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Isbn

3-89331-552-7

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Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Date

2. 1.2004 10:35:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 31(2004) no.2, S.117-118 (D. Campbell): "This excellent volume offers 22 papers delivered at an IFLA Satellite meeting in Dublin Ohio in 2001. The conference gathered together information and computer scientists to discuss an important and difficult question: in what specific ways can the accumulated skills, theories and traditions of librarianship be mobilized to face the challenges of providing subject access to information in present and future networked information environments? The papers which grapple with this question are organized in a surprisingly deft and coherent way. Many conferences and proceedings have unhappy sessions that contain a hodge-podge of papers that didn't quite fit any other categories. As befits a good classificationist, editor I.C. McIlwaine has kept this problem to a minimum. The papers are organized into eight sessions, which split into two broad categories. The first five sessions deal with subject domains, and the last three deal with subject access tools. The five sessions and thirteen papers that discuss access in different domains appear in order of in creasing intension. The first papers deal with access in multilingual environments, followed by papers an access across multiple vocabularies and across sectors, ending up with studies of domain-specific retrieval (primarily education). Some of the papers offer predictably strong work by scholars engaged in ongoing, long-term research. Gerard Riesthuis offers a clear analysis of the complexities of negotiating non-identical thesauri, particularly in cases where hierarchical structure varies across different languages. Hope Olson and Dennis Ward use Olson's familiar and welcome method of using provocative and unconventional theory to generate meliorative approaches to blas in general subject access schemes. Many papers, an the other hand, deal with specific ongoing projects: Renardus, The High Level Thesaurus Project, The Colorado Digitization Project and The Iter Bibliography for medieval and Renaissance material. Most of these papers display a similar structure: an explanation of the theory and purpose of the project, an account of problems encountered in the implementation, and a discussion of the results, both promising and disappointing, thus far. Of these papers, the account of the Multilanguage Access to Subjects Project in Europe (MACS) deserves special mention. In describing how the project is founded an the principle of the equality of languages, with each subject heading language maintained in its own database, and with no single language used as a pivot for the others, Elisabeth Freyre and Max Naudi offer a particularly vivid example of the way the ethics of librarianship translate into pragmatic contexts and concrete procedures. The three sessions and nine papers devoted to subject access tools split into two kinds: papers that discuss the use of theory and research to generate new tools for a networked environment, and those that discuss the transformation of traditional subject access tools in this environment. In the new tool development area, Mary Burke provides a promising example of the bidirectional approach that is so often necessary: in her case study of user-driven classification of photographs, she user personal construct theory to clarify the practice of classification, while at the same time using practice to test the theory. Carol Bean and Rebecca Green offer an intriguing combination of librarianship and computer science, importing frame representation technique from artificial intelligence to standardize syntagmatic relationships to enhance recall and precision.

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Date

23. 3.2008 19:10:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: nfd - Information Wissenschaft und Praxis 54(2003) H.7, S.440-442 (R. Fugmann): "Das Buch beginnt mit dem Kapitel "Myths about Indexing" und mit der Nennung von weit verbreiteten Irrtümern über das Indexieren, und zwar vorrangig über das Registermachen. Mit einem einzigen Satz ist die Problematik treffend skizziert, welcher das Buch gewidmet ist: "With the development of electronic documents, it has become possible to store very large amounts of information; but storage is not of much use without the capability to retrieve, to convert, transfer and reuse the information". Kritisiert wird die weit verbreitet anzutreffende Ansicht, das Indexieren sei lediglich eine Sache vom "picking out words from the text or naming objects in images and using those words as index headings". Eine solche Arbeitsweise führt jedoch nicht zu Registern, sondern zu Konkordanzen (d.h. zu alphabetischen Fundstellenlisten für Textwörter) und"... is entirely dependent an the words themselves and is not concerned with the ideas behind them". Das Sammeln von Information ist einfach. Aber die (Wieder-) Auffindbarkeit herzustellen muss gelernt werden, wenn mehr ermöglicht werden soll als lediglich das Wiederfinden von Texten, die man in allen Einzelheiten noch genau in Erinnerung behalten hat (known-item searches, questions of recall), die Details der sprachlichen Ausdrucksweise für die gesuchten Begriffe eingeschlossen. Die Verfasserin beschreibt aus ihrer großen praktischen Erfahrung, welche Schritte hierzu auf der gedanklichen und technischen Ebene unternommen werden müssen. Zu den erstgenannten Schritten rechnet die Abtrennung von Details, welche nicht im Index vertreten sein sollten ("unsought terms"), weil sie mit Sicherheit kein Suchziel darstellen werden und als "false friends" zur Überflutung des Suchenden mit Nebensächlichkeiten führen würden, eine Entscheidung, welche nur mit guter Sachkenntnis gefällt werden kann. All Dasjenige hingegen, was in Gegenwart und Zukunft (!) ein sinnvolles Suchziel darstellen könnte und "sufficiently informative" ist, verdient ein Schlagwort im Register. Man lernt auch durch lehrreiche Beispiele, wodurch ein Textwort unbrauchbar für das Register wird, wenn es dort als (schlechtes) Schlagwort erscheint, herausgelöst aus dem interpretierenden Zusammenhang, in welchen es im Text eingebettet gewesen ist. Auch muss die Vieldeutigkeit bereinigt werden, die fast jedem natursprachigen Wort anhaftet. Sonst wird der Suchende beim Nachschlagen allzu oft in die Irre geführt, und zwar um so öfter, je größer ein diesbezüglich unbereinigter Speicher bereits geworden ist.

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Content

6. Organization of Integrated Knowledge in the Electronic Environment. The Internet José Antonio SALVADOR OLIVÁN, José Maria ANGÓS ULLATE and Maria Jesús FERNÁNDEZ RUÍZ: Organization of the Information about Health Resources an the Internet; Eduardo PEIS, Antonio RUIZ, Francisco J. MUNOZ-FERNÁNDEZ and Francisco de ALBA QUINONES: Practical Method to Code Archive Findings Aids in Internet Marthinus; S. VAN DER WALT: An Integrated Model For The Organization Of Electronic Information/Knowledge in Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (Smme's) in South Africa; Ricardo EITO BRUN: Software Development and Reuse as Knowledge Management; Practice Roberto POLI: Framing Information; 7. Models and Methods for Knowledge Organization and Conceptual Relationships Terence R. SMITH, Marcia Lei ZENG, and ADEPT Knowledge Organization Team: Structured Models of Scientific Concepts for Organizing, Accessing, and Using Learning Materials; M. OUSSALAH, F. GIRET and T. KHAMMACI: A kr Multi-hierarchies/Multi-Views Model for the Development of Complex Systems; Jonathan FURNER: A Unifying Model of Document Relatedness for Hybrid Search Engines; José Manuel BARRUECO and Vicente Julián INGLADA: Reference Linking in Economics: The Citec Project; Allyson CARLYLE and Lisa M. FUSCO: Equivalence in Tillett's Bibliographic Relationships Taxonomy: a Revision; José Antonio FRÍAS and Ana Belén RÍOS HILARIO: Visibility and Invisibility of the Kindship Relationships in Bibliographic Families of the Library Catalogue; 8. Integration of Knowledge in the Internet. Representing Knowledge in Web Sites Houssem ASSADI and Thomas BEAUVISAGE: A Comparative Study of Six French-Speaking Web Directories; Barbara H. KWASNIK: Commercial Web Sites and The Use of Classification Schemes: The Case of Amazon.Com; Jorge SERRANO COBOS and Ana M' QUINTERO ORTA: Design, Development and Management of an Information Recovery System for an Internet Website: from Documentary Theory to Practice; José Luis HERRERA MORILLAS and M' del Rosario FERNÁNDEZ FALERO: Information and Resources About Bibliographic Heritage an The Web Sites of the Spanish Universities; J.F. ALDANA, A.C. GÓMEZ, N. MORENO, A. J. NEBRO, M.M. ROLDÁN: Metadata Functionality for Semantic Web Integration; Uta PRISS: Alternatives to the "Semantic Web": Multi-Strategy Knowledge Representation; 9. Models and Methods for Knowledge Integration in Information Systems Rebecca GREEN, Carol A. BEAN and Michele HUDON: Universality And Basic Level Concepts; Grant CAMPBELL: Chronotope And Classification: How Space-Time Configurations Affect the Gathering of Industrial Statistical Data; Marianne LYKKE NIELSEN and Anna GJERLUF ESLAU: Corporate Thesauri - How to Ensure Integration of Knowledge and Reflections of Diversity; Nancy WILLIAMSON: Knowledge Integration and Classification Schemes; M.V. HURTADO, L. GARCIA and J.PARETS: Semantic Views over Heterogeneous and Distributed Data Repositories: Integration of Information System Based an Ontologies; Fernando ELICHIRIGOITY and Cheryl KNOTT MALONE: Representing the Global Economy: the North American Industry Classification System;

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Footnote

Digitale Auskunftsdienste Pace verfällt als Insider der Bibliotheks- und Firmenszene glücklicherweise nicht in das Stereotyp einer einfachen Schwarz-Weiß-Gegenüberstellung von »erfolgreichen Firmenkonzepten« einerseits und »unflexiblen, traditionsbelasteten Bibliotheken« andererseits, wie man sie nicht selten von Bibliothekskritikern hört. In den bereits genannten Kapiteln 2 und 3 sieht und benennt er durchaus nachahmenswerte Beispiele für digitale Servicesvon Bibliotheken, die auch Adaptionen von kommerziellen Diensten darstellen können. Digitale Auskunftsdienste (»Virtual or online reference services«) per E-Mail oder Chat erfreuen sich offenbar zumindest in den USA steigender Beliebtheit, die Pace unter anderem mit dem Wegfall der Hemmschwelle einer persönlichen Ansprache erklärt. OnlineKataloge erfahren zunehmend eine Anreicherung mit Informationen wie Inhaltsverzeichnissen oder Abstracts, wie sie von Amazon bekannt sind. Pace erwähnt auch lobend die Rolle einiger Öffentlicher Bibliotheken, die Yahoos Verbalerschließungssystem als Grundlage für eigene Internetservices genommen haben - und dafür von anderen Kollegen heftig gescholten werden. In dem Kontext der Gegenüberstellung von privatwirtschaftlich organisierten Diensten und öffentlich-rechtlichen Bibliotheken empfehlen sich die Kapitel 6 »Libraries are not ALL (sic!) business« und 7 »First principles« als lesenswert, weil sie sich explizit gegen eine unreflektierte Übernahme privatwirtschaftlicher Geschäftsregeln und -vorgehensweisen durch Bibliotheken aussprechen, auch wenn sich gänzlich neue Aspekte bei den gewählten Beispielen wie »fair use«, »privacy of end-users« aus bibliothekarischer Sicht nicht entdecken lassen. Entwicklung von Services Auch wenn Pace als amerikanischerAutor mit seinen Beispielen ein geographisch begrenztes Spektrum analysiert, so lassen sich viele Schlussfolgerungen doch ohne weiteres auch auf europäische Bibliotheken übertragen. Die vorliegende Publikation kann allen Bibliothekaren in leitenden Positionen sehr zur Lektüre empfohlen werden, da die Fokussierung auf die Entwicklung von Services sowie die Erörterung möglicher strategischer Partnerschaften auf der Agenda eines jeden Bibliotheksmanagements stehen sollte. Die Lektüre sollte allerdings in dem Bewusstsein erfolgen, dass Pace durch die Schwerpunktsetzung auf das Verhältnis »Bibliotheken - Anbieter von Informationstechnologie und -diensten« einige weitere wesentliche Aspekte weitgehend außer Acht lässt. Diese betreffen im Falle von Universitätsbibliotheken beispielsweise das Verhältnis von Bibliotheken als Dienstleistern zu weiteren lokalen Dienstleistern (insbesondere Rechenzentren, Medienzentren) sowie die zunehmende Modularität von Service- und Informationsarchitekturen, die ein nahtloses Zusammenspiel lokaler und externer Services sinnvoll erscheinen lassen. Die Orientierung an den tatsächlichen Bedürfnissen von EndNutzern steht zwar nicht direkt im Mittelpunkt der Service-Beschreibungen des Autors, einige wesentliche Aspekte werden aber behandelt (z.B. S.57). Weitere Zielgruppen der Publikation sind aufgrund der gewählten Thematik zu Digitalen Bibliotheken und Services sicherlich Bibliothekare in verantwortlichen Positionen in den Bereichen Informationstechnologie und Benutzung. Alle Bibliothekare, und insbesondere Berufsanfänger, mögen darüber hinaus mit Interesse die Ausführungen von Pace zu seinem beruflichen Werdegang sowie speziell das Kapitel 5 »Sheep in wolves' clothing/Working inside and outside the library« verfolgen, in dem er berufliche Chancen und Szenarien für Bibliothekare im IT-Firmenbereich beschreibt."

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Footnote

The discussion of modes for digital reference world be incomplete without focusing an the technologies that support this activity. E-mail, Web forms, chat, instant messaging, and videoconferencing, as well as the call center based software, are now being adapted for use in libraries. The book discusses the technologies currently available and an the horizon to support digital reference services. While these sections of the book may not age well, they will provide us with a historical glimpse of the nascent development of such tools and how they were used at the beginning of the digital reference age. True to the emphasis an decision-making, the chapter an technology includes a list of functions that reference librarians world want in software to support digital reference. While no current applications have all of these features, this list provides librarians with some ideas concerning possible features that can be prioritized to aid in a selection process. Despite the emphasis an technology, Janes contextualizes this discussion with several significant issues relating to its implementation. These include everything from infrastructure, collaborative service standards, service design, user authentication, and user expectations. The sections an collaborative service models and service design are particularly interesting since they are both in their infancy. Readers wanting an answer or the "best" design of either institutional or collaborative digital reference service will be disappointed. However, raising these considerations is important and Janes points out how crucial these issues will be as online reference service matures. User authentication in the context of reference service is especially tricky since tensions can emerge between license agreements and the range of people who may or may not be covered by these contracts querying reference librarians. Finally, no discussion of digital reference is complete without a discussion of the possibility of 24/7 reference service and the ensuing user expectations. While Janes has no answers to the dilemmas these raise, he does alert libraries providing digital reference services to some of the realities. One is that libraries will get a broader range of questions, which could impact staff time, collection development to support these questions, and necessitate either a confirmation of priorities or a reprioritization of activities. Another reality is that the users of digital reference services may never have partaken of their services before. In fact, for libraries funded to serve a particular constituency (public libraries, academic libraries) this influx of users raises questions about levels of service, funding, and policy. Finally, in keeping with the underlying theme of values that pervades the book, Janes points out the deeper issues related to technology such as increasing ability to track users an the web. While he realizes that anonymous information about those who ask reference questions world provide reference librarians with a great deal of information to hone services and better serve constituencies, he is well aware of the dangers involved in collectiog patron information in electronic form.

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Content

Kapitel: 1 Einleitung - 2 Grundlagen des Information Retrieval - 3 Grundlagen neuronaler Netze - 4 Neuronale Netze im Information Retrieval - 5 Heterogenität und ihre Behandlung im Information Retrieval - 6 Das COSIMIR-Modell - 7 Experimente mit dem COSIMIR-Modell und dem Transformations-Netzwerk - 8 Fazit

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Footnote

Weitere Rez. in: ZfBB 53(2006) H.3/4, S.215-217 (M. Hollender): "Die Aversion des Präsidenten der Französischen Nationalbibliothek, Jean-Noël Jeanneney, gegen die Pläne von Google zur Massendigitalisierung kann nach der breiten Erörterung in der Tagespresse als zumindest in Grundzügen bekannt vorausgesetzt werden. Nunmehr liegt seine im März 2005 entstandene »Kampfschrift« (S.7) aktualisiert und mit einem Nachwort von Klaus-Dieter Lehmann versehen, auch in einer deutschen Übersetzung vor. So viel vorab: selten erhält man für 9,90 Euro so wenig und zugleich so viel: so viel Polemik, Selbstpreisgabe und Emphase und so wenig konkrete strategisch weiterführende Ideen. Dem Leser fällt vor allem der plumpe Antiamerikanismus, der dem gesamten Büchlein zugrunde liegt, über kurz oder lang unangenehm auf. Jeanneney moniert die »unvermeidliche amerikanische Ichbezogenheit« (S. 9). Wer aber mag es Google verdenken, sein Projekt zunächst mit angloamerikanischen Bibliotheken zu starten? Die Bereitschaft der britischen Boolean Library, ihre exzellenten Bestände vor 1900 von Google ebenfalls digitalisieren zu lassen, wird von Jeanneney im Stile einer Verschwörungstheorie kommentiert: »Wieder einmal wurde uns die altbekannte angloamerikanische Solidarität vorgeführt.« (S.19) Mit derselben Emphase könnte man sich darüber freuen, dass Google sich der Bestände hochbedeutender Forschungsbibliotheken versichert - nicht aber Jeanneney. Fazit: die »US-Dominanz, die mit einer mehr oder weniger bewussten Arroganz einhergeht«, bewirke, dass »alles, was der amerikanischen Weltsicht widerspricht, aussortiert« werde (S. 23). Wer derart voreingenommen wie Jeanneney an die Google-Pläne herangeht, verbaut sich selber die Chancen auf eine konstruktive und kooperative Lösung des Google-Problems. ...

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Footnote

1. historisch (die Gegenwart aus der Vergangheit heraus verstehen) 2. konstruktivistisch (Individuen konstruieren unter dem Einfluss ihres sozialen Kontexts das Verständnis ihrer Welten) 3. diskursanalytisch (Sprache konstituiert die Konstruktion der Identität und die Ausbildung von Bedeutungen) 4. philosophisch-analytisch (rigorose Analyse von Begriffen und Thesen) 5. kritische Theorie (Analyse versteckter Macht- und Herrschaftsmuster) 6. ethnographisch (Verständnis von Menschen durch Hineinversetzen in deren Kulturen) 7. sozialkognitiv (sowohl das Denken des Individuums als auch dessen sozialer bzw. fachlicher Umraum beeinflussen die Informationsnutzung) 8. kognitiv (Fokus auf das Denken der Individuen im Zusammenhang mit Suche, Auffindung und Nutzung von Information) 9. bibliometrisch (statistische Eigenschaften von Information) 10. physikalisch (Signalübertragung, Informationstheorie) 11. technisch (Informationsbedürfnisse durch immer bessere Systeme und Dienste erfüllen) 12. benutzerorientierte Gestaltung ("usability", Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion) 13. evolutionär (Anwendung von Ergebnissen von Biologie und Evolutionspsychologie auf informationsbezogene Phänomene). Bates Beitrag ist, wie stets, wohldurchdacht, didaktisch gut aufbereitet und in klarer Sprache abgefasst, sodass man ihn mit Freude und Gewinn liest. Zu letzterem trägt auch noch die umfangreiche Liste von Literaturangaben bei, mit der sich insbesondere die 13 genannten Metatheorien optimal weiterverfolgen lassen. . . .

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Isbn

1-85604-561-7

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Footnote

Exploring John Hilliard's 1971 series of photographs, A Camera Recording it Own Condition (7 apertures, 10 speeds, 2 mirrors), Fuller argues that the camera's media ecology consists of the interplay between mathematical, material, and social powers, while demonstrating a medial will to power. Fuller shows how every apparatus is an ensemble of other apparatuses. Thresholds of visibility and disappearance are built into the camera's structure, of its material capacity. When the camera focuses on itself, it is engaged in a cybernetic circuit that brings together forces of form, programs, material structures: in short, a media ecology. Fuller marks out two sets of interconnected and antagonistic relations of force that "make" the camera in this act of recording itself. One, the problematic of the camera working on the condition of being a camera (a machine reflexivity). Second, it mobilizes the constraints and freedoms generated by the correlation of the intensive and extensive qualities embedded within the camera. Fuller expands his exploration of media ecologies by working with multiple "objects": the introduction of an on/off switch in a residential street, BITRadio, "phreaking" of radio broadcasts and others. Perhaps the most argumentative chapter of the book-certainly one of the most lucid ones!-this demonstrates how technology and the dynamics of media systems are appropriated for other, nonofficial purposes. Fuller shows how the "standard object"-a serial element such as an ISO standard shipping container whose "potential" has been stabilized, circumscribes knowledge itself, limiting all other forms of understanding. Standard objects, even as they work with other "forms" define the technicity and organizational frames of systems.

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Isbn

3-8325-0506-7

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Footnote

The economic opportunity divide is predicated an the hypothesis that there has, indeed, been a major shift in opportunities driven by changes in the information environment. The authors document this paradigm shift well with arguments from the political and economic right and left. This chapter might be described as an "attitudinal" chapter. The authors are concerned here with the perceptions of their respondents of their information skills and skill levels with their economic outlook and opportunities. Technological skills and economic opportunities are correlated, one finds, in the minds of all across all ages, genders, races, ethnicities, and income levels. African Americans in particular are ". . attuned to the use of technology for economic opportunity" (p. 80). The fourth divide is the democratic divide. The Internet may increase political participation, the authors posit, but only among groups predisposed to participate and perhaps among those with the skills necessary to take advantage of the electronic environment (p. 86). Certainly the Web has played an important role in disseminating and distributing political messages and in some cases in political fund raising. But by the analysis here, we must conclude that the message does not reach everyone equally. Thus, the Internet may widen the political participation gap rather than narrow it. The book has one major, perhaps fatal, flaw: its methodology and statistical application. The book draws upon a survey performed for the authors in June and July 2001 by the Kent State University's Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) lab (pp. 7-9). CATI employed a survey protocol provided to the reader as Appendix 2. An examination of the questionnaire reveals that all questions yield either nominal or ordinal responses, including the income variable (pp. 9-10). Nevertheless, Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury performed a series of multiple regression analyses (reported in a series of tables in Appendix 1) utilizing these data. Regression analysis requires interval/ratio data in order to be valid although nominal and ordinal data can be incorporated by building dichotomous dummy variables. Perhaps Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury utilized dummy variables; but 1 do not find that discussed. Moreover, 1 would question a multiple regression made up completely of dichotomous dummy variables. I come away from Virtual Inequality with mixed feelings. It is useful to think of the digital divide as more than one phenomenon. The four divides that Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury offeraccess, skills, economic opportunity, and democratic-are useful as a point of departure and debate. No doubt, other divides will be identified and documented. This book will lead the way. Second, without question, Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury provide us with an extremely well-documented, -written, and -argued work. Third, the authors are to be commended for the multidisciplinarity of their work. Would that we could see more like it. My reservations about their methodological approach, however, hang over this review like a shroud."

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 32(2005) no.1, S.47-49 (M. Hudon): "Vanda Broughton's Essential Classification is the most recent addition to a very small set of classification textbooks published over the past few years. The book's 21 chapters are based very closely an the cataloguing and classification module at the School of Library, Archive, and Information studies at University College, London. The author's main objective is clear: this is "first and foremost a book about how to classify. The emphasis throughout is an the activity of classification rather than the theory, the practical problems of the organization of collections, and the needs of the users" (p. 1). This is not a theoretical work, but a basic course in classification and classification scheme application. For this reviewer, who also teaches "Classification 101," this is also a fascinating peek into how a colleague organizes content and structures her course. "Classification is everywhere" (p. 1): the first sentence of this book is also one of the first statements in my own course, and Professor Broughton's metaphors - the supermarket, canned peas, flowers, etc. - are those that are used by our colleagues around the world. The combination of tone, writing style and content display are reader-friendly; they are in fact what make this book remarkable and what distinguishes it from more "formal" textbooks, such as The Organization of Information, the superb text written and recently updated (2004) by Professor Arlene Taylor (2nd ed. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2004). Reading Essential Classification, at times, feels like being in a classroom, facing a teacher who assures you that "you don't need to worry about this at this stage" (p. 104), and reassures you that, although you now speed a long time looking for things, "you will soon speed up when you get to know the scheme better" (p. 137). This teacher uses redundancy in a productive fashion, and she is not afraid to express her own opinions ("I think that if these concepts are helpful they may be used" (p. 245); "It's annoying that LCC doesn't provide clearer instructions, but if you keep your head and take them one step at a time [i.e. the tables] they're fairly straightforward" (p. 174)). Chapters 1 to 7 present the essential theoretical concepts relating to knowledge organization and to bibliographic classification. The author is adept at making and explaining distinctions: known-item retrieval versus subject retrieval, personal versus public/shared/official classification systems, scientific versus folk classification systems, object versus aspect classification systems, semantic versus syntactic relationships, and so on. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss the practice of classification, through content analysis and subject description. A short discussion of difficult subjects, namely the treatment of unique concepts (persons, places, etc.) as subjects seems a little advanced for a beginners' class.

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Footnote

Chapters 5 through 9 discuss the basic facets of DL implementation and use. Chapter 5, entitled "Collection management," distinguishes collection management from collection development. The authors give source selection criteria, distilled from Clayton and Gorman. The text then discusses the characteristics of several digital sources, including CD-ROMs, electronic books, electronic journals, and databases, and elaborates an the distribution and pricing issues involved in each. However, the following chapter an digitization is quite disappointing; 1 feel that its discussion is shallow and short, and offers only a glimpse of the difficulties of this task. The chapter contains a listing of multimedia file formats, which is explained clearly, omitting technical jargon. However, it could be improved by including more details about each fonnat's optimal use. Chapter 7, "Information organization, " surveys several DLs and highlights their adaptation of traditional classification and cataloging techniques. The chapter continues with a brief introduction to metadata, by first defining it and then discussiog major standards: the Dublin Core, the Warwick Framework and EAD. A discussion of markup languages such as SGML, HTML, and XML rounds off the chapter. A more engaging chapter follows. Dealing with information access and user interfaces, it begins by examining information needs and the seeking process, with particular attention to the difficulties of translating search needs into an actual search query. Guidelines for user interface design are presented, distilled from recommendations from Shneiderman, Byrd, and Croft. Some research user interfaces are highlighted to hint at the future of information finding, and major features of browsing and searching interfaces are shown through case studies of a number of DLs. Chapter 9 gives a layman's introduction to the classic models of information retrieval, and is written to emphasize each model's usability and features; the mathematical foundations have entirely been dispensed with. Multimedia retrieval, Z39.50, and issues with OPAC integration are briefly sketched, but details an the approaches to these problems are omitted. A dissatisfying chapter an preservation begins the third part an deployed DLs, which itemizes several preservation projects but does not identify the key points of each project. This weakness is offset by two solid chapters an DL services and social, economic, and legal issues. Here, the writing style of the text is more effective in surveying the pertinent issues. Chowdhury and Chowdhury write, " The importance of [reference] services has grown over time with the introduction of new technologies and services in libraries" (p. 228), emphasizing the central role that reference services have in DLs, and go an to discuss both free and fee-based services, and those housed as part of libraries as well as commercial services. The chapter an social issues examines the digital divide and also gives examples of institutions working to undo the divide: "Blackwells is making all 600 of its journals freely available to institutions within the Russian Federation" (p. 252). Key points in cost-models of electronic publishing and intellectual property rights are also discussed. Chowdhury and Chowdhury mention that "there is no legal deposit law to force the creators of digital information to submit a copy of every work to one or more designated institutions" for preservation (p. 265).

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).