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Abstract

From one of the most original and influential neuroscientists at work today, here is an exploration of consciousness unlike any other-as told by Galileo, who opened the way for the objectivity of science and is now intent on making subjective experience a part of science as well. Giulio Tononi is one of the most creative and the most influential neurologists in the world nowadays. Tononis way of exploring consciousness is different from those of the others, which is that his course of exploring consciousness is narrated by Galileo who used to pave the way for the objectivity of science and devoted himself to making subjective experience a part of science in the book Phi:a Voyage from the Brain to the Soul. Galileo's journey has three parts, each with a different guide. In the first, accompanied by a scientist who resembles Francis Crick, he learns why certain parts of the brain are important and not others, and why consciousness fades with sleep. In the second part, when his companion seems to be named Alturi (Galileo is hard of hearing; his companion's name is actually Alan Turing), he sees how the facts assembled in the first part can be unified and understood through a scientific theory-a theory that links consciousness to the notion of integrated information (also known as phi). In the third part, accompanied by a bearded man who can only be Charles Darwin, he meditates on how consciousness is an evolving, developing, ever-deepening awareness of ourselves in history and culture-that it is everything we have and everything we are. Not since Gödel, Escher, Bach has there been a book that interweaves science, art, and the imagination with such originality. This beautiful and arresting narrative will transform the way we think of ourselves and the world.

Theme

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Information

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Abstract

Die Welt der Information ist zunehmend vernetzt. Quellen aller Art werden in digitaler Form über das Internet verbreitet. Die inhaltliche Erschließung dieser Quellen durch Schlagwörter bietet dem Nutzer, insbesondere dem Wissenschaftler, einen unentbehrlichen thematischen Zugang zu diesen Quellen. Die "Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog" (RSWK) sind das maßgebende Regelwerk für die verbale Inhaltserschließung im deutschsprachigen Raum. Sie sind zugleich in der bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftlichen Fachwelt kontrovers diskutiert worden. Dennoch fehlt bislang eine wissenschaftliche monographische Darstellung der RSWK. Die Arbeit will einen Beitrag dazu leisten, indem sie die durch dieses Regelwerk bestimmte Indexierungssprache als Zeichensystem in seiner semantischen, syntaktischen und pragmatischen Dimension analysiert. Die theoretische Grundlage der Arbeit bietet die Semiotik von Charles Morris. Ausgehend davon wird der Typus der Indexierungssprache unter zeichentheoretischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt. Für die konkrete Analyse der RSWK als Schlagwortsprache werden dann zwei auf der internationalen Ebene der bibliothekarischen Wissensorganisation vorgelegte Unternehmungen als Analyseinstrumente herangezogen, nämlich einmal die "Functional requirements for bibliographic records" (FRBR und zum anderen die "Principles underlying subject heading languages" Gestützt auf die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wird die RSWK als Schlagwortsprache im Hinblick auf ihre theoretische Angemessenheit und Konsistenz untersucht. Die Analyse kennzeichnet die RSWK als synthetische kettenbildende Schlagwortsprache mit ihren drei charakteristischen Ebenen: dem Schlagwort, der Schlagwortkette und dem Indexat als der Gesamtheit der Schlagwortketten. Es werden semiotische Defizite dieser Schlagwortsprache im Hinblick auf ihre Vollständigkeit und Widerspruchsfreiheit aufgezeigt und entsprechende Vorschläge für ihre Weiterentwicklung gewonnen. Weitere Abschnitte widmen sich dann einzelnen Schlagwortkategorien und den durch sie repräsentierten bibliographischen Entitäten: den Körperschaften, den Ereignissen und den Werken.

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Theme

Information

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Abstract

Ask a person on the street whether new technologies bring about important social change and you are likely to hear a resounding "yes." But the answer is less definitive amongst academics who study technology and social practice. Scholarly writing has been heavily influenced by the ideology of technological determinism - the belief that some types or technologically driven social changes are inevitable and cannot be stopped. Rather than argue for or against notions of determinism, the authors in this book ask how the materiality (the arrangement of physical, digital, or rhetorical materials into particular forms that endure across differences in place and time) of technologies, ranging from computer-simulation tools and social media, to ranking devices and rumors, is actually implicated in the process of formal and informal organizing. The book builds a new theoretical framework to consider the important socio-technical changes confronting people's everyday experiences in and outside of work. Leading scholars in the field contribute original chapters examining the complex interactions between technology and the social, between artifact and humans. The discussion spans multiple disciplines, including management, information systems, informatics, communication, sociology, and the history of technology, and opens up a new area of research regarding the relationship between materiality and organizing.

Content

Materiality and Organizing marks a long overdue turning point in the scholarly study of the human-technology relationship that now engulfs our lives. For too long, researchers have tended to treat technology as a dream conjured by agents and imbued with their projects. This brilliant sequence of essays restores and deepens the entire field of perception. It finally returns us to the facticity of technology as it persistently redefines the horizon of the possible. These tightly argued masterpieces reestablish technology as embodied and significant. Most importantly, they return us to materiality just in time. With each passing day, technology becomes both more abstracted from its physical manifestations and more ubiquitous, producing a dematerialized materiality. Only a relentless focus on this paradox will yield the intellectual tools that are required to participate in our own destinies. Shoshana Zuboff, Charles Edward Wilson Professor, Harvard Business School This volume is a much-needed exploration of the material aspects of the technologies that have reshaped our world. For two decades, a narrative framing technologies as social constructions has led to important advances in our understanding of their nature and impacts. Materiality and Organizing provides an important counterbalance to this approach in its exploration of the dimensions of materiality that constrain but also enable technologies to connect with and affect people, organizations, and society. This volume is required reading for scholars interested in technology, its development, and its impacts. Its insights into information technology are particularly significant. Professor Marshall Scott Poole, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign For too long the materiality of social life has been ignored by sociologists and organization studies scholars. The role of materiality in social life is turning out to be one of the most interesting and difficult issues in the field. This multidisciplinary collection does not offer a single solution but offers the latest thoughts of scholars who try and take materiality seriously in their own research. The resulting volume is a deep and fascinating collection of essays. (Professor Trevor Pinch, Cornell University)

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Date

14. 6.2019 12:22:37

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BK

85.20 / Betriebliche Information und Kommunikation

Classification

85.20 / Betriebliche Information und Kommunikation

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LCSH

Library & information sciences c 2000 to c 2010 ; c 2010 to c 2020

Subject

Library & information sciences c 2000 to c 2010 ; c 2010 to c 2020

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Footnote

Zugl. Diss. Univ. Düsseldorf, Inst. für Sprache und Information, Abt. Informationswissenschaft

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Abstract

Mit Norbert Henrichs wird durch diesen Sammelband zweifellos ein Gestalter der Informationswissenschaft geehrt. Mit dem Hintergrund Theologie und Philosophie, seiner Neugierde und seiner ständig angewachsenen Kompetenz bezüglich der durch die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie immer mehr geprägten Informationsmethodik war Norbert Henrichs an der Universität Düsseldorf in der Lage, einen Tunnelblick auf Information zu vermeiden und eine Spannbreite an Themen nicht nur abzudecken, sondern überhaupt erst zum Gegenstand der Informationswissenschaft zu machen. Informationswissenschaft existiert (in Deutschland) institutionell seit ca. 50 Jahren. Weitere Sammelbände werden kommen. Es müssen aber nicht nur InformationswissenschaftlerInnen aus dem deutschsprachigen Bereich sein, die mit ihren Arbeiten geehrt werden sollten. Vorschläge dafür sind willkommen. (R. Kuhlen)

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Theme

Information

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Abstract

Representation in Scientific Practice, published by the MIT Press in 1990, helped coalesce a long-standing interest in scientific visualization among historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science and remains a touchstone for current investigations in science and technology studies. This volume revisits the topic, taking into account both the changing conceptual landscape of STS and the emergence of new imaging technologies in scientific practice. It offers cutting-edge research on a broad array of fields that study information as well as short reflections on the evolution of the field by leading scholars, including some of the contributors to the 1990 volume. The essays consider the ways in which viewing experiences are crafted in the digital era; the embodied nature of work with digital technologies; the constitutive role of materials and technologies -- from chalkboards to brain scans -- in the production of new scientific knowledge; the metaphors and images mobilized by communities of practice; and the status and significance of scientific imagery in professional and popular culture. ContributorsMorana Alac, Michael Barany, Anne Beaulieu, Annamaria Carusi, Catelijne Coopmans, Lorraine Daston, Sarah de Rijcke, Joseph Dumit, Emma Frow, Yann Giraud, Aud Sissel Hoel, Martin Kemp, Bruno Latour, John Law, Michael Lynch, Donald MacKenzie, Cyrus Mody, Natasha Myers, Rachel Prentice, Arie Rip, Martin Ruivenkamp, Lucy Suchman, Janet Vertesi, Steve Woolgar

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Series

History and foundations of information science

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Theme

Information

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Date

22. 2.2018 12:13:57

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Content

In which I introduce the ancient mind-body problem, explain why I am on a quest to use reason and empirical inquiry to solve it, acquaint you with Francis Crick, explain how he relates to this quest, make a confession, and end on a sad note -- In which I write about the wellsprings of my inner conflict between religion and reason, why I grew up wanting to be a scientist, why I wear a lapel pin of Professor Calculus, and how I acquired a second mentor late in life -- In which I explain why consciousness challenges the scientific view of the world, how consciousness can be investigated empirically with both feet firmly planted on the ground, why animals share consciousness with humans, and why self-consciousness is not as important as many people think it is -- In which you hear tales of scientist-magicians that make you look but not see, how they track the footprints of consciousness by peering into your skull, why you don't see with your eyes, and why attention and consciousness are not the same -- In which you learn from neurologists and neurosurgeons that some neurons care a great deal about celebrities, that cutting the cerebral cortex in two does not reduce consciousness by half, that color is leached from the world by the loss of a small cortical region, and that the destruction of a sugar cube-sized chunk of brain stem or thalamic tissue leaves you undead -- In which I defend two propositions that my younger self found nonsense--you are unaware of most of the things that go on in your head, and zombie agents control much of your life, even though you confidently believe that you are in charge -- In which I throw caution to the wind, bring up free will, Der ring des Nibelungen, and what physics says about determinism, explain the impoverished ability of your mind to choose, show that your will lags behind your brain's decision, and that freedom is just another word for feeling -- In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, rhapsodize about integrated information theory, how it explains many puzzling facts about consciousness and provides a blueprint for building sentient machines -- In which I outline an electromagnetic gadget to measure consciousness, describe efforts to harness the power of genetic engineering to track consciousness in mice, and find myself building cortical observatories -- In which I muse about final matters considered off-limits to polite scientific discourse: to wit, the relationship between science and religion, the existence of God, whether this God can intervene in the universe, the death of my mentor, and my recent tribulations.

Footnote

Now it might seem that is a fairly well-defined scientific task: just figure out how the brain does it. In the end I think that is the right attitude to have. But our peculiar history makes it difficult to have exactly that attitude-to take consciousness as a biological phenomenon like digestion or photosynthesis, and figure out how exactly it works as a biological phenomenon. Two philosophical obstacles cast a shadow over the whole subject. The first is the tradition of God, the soul, and immortality. Consciousness is not a part of the ordinary biological world of digestion and photosynthesis: it is part of a spiritual world. It is sometimes thought to be a property of the soul and the soul is definitely not a part of the physical world. The other tradition, almost as misleading, is a certain conception of Science with a capital "S." Science is said to be "reductionist" and "materialist," and so construed there is no room for consciousness in Science. If it really exists, consciousness must really be something else. It must be reducible to something else, such as neuron firings, computer programs running in the brain, or dispositions to behavior. There are also a number of purely technical difficulties to neurobiological research. The brain is an extremely complicated mechanism with about a hundred billion neurons in ... (Rest nicht frei). " [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/01/10/can-information-theory-explain-consciousness/].