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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).
The UCP's effect an business practices is focused mainly in the management and marketing areas. Marketing experienced a shift from "product-oriented operations" with its focus an "selling the products' features" and customer contact only at the point of sale toward more service-Centered business practice ("customer Jemand orientation") and the development of one-to-one customer relationships (pp. 35-36). For management, the adoption of the UCP caused a shift from "mechanistic, bureaucratic, top-down organizational structures" to "flatter, inclusive, and participative" ones (p. 37). In education, practice shifted from the teachercentered model where the "teacher is responsible for and makes all the decisions related to the learning environment" to a learnercentered model where the student is "responsible for his or her own learning" and the teacher focuses an "matching learning events to the individual skills, aptitudes, and interests of the individual learner" (pp. 38-39). Cognitive engineering saw the rise of "user-Centered design" and human factors that were concerned with applying "scientific knowledge of humans to the design of man-machine interface systems" (p. 44). The UCP had a great effect an Information Science in the "design of information systems" (p. 47). Previous to UCP's explicit proposed by Brenda Dervin and M. Nilan in 1986, systems design was dominated by the "physical of system oriented paradigm" (p. 48). The physical paradigm held a positivistic and materialistic view of technology and (passive) human interaction as exemplified by the 1953 Cranfield tests of information retrieval mechanisms. Instead, the UCP focuses an "users rather than systems" by making the perceptions of individual information users the "centerpiece consideration for information service and system design" (pp. 47-48). Bruce briefly touches an the various schools of thought within user-oriented paradigm, such as the cognitive/self studies approach with its emphasis is an an individual's knowledge structures or model of the world [e.g., Belkin (1990)], the cognitve/context studies approach that focuses an "context in explaining variations in information behavior" [e.g., Savolainen (1995) and Dervin's (1999) sensemaking], and the social constructionism/discourse analytic theory with its focus an that language, not mental/knowledge constructs, as the primary shaper of the world as a system of intersubjective meanings [e.g., Talja 1996], (pp. 53-54). Drawing from the rich tradition of user oriented research, Bruce attempts to gain a metatheoretical understanding of the Internet as a phenomena by combining Dervin's (1996) "micromoments of human usings" with the French philosopher Bruno Latour's (1999) "conception of Circulating reference" to form what 1 term the Metatheory of Circulating Usings (pp. ix, 56, 60). According to Bruce, Latour's concept is designed to bridge "the gap between mind and object" by engaging in a "succession of finely grained transformations that construct and transfer truth about the object" through a chain of "microtranslations" from "matter to form," thereby connecting mind and object (p. 56). The connection works as long as the chain remains unbroken. The nature of this chain of "information producing translations" are such that as one moves away from the object, one experiences a "reduction" of the object's "locality, particularity, materiality, multiplicity and continuity," while simultaneously gaining the "amplification" of its "compatibility, standardization, text, calculation, circulation, and relative universality" (p. 57).

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Footnote

Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].

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Abstract

Updated version of an earlier edition which underlines, on the one hand, the growing importance of grey literature as an information source and the need for guidelines for its further exploitation and, on the other hand the many changes which are taking place, not least with respect to electronic publishing and the rise of the Internet and WWW. Individual chapters deal with specific issues, including: the nature and development of grey literature; grey literatur collections and methods of acquisition; bibliographic control; cataloguing and indexing; specialist means of distribution, microforms and the Internet; theses, translations and meetings papers; aerospace; life sciences; the European Community; education; energy; science and technology; keys to reports series codes; trade literature; and a list of useful addresses of organizations and contacts

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LCSH

Literature / Translations / History and criticism

Subject

Literature / Translations / History and criticism

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Abstract

The translation of foreign language texts by computers was one of the first tasks that the pioneers of Computing and Artificial Intelligence set themselves. Machine translation is again becoming an importantfield of research and development as the need for translations of technical and commercial documentation is growing well beyond the capacity of the translation profession.This is the first textbook of machine translation, providing a full course on both general machine translation systems characteristics and the computational linguistic foundations of the field. The book assumes no previous knowledge of machine translation and provides the basic background information to the linguistic and computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, natural language processing and information science.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Machine translation review: 1999, no.10, S.26-27 (D. Lewis): "Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) addresses the growing need to access large volumes of data across language boundaries. The typical requirement is for the user to input a free form query, usually a brief description of a topic, into a search or retrieval engine which returns a list, in ranked order, of documents or web pages that are relevant to the topic. The search engine matches the terms in the query to indexed terms, usually keywords previously derived from the target documents. Unlike monolingual information retrieval, CLIR requires query terms in one language to be matched to indexed terms in another. Matching can be done by bilingual dictionary lookup, full machine translation, or by applying statistical methods. A query's success is measured in terms of recall (how many potentially relevant target documents are found) and precision (what proportion of documents found are relevant). Issues in CLIR are how to translate query terms into index terms, how to eliminate alternative translations (e.g. to decide that French 'traitement' in a query means 'treatment' and not 'salary'), and how to rank or weight translation alternatives that are retained (e.g. how to order the French terms 'aventure', 'business', 'affaire', and 'liaison' as relevant translations of English 'affair'). Grefenstette provides a lucid and useful overview of the field and the problems. The volume brings together a number of experiments and projects in CLIR. Mark Davies (New Mexico State University) describes Recuerdo, a Spanish retrieval engine which reduces translation ambiguities by scanning indexes for parallel texts; it also uses either a bilingual dictionary or direct equivalents from a parallel corpus in order to compare results for queries on parallel texts. Lisa Ballesteros and Bruce Croft (University of Massachusetts) use a 'local feedback' technique which automatically enhances a query by adding extra terms to it both before and after translation; such terms can be derived from documents known to be relevant to the query.
Christian Fluhr at al (DIST/SMTI, France) outline the EMIR (European Multilingual Information Retrieval) and ESPRIT projects. They found that using SYSTRAN to machine translate queries and to access material from various multilingual databases produced less relevant results than a method referred to as 'multilingual reformulation' (the mechanics of which are only hinted at). An interesting technique is Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), described by Michael Littman et al (Brown University) and, most clearly, by David Evans et al (Carnegie Mellon University). LSI involves creating matrices of documents and the terms they contain and 'fitting' related documents into a reduced matrix space. This effectively allows queries to be mapped onto a common semantic representation of the documents. Eugenio Picchi and Carol Peters (Pisa) report on a procedure to create links between translation equivalents in an Italian-English parallel corpus. The links are used to construct parallel linguistic contexts in real-time for any term or combination of terms that is being searched for in either language. Their interest is primarily lexicographic but they plan to apply the same procedure to comparable corpora, i.e. to texts which are not translations of each other but which share the same domain. Kiyoshi Yamabana et al (NEC, Japan) address the issue of how to disambiguate between alternative translations of query terms. Their DMAX (double maximise) method looks at co-occurrence frequencies between both source language words and target language words in order to arrive at the most probable translation. The statistical data for the decision are derived, not from the translation texts but independently from monolingual corpora in each language. An interactive user interface allows the user to influence the selection of terms during the matching process. Denis Gachot et al (SYSTRAN) describe the SYSTRAN NLP browser, a prototype tool which collects parsing information derived from a text or corpus previously translated with SYSTRAN. The user enters queries into the browser in either a structured or free form and receives grammatical and lexical information about the source text and/or its translation.

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Date

22. 7.2007 12:05:26
22. 7.2007 12:08:24

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Issue

Vol.22.

Signature

78 BAHH 1089-22

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Content

Inhalt: Introduction -- Focusing on user needs :new ways of subject access in Czechia -- Subject analysis and indexing :an "Italian version" of the analytico-synthetic model -- Subject search in Italian OPACs :an opportunity in waiting? -- Semiautomatic merging of two universal thesauri :the case of Estonia -- 20 years SWD :German subject authority data prepared for the future -- Mixed translations of the DDC :design, usability, and implications for knowledge organization in multilingual environments -- Animals belonging to the emperor :enabling viewpoint warrant in classification -- Dewey in Sweden :leaving SAB after 87 years -- Enhancing information services using machine-to-machine terminology services -- Social bookmarking and subject indexing -- Social indexing at the Stockholm Public Library -- The Nuovo Soggettario Thesaurus :structural features and web application projects -- Jzyk Hasel Przedmiotowych Biblioteki Narodowej (National Library of Poland Subject Headings) :from card catalogs to Digital Library :some questions about the future of a Local Subject Heading Systems in the changing world of information retrieval -- FAST headings as tags for WorldCat

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:22:32

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Date

22. 7.2000 18:21:08

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Date

6. 1.1999 10:29:22

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Date

25. 3.2003 15:35:22

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Series

Sprache und Information; 22

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Date

23. 8.1996 12:51:22

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Date

22. 5.1999 18:14:05

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Date

27.11.2005 18:04:22

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Footnote

Rez. in KO 36(2009) no.1, S. 61-62 (K.P. Singh): "Although not much is currently being written on book numbers, Dr. M. P. Satija has published many books and journal articles on the topic, as his bibliography attests (p. 124-129). Book numbers are important for library shelf arrangement of print publications and certain electronic ones. They are also essential for the sub-arrangement of documents within a given specific class. Biographies, classics and their associative books, literary books, translations and sequels pose special problems for designing book numbers. There are many book number techniques and systems, five of which Satija examines. C. A. Cutter (1837-1903) devised tables for author names. Despite having been designed for Western names in Roman script, Cutter's tables are used all over the world. Many locally-designed systems have adapted Cutter's method to different languages. To overcome these limitations, S. R. Ranganathan (1892-1972), the father of library science in India, conceived, in his characteristically global-minded manner, a universal system diametrically opposed to Cutter's method. By all accounts, Ranganathan's system of book numbers is scientific, comprehensive and applicable, irrespective of the language of the book. Satija critically examines all aspects of the Ranganathan system at length. Highlighting the Indian contribution to book numbers, Satija provides the most comprehensive treatment of this Indian system written so far. Satija also examines the systems of S. Bashiruddin (1982-1984) and Asa Don Dickinson (1876-1960). Bashiruddin imagined a system of author numbers mainl for books in Indian scripts-namely Hindi and Urdu-, but he also proposed a similar method for English names. Dickinson devised a long table for Indian names based on Cutter's method, which Satija reproduces in full. A further chapter, rich in examples, is devoted to the author table developed in 1961 by the National Library of India at Kolkata. Although the Cutter author tables are explained, they are not reproduced. These tables, however, are easily available. Book Numbers: Indian and Cutter is divided into short chapters enriched by appendices and many examples. Each system is prefaced by a brief biography of its designer. The seven-page introduction presents the definition, purpose and history of book numbers. The last chapter addresses the meaning and use of full call numbers indicating the place of the book in the library. Focusing on Indian systems of book and author numbers, Satija's Book Numbers complements American publications such as Donald J. Lehnus' Book Numbers: History, Principles, and Applications and John P. Comaromi's Book Numbers: A Historical Study and Practical Guide to their Use. Its language is lucid, and the bibliography running from 1916 to 2007 is useful for further studies. The high production quality of this short book can easily be compared to any international standard. Book Numbers: Indian and Cutter is a timely reminder that book numbers still have their utility. It will thus be very valuable to librarians and students in library science."

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Date

22. 3.1997 13:55:08
22. 7.2000 18:46:59

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Footnote

Rez. in: Online 22(1998) no.1, S.93-94 (J. Alita)