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Abstract

In this second paper in the series on PRECIS we set out to establish a theoretical model of the indexing operation to account for the growing empirical evidence that PRECIS can be applied successfully to the terms and phrases of more than one natural language (NL). For this purpose, the system is examined from two different but related viewpoints, the first linguistic and the second logical. In linguistic terms, the schema of role operators is related to certain features of NL which are regarded by linguists as language-independent, particular attention being paid to Chomsky's 1965 theory, the notion of deep cases, and the idea that roles, as used in an indexing language (IL) are related to deep cases in NL. It is realised that we should not rely too heavily on analogies between NL and IL, on the grounds that these two kinds of language have different structures and to some extent different functions, Consequently, the structure of a PRECIS string is also considered in terms of an alternative logic, and it is suggested that the order of terms in strings and entries, explained in the earlier paper through reference to the dual properties of context-dependency and one-toone relationships, is also amenable to a different but reinforcing explanation in terms of time-dependency. These two types of explanation, the linguistic and the logical, form the basis for a proposed theoretical model of the 'stages of indexing'. Finally, the authors consider the implications of this model for multilingual indexing.

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Source

Classification and information control. Papers representing the work of the Classification Research Group during 1960-1968

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Abstract

Derek Austin traces his career with particular reference to his involvement with the Classification Research Group (CRG) which lead to his extensive work in developing and refining PRECIS and its practical application to the BNB. Presents some of the underlying theory and practical details of PRECIS and concludes with responses to specific questions posed by Cataloging and classification quarterly

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Abstract

Probably the most interesting, original and controversial indexing system of the 1970s has been PRECIS (the Preserved Context Index System) developed by Derek Austin. It attracted such attention that the short courses given at the British National Bibliography offices in London -initiated as a means of teaching the staff of BNB who did subject indexing-were repeated all over the world, in the form of three-day or three-week sessions. A few fortunate non-BNB indexers were taken into London classes, taught by Austin and Digger, and had the advantage of a week's work with the regular staff theresomething that could not be done elsewhere. In addition, descriptions of the system were published from time to time as progress was made an the system itself and clarification or updating were needed. This article has been selected as an example of clarification. A second edition of the original 1974 Manual describing PRECIS appeared in early 1984, so the system may now be regarded as fully mature. PRECIS, which is the culmination of Austin's research for the Classification Research Group plus considerable additional input from the science of linguistics, is a highly sophisticated indexing system, deliberately created to be used with a computer. The motive behind it was that the indexer should do the brain work and the computer the nitty-gritty work of manipulating index terms. Chosen combinations and permutations are used as head words under strict rules to ensure that the context which defines the specific meaning of these words is always present, thus avoiding the ambiguity problem in indexing. The system also has classifi ation features, in part drawn from the Group's long interest in faceted classification. The actual index produces a large number of index entries, each carrying with it the basic context of the item being described. A weIl-defined terminology, in addition to contextdependency, is a feature of PRECIS. Role operators define the types of terms used and control the manipulations of the terms, which are originally entered as a string. The indexer is able to analyze and reduce to string form any document, process, or material that can be described in words, making it ideal for most audiovisual material.
The system itself has two major aspects: - a syntactic approach in which relationships between terms are identified and tagged. Suitable algorithms for manipulation produce a very thorough index in which each head word is kept in context. - a semantic approach in which terminology is weIl defined by ensuring that the relationships of equivalence, hierarchy, and association are clearly established. Charts of relationships are created by inductive means (i.e., from the ground up). A special code for computer manipulation is used with each line of the string. This translates the string format into one that, with specially derived algorithms, can be used by the computer, to produce the actual index headings with all parts rotated by following the algorithm. The PRECIS system has been translated and utilized for languages other than English, notably French, German, and Danish. Modifications needed for idiosyncracies of each language have been made. Some, such as those modifications needed for German, have turned out to have usefulness with English as weIl. All in all, the system has such advanced indexing concepts that it provides a kind of indexing not possible before the computer came into common usage. Austin, who joined the staff of the British National Bibliography in 1963, is currently a member of the British Library staff. His early work included a NATO-sponsored research assignment for the Classification Research Group (q.v.). This, in turn, led to the development of PRECIS.