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Content

1. Allgemeines 3. Aufl. 1985. - 2. Theologie und Religionswissenschaften 4. Aufl. 1987. - 3,1. Philosphie 1989. - 3,2. Psychologie 1990. - 4. Pädagogik 1987. - 5. Allgemeine und vergleichene Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen 1989. - 6. Klassische Philologie. Byzantinistik. Mittellat. und neugriech. Philologie. Neulatein. 1984. - 7. Germanistik. Niederländische Philologie. Skandinavistik 1987. - 8. Anglistik. Amerikanistik 1989. - 9,1. Romanistik. - 9,2. Romanistik. - 10,1. Slavistik. - 10,2. Slavistik. - 11,1. Ethnologie 1991. - 11,2. Klassische Archäologie 1984. - 11,3. Kunstgeschichte 1988. - 11,4. Musikwissenschaft 1988. - 12,1. Politologie 1990. - 12,2. Soziologie 1990. 12,3. Militärwissenschaft 1982. - 13,1. Geschichte 1985. - 13,2. Geschichte 1985. - 14. Rechtswissenschaft 1987. - 15. Wirtschaftswissenschaften 1992. - 16. Geographie 1988. - 17. Mathematik und Informatik 1985. - 17,1. Mathematik 1992. -18,1. Allg. Naturwissenschaften 1990. - 18,2. Geologie und Paläontologie 1989. - 19. Physik 1989. - 20. Chemie und Pharmazie 1988. - 21. Biologie und vorklinische Medizin 1991. - 22/23. Theoretische und klinische Medizin 1988. - 24,1. Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Gartenbau. Fischereiwirtschaft. Hauswirtschaft 1988. - 24,2. Technik 1991. - 24,3. Sport 1986. - 25. Studentenbücherei 1988

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Date

9. 1.1996 10:22:31

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Source

Inspel. 22(1988), S.121-145

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Date

9. 2.1997 18:44:22

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Date

22. 5.2007 12:07:51

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Date

22. 4.2007 12:15:17

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: MEINK, P.: Das Gestern und das Morgen mit einer DK von heute. Eine Klassifikation hält Schritt; KNELL, G.: EDV-gestützte DK-Anwendung in der Bereichsbibliothek Erziehungswissenschaften der Universität Gießen; SCHAEL, F.: Volkswagen von 0 bis 9 - die DK in einem industriellen Großunternehmen; TRAISER, W.: Anwendung der Universellen Dezimalklassifikation in Nationalbibliographien; FUNK, H., K. LOTH: Sachabfrage im ETHICS auf der Basis der UDK. Ein OPAC; PARNICZKY, G.: Descriptor language for statistical nomenclatures; SCHWARZ, C.: THESYS: Thesaurus Syntax System. A fully automated thesaurus building aid: KÖNIG, G., M. MARME: Klassifikation und Thesaurus für die Mathematikdidaktik; HERFURTH, M.: Notationen soziologischen Wissens. Ein Beitrag zur Architektur sozialwissenschaftlicher Wissensbasen; OHLY, H.P.: Sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien als Gegenstand systematischer Dokumentation; GÖDERT, W.: Syntax von Dokumentationssprachen im Online-Katalog; SPITZ, A.L., L.D. WILCOX: Classification techniques applied to the recognition of office documents; HÖLZL, J.: Warenklassifikation als Mittel der Input-Output-Analyse; GASTHUBER, H.: Methodischer Aspekte der Gestaltung von benutzerfreundlichen Produktinforma-tionssystemen; AHLHAUS, O.: Klassifikations- und Ordnungssysteme für das Produkt-, Qualitäts- und Verpackungswesen; PRETZSCH, J.: Der OPAC des Deutschen Patentamtes und seine sachlichen Zugriffsmöglichkeiten; GEIS, A.: Entwicklung von Diktionären. Zum Beispiel maschinelle Branchenvercodung; GOMBOSI, M., G. DOMOKOS: Logical checking on statistical nomenclatures. -

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Content

Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: BALLMER, T.: Die Allgemeinsprache als Grundlage des menschlichen Wissens; UNGVARY, R.: Ein natürliches System der Gegenstände; FUGMANN, R.: Theoretische Grundlagen der Indexierungspraxis; VELTMAN, K.: Multidimensional bibliography in classification; JOCHUM, F. u. V. WEISSMANN: Struktur und Elemente des Information Retrieval Experiments; LIEDLOFF, V.: Anwendung eines existenten Klassifikationssystems im Bereich der computerunterstützten Inhaltsanalyse; KOHL, E.: Der Thesaurus Poliathes der Bibliothek des Deutschen Bundestages in Beziehung zu den Normen DIN 1463, ISO 2788 und 5964; GÖDERT, W.: Komplementarität bei der Klassenbildung in der klassifikatorischen und verbalen Sacherschließung; LUNAU, H.: Das natürliche System der Organismen als Klassifikationsschema für Biologiebestände?; KLÖTI, T.: Aufstellung einer Kartensammlung in einer Fachbereichsbibliothek; HOLZ-MÄNTTÄRI, J.: Die Recherchierarbeit des Berufstranslators; KROMMER-BENZ, M. u. W. NEDOBITY: Klassifikationssysteme und die terminologischen Datenbanken; NACKE, O.: Prinzipien eines zentralen Verwaltungssystems für Terminologien; LAUTERBACH, H.: Teile- und Produktsbeschreibung mit Hilfe des Sachmerkmal-Systems nach DIN 4000; HAENDLER, H.: Konzipiert für die Belange der Datendokumentation: der Internationale Futtermittelthesaurus; STANCIKOVA, P.: Methodology of Multilingual Water Management Thesaurus processing; RAUSCHENBERGER, H.: Klassifikationen in EDV-gestützten Umweltauskunftssystemen; HERFURTH, M. u. H. SCHOTT; Dokumentationssprache zwischen Wissenschaft und Informationspolitik: Konzepte und Verfahrensweisen im Informationszentrum Sozialwissenschaften; GRAUMANN, S.: Aufbau, Struktur und Probleme bei der Erstellung eines EDV-gestützten Thesaurus; DAHLBERG, I.: Zur Systematik der Sachgebiete in der neuen Internationalen Enzyklopädie der Sozialwissenschaften

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Footnote

Original in: Wilson, P.: Two kinds of power: an essay on bibliograpical control. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press 1968. S.69-92.

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Date

15. 1.2005 14:10:22

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Abstract

The basic fallacy of mechanised information retrieval systems seems to be the often unconscious but apparently implied assumption that the machine can inject meaning into a group of juxtaposed terms although no methods of conceptual analysis and re-synthesis have been programmed (p. 203). As an example, he suggests considering the slight but vital differences in the meaning of the word "of" in selected examples: swarm of bees house of the mayor House of Lords spectrum of the sun basket of fish meeting of councillors cooking of meat book of the film Farradane's distinctive contribution is his matrix of basic relationships. The rows concern time and memory, in degree of happenstance: coincidentally, occasionally, or always. The columns represent degree of the "powers of discrimination": occurring together, linked by common elements only, or standing alone. To make these relationships easily managed, he used symbols for each of the nine kinds - "symbols found an every typewriter": /O (Theta) /* /; /= /+ /( /) /_ /: Farradane has maintained his basic insights to the present day. Though he has gone an to do other kinds of research in classification, his work indicates that he still believes that "the primary task ... is that of establishing satisfactory and enduring principles of subject analysis, or classification" (p. 208).

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Abstract

Seitdem C. P. Snow - Physiker und Romancier zugleich - 1959 zum ersten Mal von den »zwei Kulturen« sprach, ist dieses Wort zu einem festen Begriff geworden. Die »zwei Kulturen« - das sind die zwei Welten der Geisteswissenschaft und Literatur einerseits, der Naturwissenschaft und Technik andererseits, zwischen denen sich eine Kluft gegenseitigen Nichtverstehens aufgetan hat. Ignoranz und Spezialisierung auf beiden Seiten haben zuweilen sogar eine gewisse Feindseligkeit entstehen lassen. Mit Recht hält Snow diese Situation für ein wichtiges Problem des Westens, für politisch gefährlich, und zwar schon aus dem Grunde, weil die Geisteswissenschaftler und Politiker nicht mehr wissen, ob Ratschläge der Naturwissenschaftler richtig oder falsch sind. Die These von den zwei Kulturen fand ein weltweites Echo und entfachte eine Diskussion, in der das Problem, das Snow als sein eigenes Problem empfunden hat, sich immer mehr auf das Verhältnis der Literatur zur »naturwissenschaftlichen Revolution« zuspitzte. Obwohl nämlich Snow beiden Kulturen ihre Einseitigkeit vorwirft, macht er letztlich doch die literarische Intelligenz, die er fortschrittsfeindlich und im eigentlichen Sinn antiintellektuell nennt, für die Isolierung verantwortlich. Dieser Band enthält den vollständigen Text der berühmten Vorlesung Snows und seinen >Nachtrag< von 1963, in dem er sich mit der Kritik auseinandersetzt, außerdem zwölf Beiträge zur Diskussion aus dem angloamerikanischen und deutschen Bereich, die das Problem von den verschiedensten Seiten aus angehen sowie ein aktuelles Vorwort des Herausgebers.

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Content

Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: CUBE, A. von: Rechts und links, vorne und hinten - alles vertauscht?; SCHUCHARDT, H.: Brief an eine Einsame; HOFFMANN, G.E.: Ein Beileidsschreiben an unsere Juristen - durch einige Glückwünsche verziert; BLEUEL, H.P.: Schriftsteller und Neue Medien; FABIAN, W.: Das späte Erwachen: zum medienpolitischen Bewußtsein der Gewerkschaften; JUNGK, R.: Kabelfernsehen und Nachrüstung; FRANKE, H.W.: Das Gutenberg-Konzil - ins Mediendeutsch übersetzt; WEIDHAAS, P.: Beim Putsch wird als erstes der Sender gestürmt; MÜCKENBERGER, U.: Detektiv-Automat: Terror der Sachlichkeit und Recht auf Unordnung; SCHIRMBECK, H.: Ein Babel per Kabel? Betrachtungen zur Sozial-Ästhetik des Fernsehens; FLECHTHEIM, O.K.: Dreimal Zukunft - ein Weg zum homo humanus; PÄCH, S.: Die Bilderwelt des elektronischen Zeitalters: Video- und Computerkunst

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Abstract

Among the theorists in the field of subject analysis in the twentieth century, none has been more influential than S. R. Ranganathan (1892-1972) of India, a mathematician by training who turned to librarianship and made some of the most far-reaching contributions to the theory of librarianship in general and subject analysis in particular. Dissatisfied with both the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Universal Decimal Classification, Ranganathan set out to develop his own system. His Colon Classification was first published in 1933 and went through six editions; the seventh edition was in progress when Ranganathan died in 1972. In the course of developing the Colon Classification, Ranganathan formulated a body of classification theory which was published in numerous writings, of which the best known are Elements of Library Classification (1945; 3rd ed., 1962) and Prolegomena to Library Classification (1967). Among the principles Ranganathan established, the most powerful and influential are those relating to facet analysis. Ranganathan demonstrated that facet analysis (breaking down subjects into their component parts) and synthesis (recombining these parts to fit the documents) provide the most viable approach to representing the contents of documents. Although the idea and use of facets, though not always called by that name, have been present for a long time (for instance, in the Dewey Decimal Classification and Charles A. Cutter's Expansive Classification), Ranganathan was the person who systematized the ideas and established principles for them. For his Colon Classification, Ranganathan identified five fundamental categories: Personality (P), Material (M), Energy (E), Space (S) and Time (T) and the citation order PMEST based an the idea of decreasing concreteness.

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Abstract

A major contribution of cognitive psychology has been the conceptualization of knowledge as memory representations in the form of scripts, frames, or schemata (Anderson & Pearson, 1984; Rumelhart & Ortony, 1977; Shank & Abelson, 1977; Spiro, 1980). Schemata are defined as "packets of integrated information on various topics" (Hunt, 1993 , p.530). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, cognitive psychologists were interested in describing the nature of these packets of information. Spiro (1980 ) demonstrated the constructive and complex nature of schemata and highlighted contextual factors--including tasks, texts, and situational contexts--that influenced how knowledge is organized in memory. Recently, cognitive researchers have come to view knowledge and schemata as multidimensional (Jetton, Rupley, & Willson, 1995). For example, researchers have differentiated novice and experts' knowledge structures in subject-matter domains (Chase & Simon, 1973; Chi, Glaser, & Rees, 1982; Larkin, McDermott, Simon, & Simon, 1981; Voss, Greene, Post, & Penner, 1983). Researchers have examined discourse knowledge--knowledge about language and how it works (McCutchen, 1986). Another aspect of knowledge that has been extensively studied is strategic knowledge--knowledge about procedures for accomplishing a goal or task (Alexander & Judy, 1988; J. R. Anderson, 1983a; Prawat, 1989).

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Footnote

Original in: Information retrieval today: papers presented at an Institute conducted by the Library School and the Center for Continuation Study, University of Minnesota, Sept. 19-22, 1962. Ed. by Wesley Simonton. Minneapolis, Minn.: The Center, 1963. S.21-36.

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Editor

Dürr, H.-P.