-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A multitasking framework for cognitive information retrieval (2005)
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- Abstract
- Information retrieval (IR) research has developed considerably since the 1950's to include consideration of more cognitive, interactive and iterative processes during the interaction between humans and IR or Web systems (Ingwersen, 1992, 1996). Interactive search sessions by humans with IR systems have been depicted as interactive IR models (Saracevic, 1997). Human-IR system interaction is also modeled as taking place within the context of broader human information behavior (HIB) processes (Spink et al., 2002). Research into the human or cognitive (user modeling) aspects of IR is a growing body of research on user interactivity, task performance and measures for observing user interactivity. The task context and situational characteristics of users' searches and evaluation have also been identified as key elements in a user's interaction with an IR system (Cool and Spink, 2002; Vakkari, 2003). Major theorized interactive IR models have been proposed relating to the single search episode, including Ingwersen's (1992,1996) Cognitive Model of IR Interaction, Belkin et al.'s (1995) Episodic Interaction Model, and Saracevic's (1996,1997) Stratified Model of IR Interaction. In this chapter we examine Saracevic's Stratified Model of IR Interaction and extend the model within the framework of cognitive IR (CIR) to depict CIR as a multitasking process. This chapter provides a new direction for CIR research by conceptualizing IR with a multitasking context. The next section of the chapter defines the concept of multitasking in the cognitive sciences and Section 3 discusses the emerging understanding of multitasking information behavior. In Section 4, cognitive IR is depicted within a multitasking framework using Saracevic's (1996, 1997) Stratified Model of IR Interaction. In Section 5, we link information searching and seeking models together, via Saracevic's Stratified Model of IR Interaction, but starting with a unitask model of HIB. We begin to model multitasking in cognitive IR in Section 6. In Sections 7 and 8, we increase the complexity of our developing multitasking model of cognitive IR by adding coordinating mechanisms, including feedback loops. Finally, in Section 9, we conclude the chapter and indicate future directions for further research.
- Date
- 19. 1.2007 12:55:22
- Pages
- S.99-112
- Source
- New directions in cognitive information retrieval. Eds.: A. Spink, C. Cole
-
Kuhlthau, C.; Spink, A.; Cool, C.: Exploration into stages in the retrieval in the information search process in online information retrieval : communication between users and intermediaries (1992)
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- Pages
- S.67-71
-
Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.; Blakely, C.; Koshman, S.: Defining a session on Web search engines (2007)
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- Abstract
- Detecting query reformulations within a session by a Web searcher is an important area of research for designing more helpful searching systems and targeting content to particular users. Methods explored by other researchers include both qualitative (i.e., the use of human judges to manually analyze query patterns on usually small samples) and nondeterministic algorithms, typically using large amounts of training data to predict query modification during sessions. In this article, we explore three alternative methods for detection of session boundaries. All three methods are computationally straightforward and therefore easily implemented for detection of session changes. We examine 2,465,145 interactions from 534,507 users of Dogpile.com on May 6, 2005. We compare session analysis using (a) Internet Protocol address and cookie; (b) Internet Protocol address, cookie, and a temporal limit on intrasession interactions; and (c) Internet Protocol address, cookie, and query reformulation patterns. Overall, our analysis shows that defining sessions by query reformulation along with Internet Protocol address and cookie provides the best measure, resulting in an 82% increase in the count of sessions. Regardless of the method used, the mean session length was fewer than three queries, and the mean session duration was less than 30 min. Searchers most often modified their query by changing query terms (nearly 23% of all query modifications) rather than adding or deleting terms. Implications are that for measuring searching traffic, unique sessions may be a better indicator than the common metric of unique visitors. This research also sheds light on the more complex aspects of Web searching involving query modifications and may lead to advances in searching tools.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.6, S.862-871
-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A human information behavior approach to a philosophy of information (2004)
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- Source
- Library trends. 52(2004) no.3, S.617-628
-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: Human information behavior : integrating diverse approaches and information use (2006)
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- Abstract
- For millennia humans have sought, organized, and used information as they learned and evolved patterns of human information behaviors to resolve their human problems and survive. However, despite the current focus an living in an "information age," we have a limited evolutionary understanding of human information behavior. In this article the authors examine the current three interdisciplinary approaches to conceptualizing how humans have sought information including (a) the everyday life information seeking-sense-making approach, (b) the information foraging approach, and (c) the problem-solution perspective an information seeking approach. In addition, due to the lack of clarity regarding the rote of information use in information behavior, a fourth information approach is provided based an a theory of information use. The use theory proposed starts from an evolutionary psychology notion that humans are able to adapt to their environment and survive because of our modular cognitive architecture. Finally, the authors begin the process of conceptualizing these diverse approaches, and the various aspects or elements of these approaches, within an integrated model with consideration of information use. An initial integrated model of these different approaches with information use is proposed.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.1, S.25-35
-
Tjondronegoro, D.; Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.: ¬A study and comparison of multimedia Web searching : 1997-2006 (2009)
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- Abstract
- Searching for multimedia is an important activity for users of Web search engines. Studying user's interactions with Web search engine multimedia buttons, including image, audio, and video, is important for the development of multimedia Web search systems. This article provides results from a Weblog analysis study of multimedia Web searching by Dogpile users in 2006. The study analyzes the (a) duration, size, and structure of Web search queries and sessions; (b) user demographics; (c) most popular multimedia Web searching terms; and (d) use of advanced Web search techniques including Boolean and natural language. The current study findings are compared with results from previous multimedia Web searching studies. The key findings are: (a) Since 1997, image search consistently is the dominant media type searched followed by audio and video; (b) multimedia search duration is still short (>50% of searching episodes are <1 min), using few search terms; (c) many multimedia searches are for information about people, especially in audio search; and (d) multimedia search has begun to shift from entertainment to other categories such as medical, sports, and technology (based on the most repeated terms). Implications for design of Web multimedia search engines are discussed.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.9, S.1756-1768
-
Zhang, Y.; Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.: Identification of factors predicting clickthrough in Web searching using neural network analysis (2009)
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- Date
- 22. 3.2009 17:49:11
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.3, S.557-570
-
Cool, C.; Spink, A.: Issues of context in information retrieval (IR) : an introduction to the special issue (2002)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 38(2002) no.5, S.605-611
-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: New directions in cognitive information retrieval : conclusion and further research (2005)
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- Pages
- S.229-233
- Source
- New directions in cognitive information retrieval. Eds.: A. Spink, C. Cole
-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: New directions in cognitive information retrieval : introduction (2005)
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- Pages
- S.3-10
- Source
- New directions in cognitive information retrieval. Eds.: A. Spink, C. Cole
-
Spink, A.; Danby, S.; Mallan, K.; Butler, C.: Exploring young children's web searching and technoliteracy (2010)
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- Source
- Journal of documentation. 66(2010) no.2, S.191-206
-
Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.; Blakely, C.; Koshman, S.: ¬A study of results overlap and uniqueness among major Web search engines (2006)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 42(2006) no.5, S.1379-1391
-
Spink, A.; Cole, C.: Introduction (2004)
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- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 55(2004) no.9, S.767-768
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Khopkar, Y.; Spink, A.; Giles, C.L.; Shah, P.; Debnath, S.: Search engine personalization : An exploratory study (2003)
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Griesdorf, H.; Spink, A.: Median measure : an approach to IR systems evaluation (2001)
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- Information processing and management. 37(2001) no.6, S.843-857
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Spink, A.: Information and a sustainable future (1995)
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- Libri. 45(1995) nos.3/4, S.203-208
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Spink, A.; Greisdorf, H.: Partial relevance judgements and changes in users information problems during online searching (1997)
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- S.323-334
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Wolfram, D.; Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.; Saracevic, T.: Vox populi : the public searching of the Web (2001)
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- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.12, S.1073-1074
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Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.; Saracevic, T.: Real life, real users and real needs : a study and analysis of users queries on the Web (2000)
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- Information processing and management. 36(2000) no.2, S.207-227
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Spink, A.: Interactive information seeking and retrieving : a third feedback framework (1996)
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- Pages
- S.10-15
- Source
- Global complexity: information, chaos and control. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, ASIS'96, Baltimore, Maryland, 21-24 Oct 1996. Ed.: S. Hardin
