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Abstract

Dieses "schmale Taschenbuch" ist eine zum 250. Geburtstag der Enzyklopädie erschienene Neuausgabe von Diderots Enzyklopädie. Es stellt eine gekürzte Fassung von 1972 dar und genügt den Ansprüchen von Rezensent Lothar Müller nicht. Müller hat neben den Auslassungen ganzer Artikel noch "einschneidende Binnenkürzungen" gefunden, schimpft der Rezensent und meint, dass das Buch in seinem bescheidenen Umfang dem "Jubiläumsjahr 2001" nicht gerecht wird.

Date

22. 3.2008 16:17:01

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Footnote

Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].

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Abstract

Das Abenteuer, ein Buch neu zu denken, das die Welt neu denken wollte: Diderots und d'Alemberts Encyclopédie. Es freilegen, befreien von Vereinnahmung und Verklärung, die das unbändige Werk in kostbares Leder packen, im Regal verstauen, mit einem Brockhaus verwechseln. Im Lauf der Zeit fallen alle Auswüchse, Sehnsüchte, Widersprüche den Gelehrten zum Opfer, denen soviel ungestümes Leben angst macht. Der Mensch, der doch im Mittelpunkt aller Bestrebungen der Enzyklopädisten steht, wird aus dem Buch gedrängt - übrig bleiben die großen Ideen, die hehren Ideale, um deren Unvereinbarkeit mit der Realität Diderot und die Seinen wohl wußten, doch schon bald nicht mehr wissen durften. Denn die Fackel der Aufklärung leuchtete längst nicht in alle Winkel des menschlichen Herzens. Schwärmerei und Gottesfurcht haben darin ebenso überlebt wie die bemerkenswert unaufgeklärte Betrachtung der Anderen: der Faulenzer, Müßiggänger, Sodomiten, Deserteure und Selbstmörder, von Frauen und Negern ganz zu schweigen. Zweihundertfünfzig Jahre später wühlen wir uns durch die Folianten, fahren auf Alleen und Sandwegen vorbei an allem erdenklichen Getier und Gewächs, an Gebilden, Gebäuden, und wir staunen darüber, wie uns die Enzyklopädisten, die doch schon so lange tot sind, plötzlich in Fleisch und Blut durch ihr Universum führen: Wiesen, Himmel, Steinbrüche, Senkgruben. Die Grenzen, die sie ihrer Welt gesetzt haben, kreuzen die unseren. Mit einem Buch die Menschheit verbessern zu wollen, was für eine Anmaßung! Mit Wörtern die Welt beschreiben, welch Wahnwitz! Und doch: Nach und nach werden aus Wörtern Stimmen, hören wir Verstimmungen glückliche Tage, Verdruß. Wir lesen, daß Diderot nach seiner Rückkehr vom Begräbnis des verehrten Freundes Montesquieu seinen Artikel EKLEKTIZISMUS beendet; lassen uns von Jaucourts Entdeckerfreude anstecken, wenn er die hungrige Laus auf seinem Handrücken beschreibt, Bein für Bein, Haar für Haar; amüsieren uns über Rousseaus Verdammung schlecht klingender Trompeten; lesen, wie sich die wohl einzige Frau, die an der Encyclopédie mitschreiben durfte, Susanne-Marie de Vivans, über die Weitschweifigkeit ihrer Kollegen mokiert; fragen uns, wo denn die Aufklärung geblieben ist, wenn Voltaire ausruft, man könne die Geschichte nicht studieren, ohne »Abscheu gegenüber der menschlichen Gattung« zu fassen; und wir fühlen mit, wie Diderot sich im Artikel ENZYKLOPÄDIE den ganzen Frust von der Seele schreibt über das »verfluchte Monstrum«, das ihm so viele Jahre seines Lebens geraubt hat. Zweihundertfünfzig Jahre Lorbeer, Tortenguß, Bibliothekenstaub, Gipsschichten, Ketzerhemden und Talare: Nackt sieht die Encyclopédie anders aus, menschlicher, weniger angsteinflößend, bezaubernder, fehlerhafter; und nackt oder zumindest im Morgenmantel, dem liebgewordenen, abgegriffenen, auch die Autoren in ihren Artikeln. Nicht in den weltbewegenden, vielzitierten, anthologisierten; es sind die Kleinode, Rohdiamanten, in denen der Mensch überlebt, und die uns heute noch anrühren, Arche Noah in unserer Zeit der beliebig verfügbaren, verlinkten Information - Orakel auf unserem Weg durchs 21. Jahrhundert.

Footnote

Vgl. auch: Naumann, M. (Bearb.) u.a.: Diderots Enzyklopädie: eine Auswahl. Ausw. und Einf. von Manfred Naumann. Übers. aus dem Franz. von Theodor Lücke. Leipzig: Reclam 2001. 320 S.

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Abstract

This book brings together contemporary facet theory research to propose mapping sentences as a new way of understanding complex behavior, and suggests future directions the approach may take. How do we think about the worlds we live in? The formation of categories of events and objects seems to be a fundamental orientation procedure. Facet theory and its main tool, the mapping sentence, deal with categories of behavior and experience, their interrelationship, and their unification as our worldviews. In this book Hackett reviews philosophical writing along with neuroscientific research and information form other disciplines to provide a context for facet theory and the qualitative developments in this approach. With a variety of examples, the author proposes mapping sentences as a new way of understanding and defining complex behavior.

Date

17.10.2015 17:22:01

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Abstract

This book investigates the principles of cataloguing museum objects; the main aspects discussed are record structures, terminology and conventions

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Abstract

Examines the nuts-and-bolts practical matters of making this cataloging system work in the Internet environment, where information objects are electronic, transient, and numerous.

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Content

Enthält Beiträge von: FUGMANN, R.: Obstacles to progress in mechanized subject access and the necessity of a paradigm change; TELL, B.: On MARC and natural text searching: a review of Pauline Cochrane's inspirational thinking grafted onto a Swedish spy on library matters; KING, D.W.: Blazing new trails: in celebration of an audacious career; FIDEL, R.: The user-centered approach; SMITH, L.: Subject access in interdisciplinary research; DRABENSTOTT, K.M.: Web search strategies; LAM, V.-T.: Enhancing subject access to monographs in Online Public Access Catalogs: table of contents added to bibliographic records; JOHNSON, E.H.: Objects for distributed heterogeneous information retrieval

Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Abstract

Recent years have seen an explosive growth in the use of new database applications such as CAD/CAM systems, spatial information systems, and multimedia information systems. The needs of these applications are far more complex than traditional business applications. They call for support of objects with complex data types, such as images and spatial objects, and for support of objects with wildly varying numbers of index terms, such as documents. Traditional indexing techniques such as the B-tree and its variants do not efficiently support these applications, and so new indexing mechanisms have been developed.As a result of the demand for database support for new applications, there has been a proliferation of new indexing techniques. The need for a book addressing indexing problems in advanced applications is evident. For practitioners and database and application developers, this book explains best practice, guiding the selection of appropriate indexes for each application. For researchers, this book provides a foundation for the development of new and more robust indexes. For newcomers, this book is an overview of the wide range of advanced indexing techniques. "Indexing Techniques for Advanced Database Systems" is suitable as a secondary text for a graduate level course on indexing techniques, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.

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Abstract

The basic definitions and properties of the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFSs) are introduced in the book. The IFSs are substantial extensions of the ordinary fuzzy sets. IFSs are objects having degrees of membership and of non-membership, such that their sum is exactly 1. The most important property of IFS not shared by the fuzzy sets is that modal-like operatores can be defined over IFSs

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Abstract

LIS professionals use structures for organizing knowledge when they catalog and classify objects in the collection, when they develop databases, when they design customized taxonomies, or when they search online. Structures for Organizing Knowledge: Exploring Taxonomies, Ontologies, and Other Schema explores and explains this basic function by looking at three questions: 1) How do we organize objects so that they make sense and are useful? 2) What role do categories, classifications, taxonomies, and other structures play in the process of organizing? 3) What do information professionals need to know about organizing behaviors in order to design useful structures for organizing knowledge? Taking a broad, yet specialized approach that is a first in the field, this book answers those questions by examining three threads: traditional structures for organizing knowledge; personal structures for organizing knowledge; and socially-constructed structures for organizing knowledge. Through these threads, it offers avenues for expanding thinking on classification and classification schemes, taxonomy and ontology development, and structures. Both a history of the development of taxonomies and an analysis of current research, theories, and applications, this volume explores a wide array of topics, including the new digital, social aspect of taxonomy development. Examples of subjects covered include: Formal and informal structures Applications of knowledge structures Classification schemes Early taxonomists and their contributions Social networking, bookmarking, and cataloging sites Cataloging codes Standards and best practices Tags, tagging, and folksonomies Descriptive cataloging Metadata schema standards Thought exercises, references, and a list of helpful websites augment each section. A final chapter, "Thinking Ahead: Are We at a Crossroads?" uses "envisioning exercises" to help LIS professionals look into the future.

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Abstract

In Digital Methods, Richard Rogers proposes a methodological outlook for social and cultural scholarly research on the Web that seeks to move Internet research beyond the study of online culture. It is not a toolkit for Internet research, or operating instructions for a software package; it deals with broader questions. How can we study social media to learn something about society rather than about social media use? How can hyperlinks reveal not just the value of a Web site but the politics of association? Rogers proposes repurposing Web-native techniques for research into cultural change and societal conditions. We can learn to reapply such "methods of the medium" as crawling and crowd sourcing, PageRank and similar algorithms, tag clouds and other visualizations; we can learn how they handle hits, likes, tags, date stamps, and other Web-native objects. By "thinking along" with devices and the objects they handle, digital research methods can follow the evolving methods of the medium. Rogers uses this new methodological outlook to examine the findings of inquiries into 9/11 search results, the recognition of climate change skeptics by climate-change-related Web sites, the events surrounding the Srebrenica massacre according to Dutch, Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian Wikipedias, presidential candidates' social media "friends," and the censorship of the Iranian Web. With Digital Methods, Rogers introduces a new vision and method for Internet research and at the same time applies them to the Web's objects of study, from tiny particles (hyperlinks) to large masses (social media).

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 34(2007) no.4, S. 264-265 (L.C. Howarth): "At a time when cataloguing code revision is continuing apace with the consolidation of the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), the drafting of RDA: Resource Description and Access, and the development of common principles for an international cataloguing code (International Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code [IME ICC]), the publication of a guide for cataloguing cultural objects is timely and purposeful. Compiling this data content standard on behalf of the Visual Resources Association, the five editors - with oversight from an advisory board - have divided the guide into three parts. Following a brief introduction outlining the purpose, intended audience, and scope and methodology for the publication, Part One, General Guidelines, explains both what the Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO) guide is "a broad document that includes rules for formatting data, suggestions for required information, controlled vocabulary requirements, and display issues" (p. I) and is not "not a metadata element set per se" (p. 1). Part Two, Elements, is further divided into nine chapters dealing with one or more metadata elements, and describing the relationships between and among each element. Part Three, Authorities, discusses what elements to include in building authority records. A Selected Bibliography, Glossary, and Index, respectively, round out the guide.
As the editors note in their introduction, "Standards that guide data structure, data values, and data content form the basis for a set of tools that can lead to good descriptive cataloging, consistent documentation, shared records, and increased end-user access" (p. xi). The VRA Core Categories, for example, represent a set of metadata elements expressed within an XML structure (data structure). Likewise, the Art Architecture Thesaurus contains sets of terms and relationships, or defined data values. While much effort has been expended on developing both data structures and values, the editors argue, the third leg of the stool, data content, has received less attention. Unlike the library community with its Anglo-American Cataloging Rules [sic though RDA is referenced in the Selected Bibliography], or its archival equivalent, Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS), those in the domain of cultural heritage responsible for describing and documenting works of art, architecture, cultural artifacts, and their respective images, have not had the benefit of such data content standards. CCO is intended to address (or redress) that gap, emphasizing the exercise of good judgment and cataloguer discretion over the application of "rigid rules" [p. xii], and building on existing standards. ... Overall, Cataloging Cultural Objects with its attending guidelines for descriptive metadata and authority control for "one-of-a-kind cultural objects" should merit a place among the "well-established" data content standards of the library and archival communities that CCO references with obvious regard."

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Date

22. 7.2007 12:05:26
22. 7.2007 12:08:24

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Issue

Vol.22.

Signature

78 BAHH 1089-22

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Content

The system and the systems approach - Vital activities and needs - Information crisis - Concept on an information retrieval system - Information retrieval language - Automatic indexing of documents - Automatic indexing of search requests - Storage and access to information - Control and feedback in IR systems - Evaluation of search results - Evaluation of macroevaluated objects - Some directions in the development of IR systems

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Abstract

The first section of "Semantic Web and Education" surveys the basic aspects and features of the Semantic Web. After this basic review, the book turns its focus to its primary topic of how Semantic Web developments can be used to build attractive and more successful education applications. The book analytically discusses the technical areas of architecture, metadata, learning objects, software engineering trends, and more. Integrated with these technical topics are the examinations of learning-oriented topics such as learner modeling, collaborative learning, learning management, learning communities, ontological engineering of web-based learning, and related topics. The result is a thorough and highly useful presentation on the confluence of the technical aspects of the Semantic Web and the field of Education or the art of teaching. The book will be of considerable interest to researchers and students in the fields Information Systems, Computer Science, and Education.

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Content

IntroductionDescribing manifestations and items -- Describing persons -- Describing families -- Describing corporate bodies -- Describing geographic entities -- Describing works -- Describing expressions -- Recording relationships -- Appendix A. Printed books and sheets -- Appendix B. Cartographic resources -- Appendix C. Unpublished manuscripts and manuscript collections -- Appendix D. Notated music -- Appendix E. Audio recordings -- Appendix F. Moving image resources -- Appendix G. Two-dimensional graphic resources -- Appendix H. Three-dimensional resources and objects -- Appendix I. Digital resources -- Appendix J. Microform resources -- Appendix K. Bibliographic records serials and integrating resources -- Appendix L. Analytical description.

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Content

To encourage a spirit of deeper reflection, the organizing committee invited 20-minute paper presentations, each followed by 10 minutes of discussion. (There were no separate, concurrent tracks.) This approach encouraged direct follow-up questions and discussion which carried forward from session to session, providing a satisfying sense of continuity to the overall conference theme of exploring the interaction between conceptual and empirical approaches to LIS. The expressed goals of CoLIS4 were to: - explore the existing and emerging conceptual frameworks and methods of library and information science as a field, - encourage discourse about the character and definitions of key concepts in LIS, and - examine the position of LIS among parallel contemporary domains and professions likewise concerned with information and information technology, such as computer science, management information systems, and new media and communication studies. The keynote address by Tom Wilson (University of Sheffield) provided an historical perspective on the philosophical and research frameworks of LIS in the post-World War II period. He traced the changing emphases on the objects of LIS study: definitions of information and documents; information retrieval, relevance, systems, and architectures; information users and behaviors. He raised issues of the relevance of LIS research to real-world information services and practice, and the gradual shift in research approaches from quantitative to qualitative. He concluded by stressing the ongoing need of LIS for cumulative, theory-based, and content-rich bodies of research, meaningful to practitioners and useful to contemporary LIS education.

Date

22. 2.2007 18:56:23
22. 2.2007 19:12:10

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Abstract

This is a practical tool and comprehensive introduction to the use of controlled vocabularies. This authoritative and detailed volume presents readers with a 'how-to' guide to building controlled vocabulary tools, cataloguing and indexing cultural materials with terms and names from controlled vocabularies, and how to use vocabularies in search engines and databases to enhance discovery and retrieval online. "Introduction to Controlled Vocabularies" also features in-depth discussions on a number of topics, including: What are controlled vocabularies and why are they useful? Which vocabularies exist for cataloguing art and cultural objects? and how should they be used for indexing and retrieving? This book provides organizations and individuals with a practical tool for creating and implementing vocabularies as reference tools, sources of documentation, and powerful enhancements for online searching.

Content

Controlled vocabularies in context -- What are controlled vocabularies? -- Relationships in controlled vocabularies -- Vocabularies for cultural objects -- Using multiple vocabularies -- Local authorities -- Constructing a vocabulary or authority -- Indexing with controlled vocabularies -- Retrieval using controlled vocabularies.