Search (1166 results, page 59 of 59)

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Abstract

The first edition of this work, published in 1974, was designed for librarians. It contained an alphabetical listing of subject headings in six widely used sourdes: LCSH, Sears List, Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, New York Times Index, PAIS, and Business Periodical Index. It was a useful and popular tool, but the rapid growth of information has resulted in new access tools, both print and online, and new subject headings. The second edition of Cross-reference index reflects this expansion. The editors have added headings from the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, the Thesaurus of of Psychological Index Terms, and the Subject Guide to IAC Databases to provide broader coverage of current affairs, social science, amd business. They have also redesigned the format to encourage use by the public as well as by professionals. The expansion has increased the number of main headings from 1.386 to 1.684, and the new format directs users up to 50 comparable or related terms rather than three. This creates easy access to 42.000 search terms. Cross-reference index is in two parts: an alphabetical index and a main entry section. Users consult the alphabetical section first. This refers them to one or more main-entry headings, which are in alphabetical order and numbered to correspond to the index. Under each main entry the related subject headings are arranged alphabetically in a chart format with eight columns, one for each source. An X in a colums shows that the particular source uses a given term. These charts are easy to use and make indexing quirks readily apparent. Under the entry Blood, for example, one can see that LC uses Blood-vessels, while Readers' Guide, Sears, and Psychinfo use Blood vessels. Under Broadcasting, Readers' Guide uses Television broadcasting--News, LC and IAC use Television broadcasting of news, while PAIS uses Television--news. Using this book will cut down on the frustration that often accompanies research. The diversity of the sources included will also provide several points of view, offerings users new approaches that they might not have considered. Cross-reference Index belongs in all reference collections that own most of the sources indexed.

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Abstract

The publication by OCLC of the United States Newspaper Program National Union List in June, 1985 is an important milestone for librarians in general as well as for participants in the Program and OCLC. The United States Newspapers Program (USNP) is a cooperative venture of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress and will eventually involve libraries in all 50 states and territories. The Program seeks to create an online data base with bibliographic records and holdings statements for all newspapers held in U.S. libraries regardless of their place of publication. To begin with U.S. newspapers are the focus. As the largest union list product produced by OCLC, this nearly 6,000page set is impressive. However, bulk is not the most important characteristic. By providing access to bibliographic records contributed by many libraries around the nation in new ways, OCLC has responded to patron and librarian demands. The chronological, intended audience (subject), language, and place of publication (geographical) indexes represent the most important advances in access to newspapers in decades. As a prototype, this product holds much promise for the profession, especially in terms of subject access, or intended audience here. This article analyzes the Intended-Audience Index in the first edition, looking at the use of approved and improper terms, describing the origins of the list of terms, and projecting the shape of the data base over the life of the United States Newspaper Program. Like CONSER, of which the USNP is a part, this project is an example of cooperation between many institutions including the Library of Congress, OCLC, and libraries in every state and territory. The article describes one instance of this cooperation in practice.

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Abstract

Brian C. Vickery, Director and Professor, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College, London, is a prolific writer on classification and information retrieval. This paper was one of the earliest to present initial efforts by the Classification Research Group (q.v.). In it he clearly outlined the need for classification in subject indexing, which, at the time he wrote, was not a commonplace understanding. In fact, some indexing systems were made in the first place specifically to avoid general classification systems which were out of date in all fast-moving disciplines, especially in the "hard" sciences. Vickery picked up Julia Pettee's work (q.v.) an the concealed classification in subject headings (1947) and added to it, mainly adopting concepts from the work of S. R. Ranganathan (q.v.). He had already published a paper an notation in classification, pointing out connections between notation, words, and the concepts which they represent. He was especially concerned about the structure of notational symbols as such symbols represented relationships among subjects. Vickery also emphasized that index terms cover all aspects of a subject so that, in addition to having a basis in classification, the ideal index system should also have standardized nomenclature, as weIl as show evidence of a systematic classing of elementary terms. The necessary linkage between system and terms should be one of a number of methods, notably:

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Abstract

The idea of computing with concepts as mathematicians manipulate variables in equations goes back at least as far as G. W. Leibniz (1663). Leibniz dreamed of a universal calculus, an ambiguity-free language, with which scholars could communicate ideas with mathematical precision. George Boole, in his investigation of the laws of thought, contributed to the realization of this idea by developing a calculus of classes (1847). A modern visionary who saw a practical application of Boole's work and further contributed to the idea of communicating by "computing" was Mortimer Taube (1910-1965), a member of the Library of Congress staff from 1944 to 1949 who later founded Documentation, Inc. He proposed communicating with a mechanized information store by combining concepts using the Boolean operators, AND, OR and NOT. The following selection contains one of the first presentations of a technique Taube called "coordinate indexing" and what later has come to be called "post coordinate indexing" or Boolean searching. This selection is interesting an three counts. It is interesting first of all because of its early date-1950. Though the idea of coordinate indexing had been anticipated in manual systems of the punched card sort, these systems were limited, relying for the most part an repeated application of the AND operator. To conceptualize the full power that could be achieved by Boolean search strategy in mechanized systems was an imaginative step forward. Second, the selection is interesting insofar as the idea of coordinate indexing is couched, indeed nearly hidden, in a somewhat ponderous essay an the compatibility of universal and special classifications and the merits of different methods of information organization. Ponderous though it is, the essay is worth a careful reading. The perspective it gives is enlightening, a reminder that the roots of information science reach far back into the bibliographic past. The third and perhaps most interesting aspect of this selection is that in it Taube looks beyond the technique of coordinate indexing to envisage its implications an bibliographic organization. (Now more than thirty years later we are still attempting to understand these implications.) What Taube saw was a new method of bibliographic organization, which, not ingenuously, he observed might seem almost bumptious in the face of a two thousand year history of organizing information. This "new" method was, however, being proposed elsewhere, albeit in different guise, by S. R. Ranganathan (q.v.) and his school. It was the method of organizing information using abstract categories called fields or facets. These categories, unlike those used in the great traditional classifications, were not locked in procrustean hierarchical structures, but could be freely synthesized or combined in indexing or retrieval. In short, Taube's voice was among those at midcentury supporting the move from enumerative to synthetic subject approaches. The fact that it was an American voice and one especially weIl informed about bibliography and computers is perhaps what led Jesse Shera to refer to Taube as "the Melvil Dewey ... of midtwentieth century American Librarianship," one who was able "to weld successfully conventional librarianship and the then-emerging information science."