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Abstract

This text provides a comprehensive introduction to the new field of knowledge management. It approaches the subject from a management rather than a highly technical point of view, and provides students with a state-of-the-art survey of KM and its implementation in diverse organizations. The text covers the nature of knowledge (tacit and explicit), the origins and units of organizational knowledge, and the evolution of knowledge management in contemporary society. It explores the implementation and utilization of knowledge management systems, and how to measure their impact, outputs, and benefits. The book includes a variety of original case studies that illustrate specific situations in which the absence or existence of knowledge management systems has been crucial to the organization's actions. Charts and figures throughout help clarify more complex phenomena and classifications, and each chapter includes review questions and a comprehensive index.

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Abstract

What do primordial bacteria, medieval alchemists, and the World Wide Web have to do with each other? This fascinating exploration of how information systems emerge takes readers on a provocative journey through the history of the information age. Today's "information explosion" may seem like an acutely modern phenomenon, but we are not the first generation - nor even the first species - to wrestle with the problem of information overload. Long before the advent of computers, human beings were collecting, storing, and organizing information: from Ice Age taxonomies to Sumerian archives, Greek libraries to Dark Age monasteries. Today, we stand at a precipice, as our old systems struggle to cope with what designer Richard Saul Wurman called a "tsunami of data."With some historical perspective, however, we can begin to understand our predicament not just as the result of technological change, but as the latest chapter in an ancient story that we are only beginning to understand. Spanning disciplines from evolutionary theory and cultural anthropology to the history of books, libraries, and computer science, writer and information architect Alex Wright weaves an intriguing narrative that connects such seemingly far-flung topics as insect colonies, Stone Age jewelry, medieval monasteries, Renaissance encyclopedias, early computer networks, and the World Wide Web. Finally, he pulls these threads together to reach a surprising conclusion, suggesting that the future of the information age may lie deep in our cultural past. To counter the billions of pixels that have been spent on the rise of the seemingly unique World Wide Web, journalist and information architect Wright delivers a fascinating tour of the many ways that humans have collected, organized and shared information for more than 100,000 years to show how the information age started long before microchips or movable type. A self-described generalist who displays an easy familiarity with evolutionary biology and cultural anthropology as well as computer science and technology, Wright explores the many and varied roots of the Web, including how the structure of family relationships from Greek times, among others, has exerted a profound influence on the shape and structure of human information systems. He discusses how the violent history of libraries is the best lesson in how hierarchical systems collapse and give rise to new systems, and how the new technology of the book introduced the notion of random access to information. And he focuses on the work of many now obscure information-gathering pioneers such as John Wilkins and his Universal Categories and Paul Otlet, the Internet's forgotten forefather, who anticipated many of the problems bedeviling the Web today. (Publishers Weekly)

Content

Inhalt: Networks and hierarchies -- Family trees and the tree of life -- The ice age information explosion -- The age of alphabets -- Illuminating the dark age -- A steam engine of the mind -- The astral power station -- The encyclopedic revolution -- The moose that roared -- The industrial library -- The Web that wasn't -- Memories of the future.

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Abstract

Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active discipline. Yet despite their obvious relevance to the design of information systems, these research areas have had almost no impact on systems design. One issue may be the contextual complexity of human interaction with information; another may be the difficulty in translating real-life and unstructured HII complexity into formal, linear structures necessary for systems design. In this book, Raya Fidel proposes a research approach that bridges the study of human information interaction and the design of information systems: cognitive work analysis (CWA). Developed by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues, CWA embraces complexity and provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools that can harness it to create design requirements. CWA offers an ecological approach to design, analyzing the forces in the environment that shape human interaction with information. Fidel reviews research in HIB, focusing on its contribution to systems design, and then presents the CWA framework. She shows that CWA, with its ecological approach, can be used to overcome design challenges and lead to the development of effective systems. Researchers and designers who use CWA can increase the diversity of their analytical tools, providing them with an alternative approach when they plan research and design projects. The CWA framework enables a collaboration between design and HII that can create information systems tailored to fit human lives. Human Information Interaction constructs an elegant argument for an ecological approach to information behavior. Professor Raya Fidel's cogent exposition of foundational theoretical concepts including cognitive work analysis delivers thoughtful guidance for future work in information interaction. Raya Fidel provides the human information interaction field with a manifesto for studying human information behavior from a holistic perspective, arguing that context dominates human action and we are obligated to study it. She provides a tutorial on cognitive work analysis as a technique for such study. This book is an important contribution to the Information field. Raya Fidel presents a nuanced picture of research on human information interaction, and advocates for Cognitive Work Analysis as the holistic approach to the study and evaluation of human information interaction.

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Abstract

The ubiquity of the filing cabinet in the twentieth-century office space, along with its noticeable absence of style, has obscured its transformative role in the histories of both information technology and work. In the first in-depth history of this neglected artifact, Craig Robertson explores how the filing cabinet profoundly shaped the way that information and data have been sorted, stored, retrieved, and used. Invented in the 1890s, the filing cabinet was a result of the nineteenth-century faith in efficiency. Previously, paper records were arranged haphazardly: bound into books, stacked in piles, curled into slots, or impaled on spindles. The filing cabinet organized loose papers in tabbed folders that could be sorted alphanumerically, radically changing how people accessed, circulated, and structured information. Robertson's unconventional history of the origins of the information age posits the filing cabinet as an information storage container, an 'automatic memory' machine that contributed to a new type of information labor privileging manual dexterity over mental deliberation. Gendered assumptions about women's nimble fingers helped to naturalize the changes that brought women into the workforce as low-level clerical workers. The filing cabinet emerges from this unexpected account as a sophisticated piece of information technology and a site of gendered labor that with its folders, files, and tabs continues to shape how we interact with information and data in today's digital world.

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Footnote

Stattdessen präferiert er in erster Näherung A. Endres' Definition, die auch von vielen Wirtschaftsinformatikern - und auch von BID-Fachleuten - akzeptiert wird: "Information, so Spitta, sind interpretierbare, d.h. mit Bedeutung verknüpfte, meist neue Nachrichten, die von einem Empfänger für das Verfolgen seiner Ziele als nützlich gewertet werden." (S. 44, Hervor. i. Org.). Damit kann sich Spitta jedoch noch nicht begnügen, da er Bezug zur Informatik, insbesondere jedoch zur Wirtschaftsinformatik oder Informationswirtschaft herstellen muss. A. Endres definiert Information als ein Tripel I = (A*, S, K), "wobei A* (...) eine Menge von Wörtern (...) über einem Alphabet A, S eine Menge von Symbolen und K einen Kontext bedeutet" (S. 45) "Information", so Spitta, wäre dann "eine Nachricht über einem definierten Alphabet und anderen Symbolen, die für den Empfänger neu und relevant ist und deren Kontext er kennt." (S. 45) In der betrieblichen Praxis sind jedoch mehrere Akteure involviert, sodass es sinnvoll ist "Datenspeicher als Puffer für Nachrichten" (S. 46) einzuführen. Nun fehlt noch eine Definition von Wissen, um betriebliche Prozesse computergestützt abzubilden. "Wissen ist wegen seiner impliziten Bestandteile ebenso individualisiert wie Information. Explizites Wissen basiert auf Daten. Implizites Wissen kann explizit gemacht werden, wenn wir über einen allgemein verstehbaren Formalismus zur Beschreibung verfügen. Der Unterschied zur Information ist die Handlungskompetenz und die mehrfache Verwendbarkeit der zur Grunde liegenden Daten, die im Allgemeinen nur einmal (individuelle) Information sein können." (S. 50, Hervor. i. Orig.) Im Kapitel 5 stehen die "Inhalte betrieblicher Daten" im Mittelpunkt, wo es unter anderem um Grunddaten (wie Sachanlagen), Vorgangsdaten (wie aufzeichnungspflichtige Vorgänge) oder abgeleitete Daten (wie Führungsinformation) geht. Das 6. Kapitel "Die Struktur betrieblicher Daten" geht auf verschiedene Datenmodelle, wie das Relationsmodell, das grafische Objektmodell oder das Vorgehensmodell zur Datenmodellierung ein. Im 7. Kapitel geht es um "Anwendungssysteme", d.h. um betriebliche Informationssysteme und deren Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten.

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Abstract

This book looks at the key skills that are required in organizations in the information intensive society; it also examines the power of information behaviour on the construction of different kinds of shared knowledge and social identity in a group. The book introduces the different dimensions of social capital that is structural and cognitive, and looks at the relational aspects of information behaviour in organizations. This book analyses experiences with two different case studies - in the financial and biotechnology industries - in order to gain additional insights in how the internal organization environment should be designed to support the development of the organization's intellectual capital. Key Features 1. Introduces social capital dimensions to the knowledge management framework 2. Provides empirical work on the new combination of social capital and organizational information behaviour. 3. Two different information sharing practices are presented: a claims handling unit (routine based work) and a biotechnology firm (expert work) 4. Develops social capital measures into qualitative information research 5.The book illustrates the importance of social aspects in ma She has worked as a visiting researcher at Napier University, Edinburgh, 2004-05. Her teaching and research concerns information seeking, information management in business organizations, and aspects of social capital and knowledge sharing in groups and organizations. She has published several articles and papers in these areas. Readership The book is aimed at academics and students at all levels in library and information science, as well as information management and knowledge management practitioners and managers interested in managing information and knowledge effectively.Contents Part 1: Theories of Information Sharing Information sharing in context Patterns of sharing - enablers and barriers Social navigation Part II: Two Practices in Information Sharing Introducing the two cases Claims handlers Expert organisation Part III: Insights into Information, Knowledge Sharing and Social Capital Dimensions of social capital in the two cases Social capital and sharing - building structures for knowledge sharing and its management Importance of the awareness of social capital in connection with information and knowledge sharing in today's companies.

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Footnote

Pressestimmen - In diesem faszinierenden Buch machen Eric Schmidt und Jared Cohen von ihrer einzigartigen Sachkenntnis Gebrauch, um uns eine Zukunft auszumalen, in der die Einkommen steigen, die Partizipation zunimmt und ein echter Sinn für Gemeinschaft entsteht - vorausgesetzt, wir treffen heute die richtigen Entscheidungen. (Bill Clinton) - Dieses Buch erklärt sowohl, was die neue Welt ausmacht, die das Internet schafft, als auch die Herausforderungen, die sie mit sich bringt. Niemand könnte das besser als Eric Schmidt und Jared Cohen. (Tony Blair) - Selbst wer nicht alle Schlussfolgerungen teilen mag, wird viel von diesem anregenden Buch lernen. (Henry A. Kissinger) - Auf dieses Buch habe ich gewartet: Eine prägnante und überzeugende Darstellung der Auswirkungen, die Technologie auf Krieg und Frieden, Freiheit und Diplomatie hat ... - Eine unverzichtbare Lektüre. (Madeleine Albright) -Dies ist das wichtigste - und faszinierendste - Buch, das bislang über die Auswirkungen des Digitalzeitalters auf unsere Welt geschrieben wurde. (Walter Isaacson) - «Die Vernetzung der Welt» verbindet auf faszinierende Weise Konzepte und Einblicke darüber, wie die sich die virtuelle Welt und die internationale Staatenordnung durchkreuzen. (Robert B. Zoellick) - Kaum jemand auf der Welt beschäftigt sich mehr damit, sich das neue Digitalzeitalter auszumalen - und es zu gestalten - als Eric Schmidt und Jared Cohen. Mit diesem Buch werfen sie einen Blick in ihre Kristallkugel und laden uns ein, ihnen dabei über die Schulter zu schauen. (Michael Bloomberg) - Dieses Buch ist die aufschlussreichste Erkundung unserer Zukunft, die ich je gelesen habe. Ich konnte es gar nicht mehr weglegen. (Sir Richard Branson) - «Die Vernetzung der Welt» ist Pflichtlektüre für alle, die das Ausmaß der digitalen Revolution wirklich verstehen wollen. (General Michael Hayden - ehemaliger Direktor der CIA) - Trotz der Herkunft der Autoren verbreitet «Die Vernetzung der Welt» keine Silicon-Valley-Propaganda ... Und was noch wichtiger ist: Es hebt die Debatte über Technologie auf ein höheres Niveau - weg vom banalen Streit über den Nutzen von Dating-Apps, hin zu allgemeineren Frage nach der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von Technologie und Macht. (The Economist) - Dieses Buch ist deutlich mehr als nur Science Fiction. Es diskutiert hellsichtig und offen die entscheidenden Fragen, denen wir uns schon jetzt stellen müssen. Wer die Welt der Zukunft verstehen will, sollte es daher unbedingt lesen. (NDR Kultur)

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Editor

Back, A. u.a.