Search (1260 results, page 2 of 63)

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Abstract

Cartographic materials portray subject matter, focused on geographical area, with themes and cartographic forms as other facets of interest to users. Subject headings provide access to geographic areas and subject matter, both of which are significant to reference work and organization of map collections. This article focuses on the Library of Congress subject headings system, and its method of application for cartographic materials. Specific formats - including atlases, views, globes, charts and digital maps - and typical problem areas - such as geographic names, coastlines, boundary maps, ancillary maps, facsimiles, topographic quadrangles, and maps accompanying books - are discussed.

Footnote

Teil eines Themenheftes zu: "Maps and related cartographic materials: cataloging, classification, and bibliographic control"

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Abstract

Argues that the difficulty of finding intellectual content in the Internet poses new problems for library and information science professionals. Examines the cognitive aspects of the arrangement and organization of the Internet and some of the techniques being used to create maps of the content found there. discusses the cognitive usefulness of maps in general and suggests that the useful features of maps are being used to provide some cognitive sense of the contents of special topical areas of the Internet and especially the World Wide Web

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Abstract

This article explores one of OCLC's cooperative quality control efforts, the Enhance Program, specifically in the Maps Format. Various aspects of participation in the program, such as the application process, reasons for participation, training, typical experiences, types of changes made to records, and the benefits of participation are discussed. One cataloger's twelve-year experience with Maps Format records forms the basis for a list of the most common changes made to map records in the Enhance Program. The list is offered in the hope of further improving the quality of map cataloging in the creation of OCLC records.

Footnote

Teil eines Themenheftes zu: "Maps and related cartographic materials: cataloging, classification, and bibliographic control"

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Abstract

In this article, we describe and test a two-stage algorithm based on a lexical collocation technique which maps from the lexical clues contained in a document representation into a controlled vocabulary list of subject headings. Using a collection of 4.626 INSPEC documents, we create a 'dictionary' of associations between the lexical items contained in the titles, authors, and abstracts, and controlled vocabulary subject headings assigned to those records by human indexers using a likelihood ratio statistic as the measure of association. In the deployment stage, we use the dictiony to predict which of the controlled vocabulary subject headings best describe new documents when they are presented to the system. Our evaluation of this algorithm, in which we compare the automatically assigned subject headings to the subject headings assigned to the test documents by human catalogers, shows that we can obtain results comparable to, and consistent with, human cataloging. In effect we have cast this as a classic partial match information retrieval problem. We consider the problem to be one of 'retrieving' (or assigning) the most probably 'relevant' (or correct) controlled vocabulary subject headings to a document based on the clues contained in that document

Date

11. 9.2000 19:53:22

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Abstract

All types of information can be referenced to a geographic place. Maps, aerial photographs, and remote sensing images are spatially georeferenced. Other forms of information such as books, articles, research papers, pieces of music, and art are often linked to a geographic location through place names (geographic names). A gazetteer (a dictionary of geographic names) that is spatially referenced itself provides the bridge between these two types of georeferencing. With a georeferenced gazetteer translation service, a user can start with a geographic name and find information that is described with either geographic names or with geospatial coordinates. Use of this powerful indirect geospatially referencing tool can be applied as a common approach to libraries, bibliographic files, data centers, web resources, and museum and specimen collections and can be particular useful across language barriers since latitude and longitude coordinates are universally understood. The Alexandria Digital Library has implemented a gazetteer component for its georeferenced digital library. This experience resulted in the creation of a Gazetteer Content Standard, a Feature Type Thesaurus, and an operational interactive gazetteer service. This paper describes the development of these components and illustrates the use of this tool in a georeferenced digital library. It also relates progress in working with Federal agencies and others toward developing shareable gazetteer data through Digital Gazetteer Information Exchange programs

Date

29. 9.2001 20:22:45

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Abstract

Reports a study conducted by the Working Group on ... of the Australian Council of Libraries and Information Services to gather information on cartographic databases, including data on size, scope, access and preservation arrangements. Discusses recommendations of the Working Group under the following headings: digitised maps where graphic output in the form of printed maps or microform persists; digital maps where no printed or microform output persists; physical preservation of data on tape; database management; standards for exchange of non-topographic data; and remotely-sensed data

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Abstract

The library contains 12.000 old maps from before 1850. In 1988 the library joined the old map cataloguing cooperative (comprising the state libraries of Bavaria and Lower Saxony and the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) which was producing a computerized catalogue of old maps. Eichstätt joined offline in 1988 and changed to online in 1994 when MS-DOS was introduced. 9.047 maps have been catalogued so far, all accessible via the Internet and the Bavarian library cooperative

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Abstract

Concept mapping has a history of use in many disciplines as a formal or semi formal diagramming technique. Concept maps have an abstract structure as type hypergraphs, and computer support for concept mapping can associate visual attributes with node types to provide an attractive and consistent appearance. Computer support can also provide interactive interfaces allowing arbitrary actions to be associated with nodes such as hypermedia links to other maps and documents. Describes a general concept mapping system that is open architecture for integration with other systems, scriptable to support arbitrary interactions and computations, and customizable to emulate many styles of map. The system supports collaborative development of concept maps across local area and wide area networks, and integrates with WWW in both client helper and server gateway roles. A number of applications are illustrated ranging through education, artificial intelligence, active documents, hypermedia indexing and concurrent engeneering. Concept maps should be regarded as basic components of any hypermedia system, complementing text and images with formal and semi-formal active diagrams

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Abstract

The overwhelming accessibility to data, on a global scale, does not necessarily translate to widespread utility of data. We often find that we are drowing in data, with few tools to help manage relevant data for our various activities. This paper presents Structured Maps, an additional modeling construct superimposed over available information sources, that provides structured and managed access to data. Structured Maps are based on Topic Navigation Maps, defined by the SGML community to provide multi-document indices and glossaries. A Structured Map provides a layer of typed entities and relationships where the entities can have typed references to information elements in the Information Universe. In this paper, we define Structured Maps and present several examples adapted from the Sequent Corporate Electronic Library (SCEL), an intranet resource currently implemented in HTML

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Abstract

Geographic maps are a well-established way of representing domain-specific knowledge in a way which integrates symbolic and pictorial representation. This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of how maps represent and organise knowledge, combining artificial intelligence knowledge representation theory with empirical findings and methods from cognitive psychology. Schematic maps represent knowledge in a different way than topographic or city maps; in particular, distances and directions cannot be evaluated in the same way as in topographic or city maps. However, information from different types of maps must often be combined to answer everyday questions. An inference task involving such a combination, in order to locate a train station shown in a schematic map with respect to a part of a city map, was analysed theoretically with respect to how location judgments change with assumptions about what spatial information is contained in the schematic map. The same task was investigated empirically in a study in which subjects were asked to locate a train station and to describe their thinking in a subsequent verbal report. Results indicate that subjects' judgements and verbal reports can be grouped according to the theoretical analysis

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Abstract

Explores the significance of concept mapping for education and curriculum development. Explains the phenomenon curriculum. Discusses 2 main streams in curriculum paradigms and important processes, and examines the functions which concept mapping and concept maps can have in education and curriculum development. The main function is information structuring for learning and communication processes. Examines why students in educational instuttions do not yet make systematic use of concept maps. Examines concept mapping and concept maps, and the rule, which lead to their effective use

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Abstract

In the context of machine readable cataloging for national bibliographic databases, this paper describes the cataloging of monographic early printed maps whether published separately or extracted from other publications. It deals with description and access to capture the essence of a rare or ''antique'' map to create a useful surrogate. The step-by-step approach, rather than breaking new ground, integrates rules and guidance from multiple sources, both cataloging tools and supplementary materials, in a narrative fashion, with reference to the sources, their specific rules, and stated policies. Reference is made throughout the text to ten sample catalog records, with MARC 21 tagging, that are appended to the article.

Footnote

Teil eines Themenheftes zu: "Maps and related cartographic materials: cataloging, classification, and bibliographic control"

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Abstract

Investigates a possible approach to the automatic generation of concept maps that might be useful to abstractors. The technique involves using stems as concept surrogates, cooccurrence to define concept links, and a general graph drawing algorithm to position the stems in 2 dimensions

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Abstract

This paper describes an empirical project designed to examine the following questions: (i) what constitutes the concept of "map author," and (ii) of the responsibility functions appearing in a sample of 178 maps under consideration, which responsibility functions participate significantly in the process of map-making? This study, exploratory in nature, considered single-sheet maps produced by three U.S. publishers after 1981 as found in the OCLC online database, retrieved, and examined by the investigator.

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Abstract

Examines the development of OPACs of the last 15 years, and how this has promoted the use of automated information retrieval systems. Using the technique of search path maps, investigates how end users use the system available to them and the type of subject searches they carry out. Compares 2 techniques for mapping searches, concluding that there is need for effective diagnosis and monitoring methods, and that an efficient method of analysis of end user use is essential

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Abstract

How knowledge is organized in human memory is of interest to both information science and cognitive science. The current information retrieval (IR) systems can be improved if we understand which conceptual structures could facilitate users in information processing and seeking. This project examined twenty-two cognitive maps on ten research topics generated by ten experts and eleven non-experts. Experts were those who had completed a research project on the topic prior to participating in this study, while non-experts were from the same academic department who were familiar with the topic but had not conducted any in-depth research on it. A research topic can be represented by a vocabulary and the relationships among the terms in the vocabulary. A cognitive map visualizes the vocabulary and its configuration in a plane. We observed that experts did not generate the maps much faster than non-experts. Both experts and non-experts modified the given vocabulary by either adding or dropping terms. The dominant configuration for the maps was top-down, while five maps were orientated in left-right or radical structure (from a center). Experts tended to use problem-oriented approach to organize the vocabulary while non-experts often applied discipline-oriented hierarchical structure. Despite of many differences in vocabulary and structure by individuals, there are terms clustered in a similar ways across maps indicating an agreed-upon semantic closeness among these terms

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Abstract

In this article, we examine some of the proposals which have dealt with the problems in cataloging in 2 different technological contexts: printed-card catalogs and online catalogs. We first look at some of the measures which attempted to deal with the 'crisis in cataloging' at the Library of Congress in the 1940s. Then we address some of the current problems in cataloging in the era of OPACs. In particular, we discuss the extent to which minimal-level cataloging, as defines by AACR and implemented in the OCLC database, works for maps. Our discussion is organized around 2 main groups of access points: controlled vocabulary data elements, including name data elements, and free-text data elements. In closing, we discuss prospects that the next generation of online catalogs uisng the Z39.50 protocol and SGML format might offer to minimal-level cataloging for maps

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Abstract

Presents an overview of some recent developments in the clause-based content analysis of linguistic data. Introduces network analysis of evaluative texts, for the analysis of cognitive maps, and linguistic content analysis. Focuses on the types of substantive inferences afforded by the three approaches

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Abstract

Recent developments in geographical information systems (GIS) have dramatically advanced the ways in which geographical information and data is stored, manipulated, analyzed and displayed. Architectural librarians can now use GIS to manage efficiently their maps and graphic illustrations of architectural designs with computerized procedures