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Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p77265/.

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Information Gateway

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Abstract

Digital libraries have become commodity in the current world of Internet. More and more information is produced, and more and more non-digital information is being rendered available. The new, more user friendly, community-oriented technologies used throughout the Internet are raising the bar of expectations. Digital libraries cannot stand still with their technologies; if not for the sake of handling rapidly growing amount and diversity of information, they must provide for better user experience matching and overgrowing standards set by the industry. The next generation of digital libraries combine technological solutions, such as P2P, SOA, or Grid, with recent research on semantics and social networks. These solutions are put into practice to answer a variety of requirements imposed on digital libraries.

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/r724510536736471/.

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Information Gateway

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Abstract

The initial research on semantic digital libraries resulted in the design and implementation of JeromeDL; current research on online social networking and information discovery delivered new sets of features that were implemented in JeromeDL. Eventually, this digital library has been redesigned to follow the architecture of a social semantic digital library. JeromeDL describes each resource using three types of metadata: structure, bibliographic and community. It delivers services leveraging each of these information types. Annotations based on the structure and legacy metadata, and bibliographic ontology are rendered to the users in one, mixed, representation of library resources. Community annotations are managed by separate services, such as social semantic collaborative filtering or blogging component

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g843877721177404/.

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Information Gateway

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Abstract

Libraries are the tools we use to learn and to answer our questions. The quality of our work depends, among others, on the quality of the tools we use. Recent research in digital libraries is focused, on one hand on improving the infrastructure of the digital library management systems (DLMS), and on the other on improving the metadata models used to annotate collections of objects maintained by DLMS. The latter includes, among others, the semantic web and social networking technologies. Recently, the semantic web and social networking technologies are being introduced to the digital libraries domain. The expected outcome is that the overall quality of information discovery in digital libraries can be improved by employing social and semantic technologies. In this chapter we present the results of an evaluation of social and semantic end-user information discovery services for the digital libraries.

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g4558t1mxl083805/.

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Abstract

Menschliches Wissen und menschliche Sprache sind aufeinander bezogen und voneinander abhängig. Dies gilt auch und gerade bei den Bemühungen, Sprache und Wissen computergestützt so zu verarbeiten, dass für Menschen nutzbare maschinelle Wissensverarbeitung stattfindet. Jenseits von eher akademischen "Laborversuchen" hat wissenschaftliche Forschungsarbeit auf diesem Gebiet die Verfügbarkeit umfangreicher, gepflegter und sauber codierter Wissensbasen sowohl der verwendeten Sprache als auch des abgebildeten Gegenstands zur Voraussetzung. In einem Forschungsprojekt der Firma Brockhaus Duden Neue Medien GmbH gemeinsam mit namhaften wissenschaftlichen Partnern, u.a. dem Fraunhofer-IPSI, dem IICM der TU Graz, dem IAI der Universität Saarbrücken und dem KNOW-Center, Graz, wurde diese Herausforderung erfolgreich angegangen. Für eine neue digitale Brockhaus-Auflage wurden Informationsrepräsentations- und Retrievaltechniken entwickelt, die nicht auf domänenspezifischen Beschränkungen beruhend den gesamten enzyklopädischen Wissenskreis abdecken. Die entwickelten Formalismen erwiesen sich nicht nur zur Abfrage des enzyklopädischen Wissens in natürlicher Sprache als geeignet, sondern konnten auch darauf basierend neuartige Formen der Visualisierung von Wissenszusammenhängen implementiert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen Möglichkeiten erfolgreichen semantischen Retrievals ohne extensiven Einsatzformaler Metacodierungen, zum anderen weisen sie den Weg und die nächsten Schritte bei der Entwicklung noch leistungsfähigerer Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 57(2006) H.6/7, S.337-342

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Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g00245883u2555n3/.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

This chapter describes not so much what digital libraries are but what digital libraries with semantic support could and should be. It discusses the nature of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) and how KOS can support digital library users. It projects a vision for designers to make and for users to demand better digital libraries. What is a digital library? The term \Digital Library" (DL) is used to refer to a range of systems, from digital object and metadata repositories, reference-linking systems, archives, and content management systems to complex systems that integrate advanced digital library services and support for research and practice communities. A DL may offer many technology-enabled functions and services that support users, both as information producers and as information users. Many of these functions appear in information systems that would not normally be considered digital libraries, making boundaries even more blurry. Instead of pursuing the hopeless quest of coming up with the definition of digital library, we present a framework that allows a clear and somewhat standardized description of any information system so that users can select the system(s) that best meet their requirements. Section 2 gives a broad outline for more detail see the DELOS DL Reference Model.

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p416374353100075/.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

The structural and syntactic web put in place in the early 90s is still much the same as what we use today: resources (web pages, files, etc.) connected by untyped hyperlinks. By untyped, we mean that there is no easy way for a computer to figure out what a link between two pages means - for example, on the W3C website, there are hundreds of links to the various organisations that are registered members of the association, but there is nothing explicitly saying that the link is to an organisation that is a "member of" the W3C or what type of organisation is represented by the link. On John's work page, he links to many papers he has written, but it does not explicitly say that he is the author of those papers or that he wrote such-and-such when he was working at a particular university. In fact, the Web was envisaged to be much more, as one can see from the image in Fig. 1 which is taken from Tim Berners Lee's original outline for the Web in 1989, entitled "Information Management: A Proposal". In this, all the resources are connected by links describing the type of relationships, e.g. "wrote", "describe", "refers to", etc. This is a precursor to the Semantic Web which we will come back to later.

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l782q08436312x04/.

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Abstract

Service-oriented architectures, and the wider acceptance of decentralized peer-to-peer architectures enable the transition from integrated, centrally controlled systems to federated and dynamic configurable systems. The benefits for the individual service providers and users are robustness of the system, independence of central authorities and flexibility in the usage of services. This chapter provides details of the European project BRICKS, which aims at enabling integrated access to distributed resources in the Cultural Heritage domain. The target audience is broad and heterogeneous and involves cultural heritage and educational institutions, the research community, industry, and the general public. The project idea is motivated by the fact that the amount of digital information and digitized content is continuously increasing but still much effort has to be expended to discover and access it. The reasons for such a situation are heterogeneous data formats, restricted access, proprietary access interfaces, etc. Typical usage scenarios are integrated queries among several knowledge resource, e.g. to discover all Italian artifacts from the Renaissance in European museums. Another example is to follow the life cycle of historic documents, whose physical copies are distributed all over Europe. A standard method for integrated access is to place all available content and metadata in a central place. Unfortunately, such a solution requires a quite powerful and costly infrastructure if the volume of data is large. Considerations of cost optimization are highly important for Cultural Heritage institutions, especially if they are funded from public money. Therefore, better usage of the existing resources, i.e. a decentralized/P2P approach promises to deliver a significantly less costly system,and does not mean sacrificing too much on the performance side.

Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/uw35466419356165/.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

Der Beitrag berichtet über Grundideen in der Explorationsphase des Projektes kPeer (Knowledge Peers). Gegenstand ist die dezentrale Organisation, Integration und Aggregation von Wissen mit semantischen Wissenstechnologien in verteilten, heterogenen Umgebungen Dabei sollen Wissensarbeiter, die dezentral und voneinander unabhängig Wissen gemäß lokaler Schemata ausdrücken und organisieren, emergent zusammenwirken, so dass sich eine nützliche gemeinsame Wissensorganisation ergibt. Zudem sollen Aussagen zum selben Aussagegegenstand, die digitalisiert vorliegen, virtuell zusammengeführt werden, um so neue wissensintensive Produkte und Dienstleistungen zu ermöglichen. Als Inspirationsquelle für beabsichtigte Anwendungen im verteilten Wissensmanagement (DKM) und e-business werden Beispiele der Wissensintegration aus dem Bereich Digitale Bibliotheken und Kulturelles Erbe herangezogen.

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Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g795215740578203/.

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Content

Vgl. die digitale Ausgabe unter: http://www.springerlink.com/content/u6642u0u41648pn3/.

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Source

Semantic information processing. Ed.: M. Minsky

Theme

Information

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Abstract

In this paper we identify the need for a new theory of information. An information model is developed which distinguishes between data, as directly observable facts, information, as structured collections of data, and knowledge as methods of using information. The model is intended to support a wide range of information systems. In the paper we develop the use of the model for a semantic information retrieval system using the concept of semantic categories. The likely benefits of this area discussed, though as yet no detailed evaluation has been conducted.

Source

SIGIR'87: Proceedings of the 10th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval

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Abstract

In philosophy, Ontology is the basic description of things in the world. In information science, an ontology refers to an engineering artifact, constituted by a specific vocabulary used to describe a certain reality. Ontologies have been proposed for validating both conceptual models and conceptual schemas; however, these roles are quite dissimilar. In this article, we show that ontologies can be better understood if we classify the different uses of the term as it appears in the literature. First, we explain Ontology (upper case O) as used in Philosophy. Then, we propose a differentiation between ontologies of information systems and ontologies for information systems. All three concepts have an important role in information science. We clarify the different meanings and uses of Ontology and ontologies through a comparison of research by Wand and Weber and by Guarino in ontology-driven information systems. The contributions of this article are twofold: (a) It provides a better understanding of what ontologies are, and (b) it explains the double role of ontologies in information science research.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.6, S.786-793

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Abstract

As information becomes richer and more complex, alternative information-organization methods are needed to more effectively and efficiently retrieve information from various systems, including the Web. The objective of this study is to explore how a Topic Maps-based ontology approach affects users' searching performance. Forty participants participated in a task-based evaluation where two dependent variables, recall and search time, were measured. The results of this study indicate that a Topic Maps-based ontology information retrieval (TOIR) system has a significant and positive effect on both recall and search time, compared to a thesaurus-based information retrieval (TIR) system. These results suggest that the inclusion of a Topic Maps-based ontology is a beneficial approach to take when designing information retrieval systems.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.12, S.1898-1911

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Abstract

How information resources can be meaningfully related has been addressed in contexts from bibliographic entries to hyperlinks and, more recently, linked data. The genre structure and relationships among genre structure constituents shed new light on organizing information by purpose or function. This study examines the relationships among a set of functional units previously constructed in a taxonomy, each of which is a chunk of information embedded in a document and is distinct in terms of its communicative function. Through a card-sort study, relationships among functional units were identified with regard to their occurrence and function. The findings suggest that a group of functional units can be identified, collocated, and navigated by particular relationships. Understanding how functional units are related to each other is significant in linking information pieces in documents to support finding, aggregating, and navigating information in a distributed information environment.

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.11, S.2293-2305

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Abstract

The explosion of the infosphere has led to a proliferation of metadata and formal ontology artefacts for information systems. Information scientists are creating ontologies and metadata in order to facilitate the sharing of meaningful information rather than similarly structured information. Formal ontologies are a complex form of metadata that specify the underlying concepts and their relationships that comprise the information of and for an information system. The most common understanding of ontology in computer and information sciences is Gruber's specification of a conceptualization. However, formal ontologies are problematic in that they simultaneously crystallize and decontextualize information, which in order to be meaningful must be adaptive in context. In trying to construct a correct taxonomical system, formal ontologies are focused on syntactic precision rather than meaningful exchange of information. Smith describes accurately the motivation and practice of ontology creation: It becomes a theory of the ontological content of certain representations . The elicited principles may or may not be true, but this, to the practitioner . is of no concern, since the significance of these principles lies elsewhere - for instance in yielding a correct account of the taxonomical system used by speakers of a given language or by scientists working in a given discipline. It is not fair to claim that syntax is irrelevant, but the meaning we make of information is dependent upon more than its syntactic structure.

Source

Philosophy, computing and information science. Eds.: R. Hagengruber u. U.V. Riss

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Abstract

Full-text documents are a vital and rapidly growing part of online biomedical information. A single large document can contain as much information as a small database, but normally lacks the tight structure and consistent indexing of a database. Retrieval systems will often miss highly relevant parts of a document if the document as a whole appears irrelevant. Access to full-text information is further complicated by the need to search separately many disparate information resources. This research explores how these problems can be addressed by the combined use of 2 techniques: 1) natural language processing for automatic concept-based indexing of full text, and 2) methods for exploiting the structure and hierarchy of full-text documents. We describe methods for applying these techniques to a large collection of full-text documents drawn from the Health Services / Technology Assessment Text (HSTAT) database at the NLM and examine how this hierarchical concept indexing can assist both document- and source-level retrieval in the context of NLM's Information Source Map project

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.6, S.514-523

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Abstract

Ontology is an interdisciplinary field that involves both the use of philosophical principles and the development of computational artifacts. As artifacts, ontologies can have diverse applications in knowledge management, information retrieval, and information systems, to mention a few. They have been largely applied to organize information in complex fields like Biomedicine. In this article, we present the OntoNeo Ontology, an initiative to build a formal ontology in the obstetrics and neonatal domain. OntoNeo is a resource that has been designed to serve as a comprehensive infrastructure providing scientific research and healthcare professionals with access to relevant information. The goal of OntoNeo is twofold: (a) to organize specialized medical knowledge, and (b) to provide a potential consensual representation of the medical information found in electronic health records and medical information systems. To describe our initiative, we first provide background information about distinct theories underlying ontology, top-level computational ontologies and their applications in Biomedicine. Then, we present the methodology employed in the development of OntoNeo and the results obtained to date. Finally, we discuss the applicability of OntoNeo by presenting a proof of concept that illustrates its potential usefulness in the realm of healthcare information systems.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Special issue on biomedical information retrieval.

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 68(2017) no.11, S.2529-2542