Society of American Archivists, heard of Google's plan to convert certain holdings at Oxford University and at some of the leading research libraries in the United States into digital files, searchable over the Web, he asked, "What are they thinking?" Mr. Jimerson had worries. Who would select the material? How would it be organized and identified to avoid mountains of excerpts taken out of context? Would Google users eventually forgo the experience of holding a book or looking at a historicaldocument? But in recent interviews, many scholars and librarians applauded the announcement by Google, the operator of the world's most popular Internet search service, to digitize some of the collections at Oxford, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, Harvard and the New York Public Library. The plan, in the words of Paul Duguid, information specialist at the University of California at Berkeley, will "blast wide open" the walls around the libraries of world-class institutions.
David Nasaw, a historian and director of the Center for the Humanities at the City University of New York's Graduate Center, said the ability to use keywords to locate books and documents could save academics traveltime and money and broaden their research. "This all captures people's imagination in a wonderful way," Said Kate Wittenberg, director of the Electronic Publishing Initiative at Columbia University. "But whether it's right or wrong is not the whole question and not the whole answer." This year Ms. Wittenberg's group completed a three-year study of research habits that included 1,233 students. The study concluded that electronic resources had become the main tool for gathering information, particularly among undergraduates. But Ms. Wittenberg does have concerns. "What I've learned is that libraries help people formulate questions as well as find answers," Ms. Wittenberg said. "Who will do that in a virtual world?" On the other hand, she Said, an enhanced databank could make it easier for students to research topics across disciplines. For example, a topic like "climate change" touches an both political science and science, she Said, and "in the physical world, the books about them are in two different buildings at Columbia." Online research could bring the two subjects together instantly. Robert Darnton, a professor of history at Princeton who is writing a book about the history of books, noted that by looking at a book's binding and paper quality, a researcher can discern much about the period in which it was published, the publisher and the intended audience.
"There may be some false consciousnesses about this breakthrough, that all learning will be at our fingertips," Mr. Darnton said of the plans to enhance Google's database. He saw room for both Google and real-world research. Libraries have already been changed by the Internet, said Paul LeClerc, president and chief executive of the New York Public Library: But libraries will still be needed to coliect and store information, he said. "TV did replace radio," Mr. LeCIerc said. "Videos and DVD's did not replace people going to the movies. It's still easier to read a book by hand than online." "The New-York Public Library Web site gets three-fourths of a billion hits a year from 200 different countries and territories, and that's with no marketing or advertising," he said. "That's the context in which this new element has to be placed." "We had 13 million reader visits last year," he continued. "We're serving a multiplicity of audiences - we serve people physically and virtually. It's an enormous contribution to human intellectual development." Many university leaders realize that for most people, information does not exist unless it is online, said Paul Courant, provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan. Mr. Courant envisioned that in 20 years archives would be shared by institutions. While the world needs "tens of thousands of copies of 'To the Lighthouse,"' he said, "we don't need to have a zillion copies of some arcane monograph written by a sociologist in 1951."

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Abstract

Purpose - To argue that theoretical models from non-LIS disciplines can be of practical benefit to practitioner LIS research. In the area of digitisation collection development policy, such models highlight the importance of digital library preservation issues. Design/methodology/approach - An application of formal models from cultural theories derived from structuralism and semiotics to LIS problems. Findings - Theoretical models from non-LIS disciplines help illustrate and understand problems such as developing information literacy in the digital library environment or creating a balance between the need to develop new digital collections and the preservation of the digital collections which have already been created. Research limitations/implications - This is a theoretical argument that could be tested by practical case study investigation. Practical implications - The paper suggests that resourcing should be applied to digital preservation activity rather than a fresh round of digitisation of print originals, the preservation implications of which are uncertain. Originality/value - This paper gives some original perspectives on practical LIS challenges by applying abstract ideas from the area of cultural theory and applied linguistics.

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Abstract

In a dynamic, information and technology-driven society, librarians can create new roles by assessing changes in their environment, the potential effect and ways to reposition themselves. Scenario building, literature reviews, situation analysis, speculation and forecasting may be used. Librarians have a good idea of what they can offer, but are often unable to reposition themselves in time. Reasons for this generally slow reaction are speculated on and the future role of librarians (including expected knowledge and skills) is briefly reviewed. An argument is then pursued on how an educational perspective that supports a constructivist-learning environment, portfolio assessment, and affective and metacognitive skills could support librarians in preparing for change. The value of task analysis, needs assessment, and market research are mentioned briefly. Apart from knowledge (cognitive level), teaching should focus on affective and metacognitive skills, decision-making abilities, environmental scanning, change management and the typical personality characteristics required to survive in the cyber age (e.g. assertiveness, self-confidence, creative thinking, and innovativeness).

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Content

"Für Optimisten wie den amerikanischen Computerwissenschaftler Nicholas Negroponte bricht das kommende Digitalzeitalter wie eine Naturgewalt über uns herein. Als Zukunftsforscher kann ich jedoch nicht in den Tenor der üblichen kühnen Prophezeiungen der Medienbranche einstimmen. In Deutschland und den USA wird zwar viel über E-Commerce spekuliert. In Wirklichkeit nutzen aber die privaten Verbraucher dort Shopping, Reisebuchung und Bücherkauf per PC kaum (je unter 3 %), Hornebanking nur 5 % der Amerikaner und 3 % der Deutschen. Obwohl immer mehr Firmen online gehen, halten die Verbraucher weitgehend an ihren außerhäuslichen Konsumgewohnheiten fest. Bisher bietet das Netz gefühls- und erlebnismäßig einfach zu wenig. Auch 2010 werden über 90 % des privaten Verbrauchs nicht über OnlineGeschäfte getätigt. Selbst wenn sich der E-Commerce-Umsatz der privaten Verbraucher jährlich verdoppeln sollte, werden die Online-Geschäfte in Deutschland auch 2002 keine 3 % des Einzelhandelsumsatzes ausmachen (derzeit: 22 Milliarden Mark Einzelhandelsumsatz zu 2,5 Milliarden aus Online-Geschäften). Die Frage, warum Online-Shopping so wenig Resonanz findet, lässt sich auf folgende Ursachen zurückführen: Erlebniskonsum in den Shopping-Centern ist attraktiver; wachsende Ungeduld bei langem Laden der Website, Unzufriedenheit über verwirrend gestaltete Online-Shops, Enttäuschung über nicht verfügbare Produkte sowie Abbruch der Kaufabsicht, wenn das Shop-System abstürzt. Leider findet die digitale Revolution in Deutschland bisher fast nur auf Unternehmensseite statt, die Fragen nach den Bedürfnissen der Konsumenten bleiben weitgehend unbeantwortet.

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Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 53(2002) H.4, 239-242

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Content

"Die Vision von der künstlichen Intelligenz wird Wirklichkeit, sagt Computerbuchverleger und Web 2.0-Pionier Tim O'Reilly. Das Leben mit dem Internet sei viel weiter als manche ahnungslose Nutzer meinten. Und es gebe keinen Weg zurück. O'Reilly ist sich allerdings nicht sicher, ob der nächste große Technologie-Schub mit dem WorldWideWeb verbunden ist. " Wenn wir über unseren Umgang mit Computern reden, verbinden wir das immer noch damit, vor einem Bildschirm zu sitzen und auf einer Tastatur zu tippen. Aber Computer werden immer mehr in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Die offensichtliche Veränderung ist zunächst - was ja viele Menschen auch schon beschrieben haben-, dass auch mobile Endgeräte oder Mobiltelefone als Plattform dienen. Damit ist auch verbunden, dass Spracherkennung immer besser wird. Oder dass Fotoapparate mittlerweile mit GPS ausgestattet sind. Wenn Sie damit ein Foto machen, ist der Ort automatisch Teil des Fotos und damit Teil der Information, die Sie zum Beispiel auf eine Web-2.0-Anwendung wie flickr stellen. Und plötzlich lernt das globale Gehirn etwas, was Sie gar nicht beabsichtigt haben", betont O'Reilly. Microsoft habe eine Software vorgestellt, die Photosynth heißt. Mit ihr könnten aus aneinander gereihten Digitalfotos 3-D Modelle entworfen werden. Man müsse die Fotos nur mit "Tags" versehen, also markieren, und jemand anderes nutzt das und führt alles zu einem 3-D Modell zusammen. "Wir bewegen uns also in Richtung künstlicher Intelligenz. Allerdings ist immer noch ein Mensch dahinter, der dem Programm sagt, was es tun soll. Aber das Beispiel zeigt, was mit der Nutzung kollektiver Intelligenz gemeint ist. Wir geben immer mehr Daten in das globale Netzwerk ein, und Menschen schreiben Programme, die neue Verbindungen erstellen. Es ist, als würden die Synapsen des kollektiven Gehirns wachsen. Ich glaube, wir dürfen Überraschungen erwarten", meint O'Reilly.