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Abstract

Definition and Scope For the purpose of this reader, subject analysis is understood to encompass vocabulary structuring and subject indexing. Vocabulary structuring refers to the constructing of tools, such as classifications, subject heading lists, and thesauri, designed to facilitate the organization and retrieval of information. These tools, though called by different names, are similar in that they structure or control the basic vocabulary of a subject index language by 1) stipulating terms that may be used in the classing or indexing of documents and 2) displaying semantic relationships, such as hierarchy and synonymy, that obtain between these terms. They differ in the kinds of terms and relationships they recognize and in the manner in which these are displayed. Subject indexing refers to the application of a vocabulary, which may be more or less well structured, to indicate the content or aboutness of documents. Traditionally subject indexing limits its domain to only certain types of documents, such as passages within books (back-of-book indexing) or periodical articles, and the expression it uses to only certain types of strings, for example, descriptors or index terms as opposed to subject headings or class numbers. However, in a generalized and more modern sense, subject indexing refers to the indication of the theme or topic of any document, indeed any retrieval artifact, by any meaningful string of alphanumeric characters. The value of construing the meaning of subject analysis broadly is threefold: it permits comparing a variety of approaches to subject analysis; it permits generalizing about these approaches at a relatively high descriptive level, so that principles and objectives are shown in relief; and, most importantly perhaps, it permits a unified view of the traditional and information scientific approaches to subject analysis.
Criteria for Selection In selecting the writings to be included in this reader, we have followed the criteria listed below: 1. Theoretical emphasis. Our focus is an theoretical and philosophical aspects rather than practical or technical considerations. In a number of cases, where several authors have written an the same subject or idea or expressed similar thoughts, the originator of the idea, if this could be determined, was selected. 2. Significance and impact. Our most important criterion is the significance of a particular piece or the contribution that it has made in the field of subject analysis. The impact of the ideas or concepts an subsequent practice in subject analysis has also been considered. 3. Perspicuity. Where multiple choices were available an a particular topic or area, our tendency was to exclude the writings that are obscure or highly technical and would require a high degree of tech nical sophistication an the part of the reader. Comprehensibility and clarity of style were often our guide. Based an the criteria stated above, the following types of writings have generally been excluded: review articles, the how-to-do-it type of writings, and textbook materials. In a way, it would probably be easier to defend the writings that have been included than to justify the exclusions. In a small volume containing writings chosen from a vast amount of available material, it is virtually impossible to arrive at a collection that will satisfy every reader. Each person has his or her own preferences or criteria. Inevitably, personal bias comes into play in assembling such a reader. At least, we hope that in this case the collective bias of three individuals rather than one has helped to provide a certain degree of balance. A number of writings originally selected for inclusion were omitted because of space limitation or failure to secure permission to reprint.

Content

Eine exzellente (und durch die Herausgeber kommentierte) Zusammenstellung und Wiedergabe folgender Originalbeiträge: CUTTER, C.A.: Subjects; DEWEY, M.: Decimal classification and relativ index: introduction; HOPWOOD, H.V.: Dewey expanded; HULME, E.W.: Principles of book classification; KAISER, J.O.: Systematic indexing; MARTEL, C.: Classification: a brief conspectus of present day library practice; BLISS, H.E.: A bibliographic classification: principles and definitions; RANGANATHAN, S.R.: Facet analysis: fundamental categories; PETTEE, J.: The subject approach to books and the development of the dictionary catalog; PETTEE, J.: Fundamental principles of the dictionary catalog; PETTEE, J.: Public libraries and libraries as purveyors of information; HAYKIN, D.J.: Subject headings: fundamental concepts; TAUBE, M.: Functional approach to bibliographic organization: a critique and a proposal; VICKERY, B.C.: Systematic subject indexing; FEIBLEMAN, J.K.: Theory of integrative levels; GARFIELD, E.: Citation indexes for science; CRG: The need for a faceted classification as the basis of all methods of information retrieval; LUHN, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature; COATES, E.J.: Significance and term relationship in compound headings; FARRADANE, J.E.L.: Fundamental fallacies and new needs in classification; FOSKETT, D.J.: Classification and integrative levels; CLEVERDON, C.W. u. J. MILLS: The testing of index language devices; MOOERS, C.N.: The indexing language of an information retrieval system; NEEDHAM, R.M. u. K. SPARCK JONES: Keywords and clumps; ROLLING, L.: The role of graphic display of concept relationships in indexing and retrieval vocabularies; BORKO, H.: Research in computer based classification systems; WILSON, P.: Subjects and the sense of position; LANCASTER, F.W.: Evaluating the performance of a large computerized information system; SALTON, G.: Automatic processing of foreign language documents; FAIRTHORNE, R.A.: Temporal structure in bibliographic classification; AUSTIN, D. u. J.A. DIGGER: PRECIS: The Preserved Context Index System; FUGMANN, R.: The complementarity of natural and indexing languages

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Abstract

In the late 1970s libraries suddenly recognized the importance of online catalogues. Advanced computer technology can handle massive bibliographic records and direct user inquiries (cataloguing and circulation) and online access is much more adequate than a cara and COM catalogue. There are several problems associated woth online public access catalogues as they are designed primarily for direct use by library patrons without knowledge of library cataloguing rules, yet the introduction of online catalogues extends the services that a library offers in the sense of efficiency, productivity and cooperation with other libraries, i. e. users and staff.

Content

Enthält u.a die Beiträge: HILDRETH, Ch.: Online public access catalogues; VOGT, H.: The future of online catalogues in the northern areas of Germany; SEAL, A.: Data structures, MARC and online access; HOLM, L.: Design of databases as good catalogues; RISHOEJ, J.: From database-production to an online catalogue; BUCKLE, D.: OCLC Europe: bibliographic database services for catalogue conversion; FERGUSON, J.: Future of online catalogues. UTLAS in Europe - a personal view; SÜLE, G.: Problems of duplicate records, standards and quality control; HUNSTAD, S.: Problems of duplicate records; SCHOOTS, P.: Browsers in Rotterdam: popular access to the database; KINSELLA, J.: "Prospects for browsing": experimental approaches to the presentation of brief entries and the design of 'browse screens'; MERRIN, G.: Access points and search methods in the SIBIL system with special reference to Boolean and tree search; KOHL, E.: The online union catalogue of parliamentary and government institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany; COSTERS, L. u. J. BUYS: The results of an experiment with an online public access catalogue; NOERR, K.B. u. P. NOERR: A microcomputer system for online catalogues; RAITT, D.: Online catalogues: the facts, the features, the future

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Abstract

Proceedings of a conference addressing issues in classification theory and practice especially oriented towards online environments.

Content

Enthält die Beiträge: D. BATTY: The future of DDC in the perspective of current classification research; I. DAHLBERG: Concept and definiton theory; I.L. TRAVIS: Application of artificial intelligence to bibliographic classification; E. SVENONIUS: An ideal classification for an on-line catalog; K. MARKEY u. A.N. DEMEYER: The concept of common subject headings in subject outline searching; N. WILLIAMSON: The Library of Congress Classification in the Computer age; D.S. SCOTT: Subject classification and natural-language processing for retrieval in large databases; F. MIKSA: Shifting directions in LIS classification; C. MANDEL: A computer age classification: implications for library practice; R.S. HALSEY: Implications of classification theory in the computer age for educators of librarians and information science professionals; J. HOLIDAY: Subject access: new technology and philosophical perspectives

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: WELLISCH, H.H.: The literature of indexing; THOMAS, D.: Book indexing principles and stan-dards; FETTERS, L.K.: Indexing software; MILSTEAD, J.L.: Database design: Indexing applications; PRESCHEL, B.M.: Indexing for print, online, and CD-ROM; BRENNER, E.H.: Vocabulary control; ANDERSON, J.D.: Indexing and classification: file organization and display for information retrieval; CROFT, W.B.: Automatic indexing; SARACEVIC, T.: Indexing, searching, and relevance; LIPETZ, B.-A.: The usefulness of indexes; THOMAS, D.: History of the American Society of Indexers

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: SNOW, C.P. Die zwei Kulturen, Rede Lecture, 1959; YUDKIN, M.: Die "Rede Lecture" von Sir Charles Snow; LEAVIS, F.R.: Zwei Kulturen? Die 'Bedeutung' von C.P. Snow; TRILLING, L.: Naturwissenschaft, Literatur und Kultur - Eine Stellungnahme zur Leavis-Snow-Kontroverse; GREEN, M.: Alter und neuer Humanismus; OPPENHEIMER, J.R.: Über Wissenschaft und Kultur; HUXLEY, A.: Rose und Nachtigall; DOKIM, H.: Eine Kultur oder keine Kultur - Der Zwei-Kulturen-Streit als Scheinkonflikt; HEISSENBÜTTEL, H.: Die Schizophrenie des gesellschaftlichen Bewußtseins und ihre hypothetische Auflösung - Zu C.P. Snows "Zwei Kulturen"; KREUZER, H.: Literarische und szientifische Intelligenz; STEINBUCH, K.: "Zwei Kulturen": Ein engagierter Beitrag; MOHR, H.: Wissenschaft und Bildung - Stellungnahmen eines Naturwissenschaftlers zu den Thesen von C.P. Snow; BORN, M.: Die Zerstörung der Ethik durch die Naturwissenschaft - Überlegungen eines Physikers; GLUBRECHT, H.: Ist unsere Kultur gespalten?; NITSCHKE, A.: Ein plädoyer für die andere Kultur; AMSTUTZ, G.C.: Die ganzheitlichen Grundlagen der Wissenschaften; BAHRDT, H.P.: Literarische Bildung und technische Intelligenz; HABERMAS, J.: Technischer Fortschritt und soziale Lebenswelt; BUCHHOLZ, A.: Die "zwei Kulturen" in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht

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Content

Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: CUBE, A. von: Rechts und links, vorne und hinten - alles vertauscht?; SCHUCHARDT, H.: Brief an eine Einsame; HOFFMANN, G.E.: Ein Beileidsschreiben an unsere Juristen - durch einige Glückwünsche verziert; BLEUEL, H.P.: Schriftsteller und Neue Medien; FABIAN, W.: Das späte Erwachen: zum medienpolitischen Bewußtsein der Gewerkschaften; JUNGK, R.: Kabelfernsehen und Nachrüstung; FRANKE, H.W.: Das Gutenberg-Konzil - ins Mediendeutsch übersetzt; WEIDHAAS, P.: Beim Putsch wird als erstes der Sender gestürmt; MÜCKENBERGER, U.: Detektiv-Automat: Terror der Sachlichkeit und Recht auf Unordnung; SCHIRMBECK, H.: Ein Babel per Kabel? Betrachtungen zur Sozial-Ästhetik des Fernsehens; FLECHTHEIM, O.K.: Dreimal Zukunft - ein Weg zum homo humanus; PÄCH, S.: Die Bilderwelt des elektronischen Zeitalters: Video- und Computerkunst