Search (21 results, page 1 of 2)

  • × theme_ss:"Volltextretrieval"
  • × year_i:[1990 TO 2000}
  1. Casale, M.: Full text retrieval for the Web (1996) 0.05
    0.049107663 = product of:
      0.09821533 = sum of:
        0.060314562 = weight(_text_:digital in 6757) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.060314562 = score(doc=6757,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.19770671 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.944552 = idf(docFreq=2326, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.30507088 = fieldWeight in 6757, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.944552 = idf(docFreq=2326, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6757)
        0.03790077 = weight(_text_:library in 6757) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03790077 = score(doc=6757,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.28758827 = fieldWeight in 6757, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6757)
      0.5 = coord(2/4)
    
    Abstract
    Reviews developments and improvements in techniques for searching the WWW that have been made access to full text databases a practical proposition (full text retrieval (FTR)). Reports results of interviews with 8 full text database vendors offering FTR via the WWW: Dataware (http://www.dataware.com); Excalibur (http://www.excalib.com); Fulcrum (http://www.fulcrum.com); Muscat (http://www.muscat.co.uk); Open Text (http://www.opentext.com); Personal Library Software (PLS) (http://www.pls.com); Verity (http://www.verity.com); and ZyLab (ZyIndex and ZyImage) (http://www.zylab.com). Compares the prices of the systems and lists the questions that publishers should ask before making a choice of systems for handling FTR on the Web
    Object
    Personal Library Software
    Source
    Digital publishing technologies. 1(1996) no.10, S.12-16
  2. Laegreid, J.A.: SIFT: a Norwegian information retrieval system (1993) 0.04
    0.035239115 = product of:
      0.07047823 = sum of:
        0.043315165 = weight(_text_:library in 7701) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.043315165 = score(doc=7701,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.32867232 = fieldWeight in 7701, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7701)
        0.027163066 = product of:
          0.054326132 = sum of:
            0.054326132 = weight(_text_:22 in 7701) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.054326132 = score(doc=7701,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.17551683 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.050121464 = queryNorm
                0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 7701, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7701)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(2/4)
    
    Abstract
    Describes SIFT (Search in Free Text) an information retrieval system originally developed for administering governmental documents in Norway but which is now being applied alsewhere. SIFT handles structured information well. A library system, SIFT-BIBL, is now available. SIFT's retrieval engine and search facilities are powerful. Its user interface is limited but being imporved. An application programmer interface has been released which will allow programmers to develop their own interface. A Windows-based- client-server version is now being beta tested
    Date
    23. 1.1999 19:22:09
    Source
    Library technology news. 9(1993), S.3-4
  3. Palos, S.: Indexierung, Volltextrecherche und digital Text-Dossiers (1999) 0.02
    0.017232731 = product of:
      0.068930924 = sum of:
        0.068930924 = weight(_text_:digital in 4069) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.068930924 = score(doc=4069,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.19770671 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.944552 = idf(docFreq=2326, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.34865242 = fieldWeight in 4069, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.944552 = idf(docFreq=2326, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4069)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
  4. DiMartino, D.; Zoe, L.R.: End-user full text searching : access or excess? (1996) 0.02
    0.015314223 = product of:
      0.061256893 = sum of:
        0.061256893 = weight(_text_:library in 7545) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.061256893 = score(doc=7545,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.46481284 = fieldWeight in 7545, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7545)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Library and information science research. 18(1996) no.2, S.133-150
  5. Hane, P.J.: AOL acquires Personal Library Software (1998) 0.01
    0.013399946 = product of:
      0.053599782 = sum of:
        0.053599782 = weight(_text_:library in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.053599782 = score(doc=1813,freq=8.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.40671125 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
              2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                8.0 = termFreq=8.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    In Jan 1997 AOL annouced its acquisition of Personal Library Software, a leading developer of information indexing and search technologies, which are at the core of online a CD-ROM products from major providers such as Dow Jones and Knight Ridder. AOL is the world's leading Internet online service. Quotes the company heads concerning the advantages of the deal for searchers but reports that no specific details of its terms have been released. Outlines the history of the companies focusing on the role of Matthew Koll founder of Personal Library Software and now joining AOL and the reactions of information professionals
    Object
    Personal Library Software
  6. Falk, H.: Building and using document databases (1998) 0.01
    0.011485667 = product of:
      0.045942668 = sum of:
        0.045942668 = weight(_text_:library in 3858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.045942668 = score(doc=3858,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.34860963 = fieldWeight in 3858, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3858)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Electronic library. 16(1998) no.1, S.55-59
  7. White, F.: ISYS 3.01 : a review (1993) 0.01
    0.010828791 = product of:
      0.043315165 = sum of:
        0.043315165 = weight(_text_:library in 2052) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.043315165 = score(doc=2052,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.32867232 = fieldWeight in 2052, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2052)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Reviews ISYS, a full text retrieval system from Odyssey developments. ISYS supports a wide variety of wordprocessor, text and spreadsheet formats. A programming interface is included for developers to integrate ISYS into their own applications. Describes how to use ISYS to create a database index for a set of documents and then query that index to locate, retrieve and display information from the indexed documents. Discusses configuration options, precedence of operators, displaying and manipulating search results, the advanced menu, ease of learning and use, documentation and library applications
    Source
    Library software review. 12(1993) no.2, S.54-68
  8. Dow Jones unveils knowledge indexing system (1997) 0.01
    0.010828791 = product of:
      0.043315165 = sum of:
        0.043315165 = weight(_text_:library in 751) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.043315165 = score(doc=751,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.32867232 = fieldWeight in 751, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=751)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Dow Jones Interactive Publishing has developed a sophisticated automatic knowledge indexing system that will allow searchers of the Dow Jones News / Retrieval service to get highly targeted results from a search in the service's Publications Library. Instead of relying on a thesaurus of company names, the new system uses a combination of that basic algorithm plus unique rules based on the editorial styles of individual publications in the Library. Dow Jones have also announced its acceptance of the definitions of 'selected full text' and 'full text' from Bibliodata's Fulltext Sources Online directory
  9. McKinin, E.J.; Sievert, M.E.; Johnson, D.; Mitchell, J.A.: ¬The Medline/full-text research project (1991) 0.01
    0.010464822 = product of:
      0.041859288 = sum of:
        0.041859288 = product of:
          0.083718576 = sum of:
            0.083718576 = weight(_text_:project in 5385) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.083718576 = score(doc=5385,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.21156175 = queryWeight, product of:
                  4.220981 = idf(docFreq=1764, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.050121464 = queryNorm
                0.39571697 = fieldWeight in 5385, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  4.220981 = idf(docFreq=1764, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5385)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    This project was designed to test the relative efficacy of index terms and full-text for the retrieval of documents in those MEDLINE journals for which full-text searching was also available. The full-text files used were MEDIS from Mead Data Central and CCML from BRS Information Technologies. One hundred clinical medical topics were searches in these two files as well as the MEDLINE file to accumulate the necessary data. It was found that full-text identified significantly more relevant articles than did the indexed file. Most relevant items missed in the full-text files, but identified in MEDLINE, were missed because the searcher failed to account for some aspect of natural language, used a logical or positional operator that was too restrictive, or included a concept which was implied, but not expressed in the natural language. Very few of the unique relevant full-text citations would have been retrievaed by title or abstract alone. Finally, as of July, 1990 the more current issue of a journal was just as likely to appear in MEDLINE as in one of the full-text files.
  10. Sievert, M.C.: Full-text information retrieval : introduction (1996) 0.01
    0.00957139 = product of:
      0.03828556 = sum of:
        0.03828556 = weight(_text_:library in 4719) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03828556 = score(doc=4719,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.29050803 = fieldWeight in 4719, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4719)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Introduces a special section devoted to full text information retrieval. Gives an overview of full text databases and research into them. There is a lack of a single definition of full text. Articles in the library related literature about full text have appeared with increasing frequnecy
  11. Falk, H.: Document file searching (1998) 0.01
    0.00957139 = product of:
      0.03828556 = sum of:
        0.03828556 = weight(_text_:library in 2429) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03828556 = score(doc=2429,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.29050803 = fieldWeight in 2429, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2429)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Electronic library. 16(1998) no.3, S.199-203
  12. Quint, B.: Flipping for full-text (1991) 0.01
    0.0076571116 = product of:
      0.030628446 = sum of:
        0.030628446 = weight(_text_:library in 4893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.030628446 = score(doc=4893,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.23240642 = fieldWeight in 4893, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4893)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Wilson library bulletin. 66(1991) no.1, S.82-85
  13. Tenopir, C.: Full-text retrieval : systems and files (1994) 0.01
    0.0076571116 = product of:
      0.030628446 = sum of:
        0.030628446 = weight(_text_:library in 2424) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.030628446 = score(doc=2424,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.23240642 = fieldWeight in 2424, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2424)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Advances in library automation and networking. Vol.5. Ed.: J.A. Hewitt and C.W. Bailey
  14. Shewale, N.G.: Information delivery of full-text databases in academic and research libraries using hypermedia (1998) 0.01
    0.006699973 = product of:
      0.026799891 = sum of:
        0.026799891 = weight(_text_:library in 3566) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.026799891 = score(doc=3566,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.20335563 = fieldWeight in 3566, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3566)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Discusses the introduction of hypermedia in information delivery and its advantages. Describes the special features in the design of full text databases and steps in developing in-house hypermedia databases. It may not be the job of the library professionals to design and develop the hypermedia system for information retrieval, but their ideas and experience will play an important role
  15. Huang, Y.-L.: ¬A theoretic and empirical research of cluster indexing for Mandarine Chinese full text document (1998) 0.01
    0.006699973 = product of:
      0.026799891 = sum of:
        0.026799891 = weight(_text_:library in 513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.026799891 = score(doc=513,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.20335563 = fieldWeight in 513, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=513)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Bulletin of library and information science. 1998, no.24, S.44-68
  16. Wacholder, N.; Byrd, R.J.: Retrieving information from full text using linguistic knowledge (1994) 0.01
    0.0057428335 = product of:
      0.022971334 = sum of:
        0.022971334 = weight(_text_:library in 8524) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022971334 = score(doc=8524,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.17430481 = fieldWeight in 8524, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=8524)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Examines how techniques in the field of natural language processing can be applied to the analysis of text in information retrieval. State of the art text searching programs cannot distinguish, for example, between occurrences of the sickness, AIDS and aids as tool or between library school and school nor equate such terms as online or on-line which are variants of the same form. To make these distinction, systems must incorporate knowledge about the meaning of words in context. Research in natural language processing has concentrated on the automatic 'understanding' of language; how to analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of text. Although many asoects of this research remain experimental, describes how these techniques to recognize spelling variants, names, acronyms, and abbreviations
  17. Enderle, W.: Neue Wege der bibliothekarischen Informationserschließung : von der Erschließung unselbständiger Literatur über Volltextindizierung bis zu Hypertext- und Expertensystemen (1994) 0.01
    0.0057428335 = product of:
      0.022971334 = sum of:
        0.022971334 = weight(_text_:library in 2035) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022971334 = score(doc=2035,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.17430481 = fieldWeight in 2035, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2035)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Die bibliothekarische Informationserschließung war unist bislang durch den OPAC geprägt, der im wesentlichen die Monographien und Zeitschriften einer Bibliothek erschließt. Es werden 2 neue Bereiche skizziert, die in Zukunft ebenfalls Teil der bibliothekarischen Informationserschließung sein können und werden: die Erschließung unselbständiger Literatur und der Einsatz automatisierter 'reference and information services'. Im ersten Fall ist die Entwicklung bereits weit vorangeschritten, Verbundsysteme und Library Suppliers bieten bereits Inhaltsdaten von Zeitschriften als Fremdleistung an. Im zweiten Fall ist die Entwicklung, vor allem im angloamerikanischen Raum, noch - trotz zahlreicher Projekte - in den Anfängen. Der Einsatz wissensbasierter Systeme in diesem Bereich macht die Aufgaben hier besonders komplex, biete zugleich aber hanz neue Lösungsmöglichkeiten an, wie am Beispiel einiger amerikanischer Projekte dokumentiert wird. Wesentlich ist, daß Informationserschließungssysteme, wie sie ansatzweise im Internet bereits eingesetzt werden, den gesamten bereich elektronischer wie herkömmlicher Information umfassen, um einen allgemeinen und umfassenden Einstieg für den Informationssuchenden zu bieten
  18. Sieverts, E.G.; Hofstede, M.; Groeniger, B.O.: Software for information storage and retrieval tested, evaluated and compared : pt.4: indexing and full-text retrieval programs (1992) 0.01
    0.0057428335 = product of:
      0.022971334 = sum of:
        0.022971334 = weight(_text_:library in 2051) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022971334 = score(doc=2051,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.17430481 = fieldWeight in 2051, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2051)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Source
    Electronic library. 10(1992) no.4, S.195-207
  19. Pearce, C.; Nicholas, C.: TELLTALE: Experiments in a dynamic hypertext environment for degraded and multilingual data (1996) 0.01
    0.0057428335 = product of:
      0.022971334 = sum of:
        0.022971334 = weight(_text_:library in 4071) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022971334 = score(doc=4071,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.17430481 = fieldWeight in 4071, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4071)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    Methods and tools for finding documents relevant to a user's needs in a document corpora can be found in the information retrieval, library science, and hypertext communities. Typically, these systems provide retrieval capabilities for fairly static copora, their algorithms are dependent on the language for which they are written, e.g. English, and they do not perform well when presented with misspelled words or text that has been degraded by OCR techniques. In this article, we present experimentation results for the TELLTALE system. TELLTALE is a dynamic hypertext environment that provides full-text search from a hypertext-style user interface for text corpora that may be garbled by OCR or transmission errors, and that may contain languages other than English. TELLTALE uses several techniques based on n-grams (n character sequences of text). With these results we show that the dynamic linkage mechanisms in TELLTALE are tolerant of garbles in up to 30% of the characters in the body of the texts
  20. Muddamalle, M.R.: Natural language versus controlled vocabulary in information retrieval : a case study in soil mechanics (1998) 0.01
    0.0057428335 = product of:
      0.022971334 = sum of:
        0.022971334 = weight(_text_:library in 1795) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022971334 = score(doc=1795,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1317883 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.050121464 = queryNorm
            0.17430481 = fieldWeight in 1795, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.6293786 = idf(docFreq=8668, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1795)
      0.25 = coord(1/4)
    
    Abstract
    The effectiveness ot two information retrieval tools, namely, thesaurus and natural language, in an information retrieval system has been studies. A database SOILSC was created using a HP3000/58 series minicomputer and MINISIS software. Records of articles totalling 17.918 published in various journals, received in the Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) library (Pune, India) since 1988, have been stored. The information needs of a soil mechanics group have been formulated using thesaurus and natural language into 81 search strategies. In consultation with the user, relevance of the retrieved documents was assessed and, recall (R) and precision (P) values were calculated. Since both thesaurus and natural language have shown identical performance in information retrieval, a combination of these two have been suggested for making searches and providing relevant information