-
Zhang, X.; Fang, Y.; He, W.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.: Epistemic motivation, task reflexivity, and knowledge contribution behavior on team wikis : a cross-level moderation model (2019)
0.02
0.015994605 = product of:
0.03198921 = sum of:
0.03198921 = product of:
0.09596762 = sum of:
0.09596762 = weight(_text_:y in 5245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.09596762 = score(doc=5245,freq=4.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.45116252 = fieldWeight in 5245, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5245)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Zhang, C.; Liu, X.; Xu, Y.(C.); Wang, Y.: Quality-structure index : a new metric to measure scientific journal influence (2011)
0.01
0.013328837 = product of:
0.026657674 = sum of:
0.026657674 = product of:
0.07997302 = sum of:
0.07997302 = weight(_text_:y in 4366) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.07997302 = score(doc=4366,freq=4.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.37596878 = fieldWeight in 4366, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4366)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Cui, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Zhang, X.: Multidimensional scholarly citations : characterizing and understanding scholars' citation behaviors (2023)
0.01
0.013328837 = product of:
0.026657674 = sum of:
0.026657674 = product of:
0.07997302 = sum of:
0.07997302 = weight(_text_:y in 847) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.07997302 = score(doc=847,freq=4.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.37596878 = fieldWeight in 847, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=847)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Yang, Y.; Liu, X.: ¬A re-examination of text categorization methods (1999)
0.01
0.013194876 = product of:
0.026389752 = sum of:
0.026389752 = product of:
0.07916925 = sum of:
0.07916925 = weight(_text_:y in 3386) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.07916925 = score(doc=3386,freq=2.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.3721901 = fieldWeight in 3386, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3386)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Liu, X.; Yu, S.; Janssens, F.; Glänzel, W.; Moreau, Y.; Moor, B.de: Weighted hybrid clustering by combining text mining and bibliometrics on a large-scale journal database (2010)
0.01
0.011309894 = product of:
0.022619788 = sum of:
0.022619788 = product of:
0.06785936 = sum of:
0.06785936 = weight(_text_:y in 3464) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.06785936 = score(doc=3464,freq=2.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.3190201 = fieldWeight in 3464, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3464)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Liu, X.; Bu, Y.; Li, M.; Li, J.: Monodisciplinary collaboration disrupts science more than multidisciplinary collaboration (2024)
0.01
0.011309894 = product of:
0.022619788 = sum of:
0.022619788 = product of:
0.06785936 = sum of:
0.06785936 = weight(_text_:y in 1202) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.06785936 = score(doc=1202,freq=2.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.3190201 = fieldWeight in 1202, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1202)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Liu, X.; Croft, W.B.: Statistical language modeling for information retrieval (2004)
0.01
0.010699343 = product of:
0.021398686 = sum of:
0.021398686 = product of:
0.06419606 = sum of:
0.06419606 = weight(_text_:n in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.06419606 = score(doc=4277,freq=4.0), product of:
0.19057861 = queryWeight, product of:
4.3116565 = idf(docFreq=1611, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.33684817 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
4.3116565 = idf(docFreq=1611, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Abstract
- This chapter reviews research and applications in statistical language modeling for information retrieval (IR), which has emerged within the past several years as a new probabilistic framework for describing information retrieval processes. Generally speaking, statistical language modeling, or more simply language modeling (LM), involves estimating a probability distribution that captures statistical regularities of natural language use. Applied to information retrieval, language modeling refers to the problem of estimating the likelihood that a query and a document could have been generated by the same language model, given the language model of the document either with or without a language model of the query. The roots of statistical language modeling date to the beginning of the twentieth century when Markov tried to model letter sequences in works of Russian literature (Manning & Schütze, 1999). Zipf (1929, 1932, 1949, 1965) studied the statistical properties of text and discovered that the frequency of works decays as a Power function of each works rank. However, it was Shannon's (1951) work that inspired later research in this area. In 1951, eager to explore the applications of his newly founded information theory to human language, Shannon used a prediction game involving n-grams to investigate the information content of English text. He evaluated n-gram models' performance by comparing their crossentropy an texts with the true entropy estimated using predictions made by human subjects. For many years, statistical language models have been used primarily for automatic speech recognition. Since 1980, when the first significant language model was proposed (Rosenfeld, 2000), statistical language modeling has become a fundamental component of speech recognition, machine translation, and spelling correction.
-
Chen, Z.; Huang, Y.; Tian, J.; Liu, X.; Fu, K.; Huang, T.: Joint model for subsentence-level sentiment analysis with Markov logic (2015)
0.01
0.009424911 = product of:
0.018849822 = sum of:
0.018849822 = product of:
0.056549463 = sum of:
0.056549463 = weight(_text_:y in 2210) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.056549463 = score(doc=2210,freq=2.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.26585007 = fieldWeight in 2210, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2210)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Jiang, Z.; Liu, X.; Chen, Y.: Recovering uncaptured citations in a scholarly network : a two-step citation analysis to estimate publication importance (2016)
0.01
0.009424911 = product of:
0.018849822 = sum of:
0.018849822 = product of:
0.056549463 = sum of:
0.056549463 = weight(_text_:y in 3018) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.056549463 = score(doc=3018,freq=2.0), product of:
0.21271187 = queryWeight, product of:
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.26585007 = fieldWeight in 3018, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.8124003 = idf(docFreq=976, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=3018)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Clewley, N.; Chen, S.Y.; Liu, X.: Cognitive styles and search engine preferences : field dependence/independence vs holism/serialism (2010)
0.01
0.0075655775 = product of:
0.015131155 = sum of:
0.015131155 = product of:
0.045393463 = sum of:
0.045393463 = weight(_text_:n in 3961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.045393463 = score(doc=3961,freq=2.0), product of:
0.19057861 = queryWeight, product of:
4.3116565 = idf(docFreq=1611, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.23818761 = fieldWeight in 3961, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.3116565 = idf(docFreq=1611, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=3961)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Chen, M.; Liu, X.; Qin, J.: Semantic relation extraction from socially-generated tags : a methodology for metadata generation (2008)
0.00
0.004990497 = product of:
0.009980994 = sum of:
0.009980994 = product of:
0.029942982 = sum of:
0.029942982 = weight(_text_:22 in 2648) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.029942982 = score(doc=2648,freq=2.0), product of:
0.15478362 = queryWeight, product of:
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.044200785 = queryNorm
0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 2648, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2648)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Source
- Metadata for semantic and social applications : proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, Berlin, 22 - 26 September 2008, DC 2008: Berlin, Germany / ed. by Jane Greenberg and Wolfgang Klas
