Search (37 results, page 1 of 2)

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Content

Vortrag vor der Bundesfachschaftstagung Information und Dokumentation auf dem Jahrestreffen am 7. Juni 1996 in Saarbrücken. Mit einem historischen Abriss der Entwicklung der Informationswissenschaft in Deutschland.

Field

Informationswissenschaft

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Abstract

Florian Rötzer hat in einem langen Gespräch mit Sahra Wagenknecht, aus dem das Buch "Couragiert gegen den Strom. Über Goethe, die Macht und die Zukunft!" hervorgegangen ist, u.a. darüber gesprochen, wie Kultur und philosophisches Denken die politischen Vorstellungen und den politischen Stil der linken Politikerin geprägt haben. Dabei ging es auch um den Kapitalismus und dessen Abschaffung, um den Kern linker Politik, die Konkurrenz in der Wirtschaft und auch über die Digitalisierung sowie die Ideen, mit einer Maschinensteuer oder einem bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen das Schlimmste zu verhindern. Telepolis veröffentlicht einen Auszug aus dem Buch, das im Westendverlag erschienen ist.

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Abstract

Der österreichische Computerpionier Heinz Zemanek hat mit dem Lötkolben in der Hand begonnen, Computer zu bauen. Er hat die Entwicklung des Computers aktiv miterlebt - von der Relais-Additionsschaltung bis zum Halbleiter-Chip, von der Lochstreifen-Befehlseingabe bis zur formalen Definition der Programmiersprachen. Er hat kybernetische Modelle mit Studenten und Mitarbeitern gebaut und programmiert. Gemeinsam mit seinem Kollegen Konrad Zuse gilt er als Begründer der modernen Datenverarbeitung in Europa. 1954 baute er das Mailüfterl einen volltransistorisierten Binär-Dezimal-Rechenautomaten", der aus 3.000 Transistoren, 5.000 Dioden und 30 km Draht bestand. Mit einer Breite von 4 Metern, einer Höhe von 2,5 Metern und einer Tiefe von 50 Zentimetern war das Ungetüm gegenüber den damaligen Röhrenrechnern klein. Auch mit kybernetischen Grundmodellen wie der "Maus im Labyrinth", der "künstlichen Schildkröte" oder dem "Homöostat" betrat er Neuland.

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Faceted Knowledge Representation provides a formalism for implementing knowledge systems. The basic notions of faceted knowledge representation are "unit", "relation", "facet" and "interpretation". Units are atomic elements and can be abstract elements or refer to external objects in an application. Relations are sequences or matrices of 0 and 1's (binary matrices). Facets are relational structures that combine units and relations. Each facet represents an aspect or viewpoint of a knowledge system. Interpretations are mappings that can be used to translate between different representations. This paper introduces the basic notions of faceted knowledge representation. The formalism is applied here to an abstract modeling of a faceted thesaurus as used in information retrieval.

Date

22. 1.2016 17:30:31

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Abstract

The term "facet" was introduced into the field of library classification systems by Ranganathan in the 1930's [Ranganathan, 1962]. A facet is a viewpoint or aspect. In contrast to traditional classification systems, faceted systems are modular in that a domain is analyzed in terms of baseline facets which are then synthesized. In this paper, the term "facet" is used in a broader meaning. Facets can describe different aspects on the same level of abstraction or the same aspect on different levels of abstraction. The notion of facets is related to database views, multicontexts and conceptual scaling in formal concept analysis [Ganter and Wille, 1999], polymorphism in object-oriented design, aspect-oriented programming, views and contexts in description logic and semantic networks. This paper presents a definition of facets in terms of faceted knowledge representation that incorporates the traditional narrower notion of facets and potentially facilitates translation between different knowledge representation formalisms. A goal of this approach is a modular, machine-aided knowledge base design mechanism. A possible application is faceted thesaurus construction for information retrieval and data mining. Reasoning complexity depends on the size of the modules (facets). A more general analysis of complexity will be left for future research.

Date

22. 1.2016 17:30:31

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Source

Ariadne. 1999, no.22

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Abstract

EINE PROVOKATION feiert Geburtstag. Vor nunmehr zehn Jahren löste sie eine kontroverse Debatte aus, die anders als die meisten wissenschaftlichen Debatten nach dem Austausch der Argumente und Daten nicht im Nu erledigt war. Sie zieht sich bis heute hin und macht keinerlei Anstalten, sich zu legen. Vordergründig geht es um Chinesische Zimmer und Chinesische Turnhallen, um Schnellrestaurants, um sprechende Maschinen, um Computer und wieviel Intelligenz sie eines Tages ihr eigen nennen könnten - und in Wahrheit bei alledem um die Letzten Dinge, jene, die Leidenschaften wekken: Was ist der menschliche Geist? Kann es eines Tages eine Maschine geben, die Geist hat? Was die Kontroverse in Gang setzte, war eine Herausforderung an die junge Disziplin der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Das menschliche Geistorgan, so lautete sie, funktioniere nicht wie ein Computer, und folglich könne ein Computer es auch nie und nimmer duplizieren.

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Abstract

Das Phänomen Autorität macht uns zu schaffen. Es ist aber nicht die eher anthropologische Frage, ob Autorität sein muß, die Ideologen und Philosophen bewegt hat. Es ging, zumal seit dem Triumph Hitlers, um eine speziellere Frage, nämlich: Was bringt den Faschisten hervor? Woher rührt dessen "eigentümliche Mischung aus Aggressivität und hündischer Geducktheit" (Joachim C. Fest)? Was macht den Menschen, der nach oben katzbuckelt, liebedienert und stumm gehorcht und der nach unten tritt? Wie könnte man ihn verhindern? Eine Antwort darauf war die antiautoritäre Erziehung: ein alternatives Programm, aus der keine autoritären Persönlichkeiten, sondern mündige, selbständige, demokratische Menschen hervorgehen sollten.

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Abstract

Es scheint naheliegend, daß der Unsicherheit, welche durch die "Vielfalt der möglichen sprachlichen Ausdrucksweisen für einen Sachverhalt" beim Beschlagworter ausgelöst wird, dadurch begegnet werden soll, "daß immer nur eine der möglichen Formen gewählt wird". Der Ruf nach einer "Standardisie- rung der Schlagwörter" geht damit Hand in Hand. Zwei Ergebnisse dieser Standardisierungsbemühungen werden im folgenden dargestellt; ein Punkt aber sollte dabei nicht übersehen werden: "Ein allgemein akzeptiertes Verfahren der Inhaltsanalyse gibt es bisher nicht und es ist offen, ob das Problem überhaupt gelöst werden kann." Standardisiert kann demnach nur das Schlagwortsystem werden, nicht aber seine konkrete Anwendung bei der inhaltlichen Erschließung von Dokumenten.

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Footnote

Vgl.: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/buckland/01buckland.html und http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/metadata/oasis.html.

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Abstract

In this era of the Internet and distributed, multimedia computing, new and emerging classes of information systems applications have swept into the lives of office workers and people in general. From digital libraries, multimedia systems, geographic information systems, and collaborative computing to electronic commerce, virtual reality, and electronic video arts and games, these applications have created tremendous opportunities for information and computer science researchers and practitioners. As applications become more pervasive, pressing, and diverse, several well-known information retrieval (IR) problems have become even more urgent. Information overload, a result of the ease of information creation and transmission via the Internet and WWW, has become more troublesome (e.g., even stockbrokers and elementary school students, heavily exposed to various WWW search engines, are versed in such IR terminology as recall and precision). Significant variations in database formats and structures, the richness of information media (text, audio, and video), and an abundance of multilingual information content also have created severe information interoperability problems -- structural interoperability, media interoperability, and multilingual interoperability.

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Abstract

Document retrieval is a highly interactive process dealing with large amounts of information. Visual representations can provide both a means for managing the complexity of large information structures and an interface style well suited to interactive manipulation. The system we have designed utilizes visually displayed graphic structures and a direct manipulation interface style to supply an integrated environment for retrieval. A common visually displayed network structure is used for query, document content, and term relations. A query can be modified through direct manipulation of its visual form by incorporating terms from any other information structure the system displays. An associative thesaurus of terms and an inter-document network provide information about a document collection that can complement other retrieval aids. Visualization of these large data structures makes use of fisheye views and overview diagrams to help overcome some of the inherent difficulties of orientation and navigation in large information structures.

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Abstract

Intuition suggests that one way to enhance the information retrieval process would be the use of phrases to characterize the contents of text. A number of researchers, however, have noted that phrases alone do not improve retrieval effectiveness. In this paper we briefly review the use of phrases in information retrieval and then suggest extensions to this paradigm using semantic information. We claim that semantic processing, which can be viewed as expressing relations between the concepts represented by phrases, will in fact enhance retrieval effectiveness. The availability of the UMLS® domain model, which we exploit extensively, significantly contributes to the feasibility of this processing.

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Abstract

The concept for the German Digital Libraries Program is imbedded in the Information Infrastructure Program of the German Federal Government for the years 1996-2000 which has been explicated in the Program Paper entitled "Information as Raw Material for Innovation".3 The Program Paper was published 1996 by the Federal Ministry for Education, Research, and Technology. The actual grants program "Global Info" was initiated by the Information and Communication Commission of the Joint Learned Societies to further technological advancement in enabling all researchers in Germany direct access to literature, research results, and other relevant information. This Commission was founded by four of the learned societies in 1995, and it has sponsored a series of workshops to increase awareness of leading edge technology and innovations in accessing electronic information sources. Now, nine of the leading research-level learned societies -- often those with umbrella responsibilities for other learned societies in their field -- are members of the Information and Communication Commission and represent the mathematicians, physicists, computer scientists, chemists, educational researchers, sociologists, psychologists, biologists and information technologists in the German Association of Engineers. (The German professional librarian societies are not members, as such, of this Commission, but are represented through delegates from libraries in the learned societies and in the future, hopefully, also by the German Association of Documentalists or through the cooperation between the documentalist and librarian professional societies.) The Federal Ministry earmarked 60 Million German Marks for projects within the framework of the German Digital Libraries Program in two phases over the next six years. The scope for the German Digital Libraries Program was announced in a press release in April 1997,4 and the first call for preliminary projects and expressions of interest in participation ended in July 1997. The Consortium members were suggested by the Information and Communication Commission of the Learned Societies (IuK Kommission), by key scientific research funding agencies in the German government, and by the publishers themselves. The first official meeting of the participants took place on December 1, 1997, at the Deutsche Bibliothek, located in the renowned center of German book trade, Frankfurt, thus documenting the active role and participation of libraries and publishers. In contrast to the Digital Libraries Project of the National Science Foundation in the United States, the German Digital Libraries project is based on furthering cooperation with universities, scientific publishing houses (including various international publishers), book dealers, and special subject information centers, as well as academic and research libraries. The goals of the German Digital Libraries Project are to achieve: 1) efficient access to world wide information; 2) directly from the scientist's desktop; 3) while providing the organization for and stimulating fundamental structural changes in the information and communication process of the scientific community.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

Information retrieval over the Internet increasingly requires the filtering of thousands of heterogeneous information sources. Important sources of information include not only traditional databases with structured data and queries, but also increasing numbers of non-traditional, semi- or unstructured collections such as Web sites, FTP archives, etc. As the number and variability of sources increases, new ways of automatically summarizing, discovering, and selecting collections relevant to a user's query are needed. One such method involves the use of classification schemes, such as the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) [10], within which a collection may be represented based on its content, irrespective of the structure of the actual data or documents. For such a system to be useful in a large-scale distributed environment, it must be easy to use for both collection managers and users. As a result, it must be possible to classify documents automatically within a classification scheme. Furthermore, there must be a straightforward and intuitive interface with which the user may use the scheme to assist in information retrieval (IR).

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Abstract

We are rapidly constructing an extensive network infrastructure for moving information across national boundaries, but much remains to be done before linguistic barriers can be surmounted as effectively as geographic ones. Users seeking information from a digital library could benefit from the ability to query large collections once using a single language, even when more than one language is present in the collection. If the information they locate is not available in a language that they can read, some form of translation will be needed. At present, multilingual thesauri such as EUROVOC help to address this challenge by facilitating controlled vocabulary search using terms from several languages, and services such as INSPEC produce English abstracts for documents in other languages. On the other hand, support for free text searching across languages is not yet widely deployed, and fully automatic machine translation is presently neither sufficiently fast nor sufficiently accurate to adequately support interactive cross-language information seeking. An active and rapidly growing research community has coalesced around these and other related issues, applying techniques drawn from several fields - notably information retrieval and natural language processing - to provide access to large multilingual collections.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Currently, both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major domain for innovation enabled by digital communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information. This is the first of two articles in D-Lib Magazine on this topic. This first part describes the current state-of-the-art and contrasts various approaches to the problem. It identifies static and dynamic linking solutions as well as open and closed linking frameworks. It also includes an extensive bibliography. The second part, SFX, a Generic Linking Solution describes a system that we have developed for linking in a hybrid working environment. The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Although most writings on electronic scientific communication have touted other benefits, such as the increase in communication speed, the possibility to exchange multimedia content and the absence of limitations on the length of research papers, currently both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major opportunity for improved communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added-value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information.

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Abstract

As digital libraries become a major source of information for many people, we need to know more about how people seek and retrieve information in digital environments. Quite commonly, users with a problem-at-hand and associated question-in-mind repeatedly search a literature for answers, and seek information in stages over extended periods from a variety of digital information resources. The process of repeatedly searching over time in relation to a specific, but possibly an evolving information problem (including changes or shifts in a variety of variables), is called the successive search phenomenon. The study outlined in this paper is currently investigating this new and little explored line of inquiry for information retrieval, Web searching, and digital libraries. The purpose of the research project is to investigate the nature, manifestations, and behavior of successive searching by users in digital environments, and to derive criteria for use in the design of information retrieval interfaces and systems supporting successive searching behavior. This study includes two related projects. The first project is based in the School of Library and Information Sciences at the University of North Texas and is funded by a National Science Foundation POWRE Grant <http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/show?award=9753277>. The second project is based at the Department of Information Studies at the University of Sheffield (UK) and is funded by a grant from the British Library <http://www.shef. ac.uk/~is/research/imrg/uncerty.html> Research and Innovation Center. The broad objectives of each project are to examine the nature and extent of successive search episodes in digital environments by real users over time. The specific aim of the current project is twofold: * To characterize progressive changes and shifts that occur in: user situational context; user information problem; uncertainty reduction; user cognitive styles; cognitive and affective states of the user, and consequently in their queries; and * To characterize related changes over time in the type and use of information resources and search strategies particularly related to given capabilities of IR systems, and IR search engines, and examine changes in users' relevance judgments and criteria, and characterize their differences. The study is an observational, longitudinal data collection in the U.S. and U.K. Three questionnaires are used to collect data: reference, client post search and searcher post search questionnaires. Each successive search episode with a search intermediary for textual materials on the DIALOG Information Service is audiotaped and search transaction logs are recorded. Quantitative analysis includes statistical analysis using Likert scale data from the questionnaires and log-linear analysis of sequential data. Qualitative methods include: content analysis, structuring taxonomies; and diagrams to describe shifts and transitions within and between each search episode. Outcomes of the study are the development of appropriate model(s) for IR interactions in successive search episodes and the derivation of a set of design criteria for interfaces and systems supporting successive searching.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

With the recent rapid diffusion over the international computer networks of world-wide distributed document bases, the question of multilingual access and multilingual information retrieval is becoming increasingly relevant. We briefly discuss just some of the issues that must be addressed in order to implement a multilingual interface for a Digital Library system and describe our own approach to this problem.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

Information retrieval over the Internet increasingly requires the filtering of thousands of heterogeneous information sources. Important sources of information include not only traditional databases with structured data and queries, but also increasing numbers of non-traditional, semi- or unstructured collections such as Web sites, FTP archives, etc. As the number and variability of sources increases, new ways of automatically summarizing, discovering, and selecting collections relevant to a user's query are needed. One such method involves the use of classification schemes, such as the Library of Congress Classification (LCC), within which a collection may be represented based on its content, irrespective of the structure of the actual data or documents. For such a system to be useful in a large-scale distributed environment, it must be easy to use for both collection managers and users. As a result, it must be possible to classify documents automatically within a classification scheme. Furthermore, there must be a straightforward and intuitive interface with which the user may use the scheme to assist in information retrieval (IR). Our work with the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project focuses on geo-referenced information, whether text, maps, aerial photographs, or satellite images. As a result, we have emphasized techniques which work with both text and non-text, such as combined textual and graphical queries, multi-dimensional indexing, and IR methods which are not solely dependent on words or phrases. Part of this work involves locating relevant online sources of information. In particular, we have designed and are currently testing aspects of an architecture, Pharos, which we believe will scale up to 1.000.000 heterogeneous sources. Pharos accommodates heterogeneity in content and format, both among multiple sources as well as within a single source. That is, we consider sources to include Web sites, FTP archives, newsgroups, and full digital libraries; all of these systems can include a wide variety of content and multimedia data formats. Pharos is based on the use of hierarchical classification schemes. These include not only well-known 'subject' (or 'concept') based schemes such as the Dewey Decimal System and the LCC, but also, for example, geographic classifications, which might be constructed as layers of smaller and smaller hierarchical longitude/latitude boxes. Pharos is designed to work with sophisticated queries which utilize subjects, geographical locations, temporal specifications, and other types of information domains. The Pharos architecture requires that hierarchically structured collection metadata be extracted so that it can be partitioned in such a way as to greatly enhance scalability. Automated classification is important to Pharos because it allows information sources to extract the requisite collection metadata automatically that must be distributed.