Search (11309 results, page 566 of 566)

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Theme

Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval

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Abstract

An exploratory research project was undertaken to understand how novice college students and Web savvy librarians initially envisioned the Internet and how these representations changed over time and with experience. Users' representation of the Internet typically contained few meaningful reference points excepting "landmarks" such as search sites and frequently visited sites. For many of the users, the representation was largely procedural, and therefore organized primarily by time. All novice users conceptualized search engines as literally searching the entire Internet when a query was issued. Web savvy librarians understood the limitations of search engines better, but did still expect search engines to follow familiar organizational schemes and to indicate their cataloguing system. Although all users initially approached the Internet with high expectations of information credibility, expert users learned early on that "anyone can publish." In response to the lack of clear credibility conventions, librarians applied the same criteria they used with traditional sources. However, novice users retained high credibility expectations because their exposure was limited to the subscription-based services within their college library. And finally, during an assigned search task new users expected "step by step" instructions and self-evident cues to interaction. They were also overwhelmed and confused by the amount of information "help" displayed and became impatient when a context appropriate solution to their problem was not immediately offered

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Abstract

This paper discusses the conceptual framework for developing a rapid-prototype high-performance knowledge base for the four mission agencies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and their university partners. These agencies include the Cooperative State Research, Education, Economic Service (CSREES), the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the Economic Research Service (ERS), and the National Agriculture Statistical Service (NASS). The knowledge base, known as REEIS (Research, Education, Economic Information System), is a data mining application, where data are extracted from text, moved into different formats, allowing then the data mining features to run inferences, visualize connections, etc. -- all generated automatically. Described are alternative data mining models along with the generalized approach to building a Warehouse architecture. Also described is the methodology used for translating system requirements into specifications and for building the REEIS prototype. The method, known as the "Rational Unified Process", is one of iteration, quality assessment, and visual modeling. The two major obstacles in the project were the normalization of disparate data repositories, and the ability to achieve an acceptable level of semantic interoperability. A metadata vocabulary model is presented to address these obstacles

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Abstract

It is a time-consuming and difficult task for an individual, a group, or an organization to systematically express and organize their expertise so it can be captured and reused. Yet the expertise of individuals within an organization is perhaps its most valuable resource. Q&A attempts to address this tension by providing an environment in which textual representations of expertise are captured as a byproduct of using the system as a semiautomatic question answering intermediary. Q&A mediates interactions between an expert and a question-asking user. It uses its experience referring questions to expert users to answer new questions by retrieving previously answered ones. If a user's question is not found within the collection of previously answered questions, Q&A suggests the set of experts who are most likely to be able to answer the question. The system then gives the user the option of passing a question along to one or more of these experts. When an expert answers a user's question, the resulting question answer pair is captured and indexed under a topic of the expert's choice for later use, and the answer is sent to the user. Unlike previous work on question-answering systems of this sort, Q&A does not assume a fixed hierarchy of topics. Rather, experts build the hierarchy themselves, as their corpus of questions grows. One of the main contributions of this work is a set of techniques for managing the emerging organization of textual representations of expertise over time by mediating the negotiation of shared representations among multiple experts

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Abstract

This article describes design considerations of two interrelated programs that together make Learning Portfolio (LEAP) prototype system for accessing engineering information for engineers. The two programs are: Engineering Information Sources and Access (EISA), implemented as a Web-based self-learning prototype system; and Information Sources that Every Engineer should Know; ISEEK adds embedded instructional layer, representative queries, and constitutes the core layer of engineering sources for a beginner engineering student. Of analytical significance, the project has (1) defined indicators of information literacy (IL) for engineering students; (2) developed IL questionnaire to test engineering students' IL skills; (3) developed information literacy profile of engineering students under study; (4) assessed existing information resources, tools and search techniques. Of practical significance, we have: (5) applied students' responses in the design of EISA; (6) implemented the EISA information literacy program for engineers; (7) developed a series of hypertext-based tutorials each dealing with a specific IL issue; and (8) proposed set of the four design principles (i.e., understanding the user; active learning; conceptual model of teaching; and modularity). Finally, the article identifies and discusses future work

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Abstract

Virtually all UK and US newspapers and the vast majority of regional and even local titles are now represented on the web. Indeed, the Yahoo news and media directory lists no less than 114 UK newspapers online (as of November 1998). Broadcasters from the BBC and Sky downwards, and all the famous news agencies (Press Association, Reuters etc.) also boast comprehensive Internet services. With such an array of sources available, the future of mass access to the Internet, possibly via TV terminals, suggests that more and more people may soon opt for this medium to receive the bulk of their news information. This paper gives an overview of the characteristics of the medium illustrated with examples of how these are being used to both facilitate and enhance the content and dissemination of the news product. These characteristics include hyperlinking to external information sources, providing archive access to past reports, reader interactivity and other features not possible to incorporate into more passive media such as the hardcopy newspaper. From a survey of UK and US news providers it is clear that American newspapers are exploiting the advantages of web information dissemination to a far greater extent than their British counterparts, with the notable exception of The Electronic Telegraph. UK broadcasters, however, generally appear to have adapted better to the new medium, with the BBC rivaling CNN in its depth and extent of news coverage, use of links and other elements.

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Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the information-seeking behaviour and use of information resources by graduate students at the University of Botswana. The overall purpose of the study was to determine what their information requirements are and determine their awareness of library services available to them. The study collected empirical data on the information requirements of graduate students. Data were gathered from 144 students out of 223 part-time and full-time graduate students registered. Findings indicate that guidance in the use of library resources and services is necessary to help students meet some of their information requirements. The study found that: journals, library books and textbooks are the most popular sources of information for course work and research and that students need to be taught how to use available library resources and services. Based on these findings, it was recommended that a questionnaire on students' ability to use information resources be prepared and administered during registration to all masters students to establish their ability to use information resources. It was also recommended that a more aggressive information marketing strategy should be developed at both subject librarian and departmental level to create awareness among graduate students on the available

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Abstract

The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a military university educating officers from the United States and 40 foreign countries. To investigate the NPS information environment a large study obtained data on the range of information needs and behaviors of NPS personnel. The specific aim of the study was to supply organizational units with qualitative data specific to their client base, enabling them to improve campus systems and information services. Facilitators from the NPS Organizational Support Division conducted eighteen (18) focus groups during Spring Quarter 1998. Transcribed focus group sessions were analyzed using NUDIST software to identify key issues and results emerging from the data set. Categories of participants' information needs were identified, including an analysis of key information issues across the NPS campus. Use of Internet resources, other trusted individuals, and electronic indexes and abstracts ranked high among information sources used by NPS personnel. A picture emerges of a campus information environment poorly understood by the academic community. The three groups (students, staff and faculty) articulated different concerns and look to different sources to satisfy their information needs. Participants' information seeking problems centered on: (1) housing, registration and scheduling, computing and the quality of information available on the campus computer network, (2) an inability to easily disseminate information quickly to an appropriate campus audience, and (3) training in new information access technologies, and (4) the general lack of awareness of library resources and services. The paper discusses a method for more effectively disseminating information throughout the campus. Implications for the development of information seeking models and a model of the NPS information environment are discussed

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Abstract

Over the past few months the International DOI Foundation (IDF) has produced a number of discussion papers and other materials about the Digital Object Identifier (DOIsm) initiative. They are all available at the DOI web site, including a brief summary of the DOI origins and purpose. The aim of the present paper is to update those papers, reflecting recent progress, and to provide a summary of the current position and context of the DOI. Although much of the material presented here is the result of a consensus by the organisations forming the International DOI Foundation, some of the points discuss work in progress. The paper describes the origin of the DOI as a persistent identifier for managing copyrighted materials and its development under the non-profit International DOI Foundation into a system providing identifiers of intellectual property with a framework for open applications to be built using them. Persistent identification implementations consistent with URN specifications have up to now been hindered by lack of widespread availability of resolution mechanisms, content typology consensus, and sufficiently flexible infrastructure; DOI attempts to overcome these obstacles. Resolution of the DOI uses the Handle System®, which offers the necessary functionality for open applications. The aim of the International DOI Foundation is to promote widespread applications of the DOI, which it is doing by pioneering some early implementations and by providing an extensible framework to ensure interoperability of future DOI uses. Applications of the DOI will require an interoperable scheme of declared metadata with each DOI; the basis of the DOI metadata scheme is a minimal "kernel" of elements supplemented by additional application-specific elements, under an umbrella data model (derived from the INDECS analysis) that promotes convergence of different application metadata sets. The IDF intends to require declaration of only a minimal set of metadata, sufficient to enable unambiguous look-up of a DOI, but this must be capable of extension by others to create open applications.