Search (22 results, page 1 of 2)

  • × year_i:[1980 TO 1990}
  • × theme_ss:"Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme"
  1. Kaiser, J.O.: Systematic indexing (1985) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    A native of Germany and a former teacher of languages and music, Julius Otto Kaiser (1868-1927) came to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum to be its librarian in 1896. Faced with the problem of making "information" accessible, he developed a method of indexing he called systematic indexing. The first draft of his scheme, published in 1896-97, was an important landmark in the history of subject analysis. R. K. Olding credits Kaiser with making the greatest single advance in indexing theory since Charles A. Cutter and John Metcalfe eulogizes him by observing that "in sheer capacity for really scientific and logical thinking, Kaiser's was probably the best mind that has ever applied itself to subject indexing." Kaiser was an admirer of "system." By systematic indexing he meant indicating information not with natural language expressions as, for instance, Cutter had advocated, but with artificial expressions constructed according to formulas. Kaiser grudged natural language its approximateness, its vagaries, and its ambiguities. The formulas he introduced were to provide a "machinery for regularising or standardising language" (paragraph 67). Kaiser recognized three categories or "facets" of index terms: (1) terms of concretes, representing things, real or imaginary (e.g., money, machines); (2) terms of processes, representing either conditions attaching to things or their actions (e.g., trade, manufacture); and (3) terms of localities, representing, for the most part, countries (e.g., France, South Africa). Expressions in Kaiser's index language were called statements. Statements consisted of sequences of terms, the syntax of which was prescribed by formula. These formulas specified sequences of terms by reference to category types. Only three citation orders were permitted: a term in the concrete category followed by one in the process category (e.g., Wool-Scouring); (2) a country term followed by a process term (e.g., Brazil - Education); and (3) a concrete term followed by a country term, followed by a process term (e.g., Nitrate-Chile-Trade). Kaiser's system was a precursor of two of the most significant developments in twentieth-century approaches to subject access-the special purpose use of language for indexing, thus the concept of index language, which was to emerge as a generative idea at the time of the second Cranfield experiment (1966) and the use of facets to categorize subject indicators, which was to become the characterizing feature of analytico-synthetic indexing methods such as the Colon classification. In addition to its visionary quality, Kaiser's work is notable for its meticulousness and honesty, as can be seen, for instance, in his observations about the difficulties in facet definition.
    Pages
    S.52-70
  2. Davies, R.: Classification and ratiocination : a perennial quest (1986) 0.00 
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    Pages
    S.262-289
  3. Pflug, G.: Classification in the libraries of the German Federal Republic (1982) 0.00 
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    Source
    International classification. 9(1982), S.27-29
  4. Sweeney, R.: ¬The development of the Dewey Decimal Classification (1983) 0.00 
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    Source
    Journal of documentation. 39(1983) no.3, S.192-205
  5. Lehnus, D.J.: Book numbers : history, principles and applications (1980) 0.00 
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    Pages
    IV,153 S
  6. Whitrow, M.: ¬An eighteenth-century faceted classification scheme (1983) 0.00 
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    Source
    Journal of documentation. 39(1983) no.2, S.88-94
  7. Wimmer, F.: ¬Die internationale Dezimalklassifikation : Betrachtungen zu ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte und Aktualität (1985) 0.00 
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    Source
    DK-Mitteilungen. 29(1985) Nr.5, S.15-18
  8. Kleinschmidt, H.: Vom System zur Ordnung: Bemerkungen zu Bewertungen von Sachkatalogen vornehmlich im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (1987) 0.00 
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    Source
    Libri. 37(1987), S.126-159
  9. Miksa, F.L.: ¬The development of classification at the Library of Congress (1984) 0.00 
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    Pages
    78 S
  10. Hunter, E.J.: ¬The United Kingdom contribution to subject cataloguing and classification since 1945 (1987) 0.00 
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    Source
    International cataloguing. 16(1987), S.31-34
  11. Arntz, H.: Universality of classification? : Keynote address (1982) 0.00 
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    Pages
    S.31-40
  12. Rodriguez, R.D.: Kaiser's systematic indexing (1984) 0.00 
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    Source
    Library resources and technical services. 28(1984), S.163-174
  13. Satija, M.P.: History of book numbers (1987) 0.00 
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    International classification. 14(1987), S.70-76
  14. Totok, W.: Wissensordnung und Ordnungswissen zwischen Renaissance und Aufklärung (1980) 0.00 
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    Pages
    S.197-218
  15. Ranganathan, S.R.: Facet analysis: fundamental categories (1985) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Among the theorists in the field of subject analysis in the twentieth century, none has been more influential than S. R. Ranganathan (1892-1972) of India, a mathematician by training who turned to librarianship and made some of the most far-reaching contributions to the theory of librarianship in general and subject analysis in particular. Dissatisfied with both the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Universal Decimal Classification, Ranganathan set out to develop his own system. His Colon Classification was first published in 1933 and went through six editions; the seventh edition was in progress when Ranganathan died in 1972. In the course of developing the Colon Classification, Ranganathan formulated a body of classification theory which was published in numerous writings, of which the best known are Elements of Library Classification (1945; 3rd ed., 1962) and Prolegomena to Library Classification (1967). Among the principles Ranganathan established, the most powerful and influential are those relating to facet analysis. Ranganathan demonstrated that facet analysis (breaking down subjects into their component parts) and synthesis (recombining these parts to fit the documents) provide the most viable approach to representing the contents of documents. Although the idea and use of facets, though not always called by that name, have been present for a long time (for instance, in the Dewey Decimal Classification and Charles A. Cutter's Expansive Classification), Ranganathan was the person who systematized the ideas and established principles for them. For his Colon Classification, Ranganathan identified five fundamental categories: Personality (P), Material (M), Energy (E), Space (S) and Time (T) and the citation order PMEST based an the idea of decreasing concreteness.
    Footnote
    Original in: Ranganathan, S.R.: Elements of library classification. 3rd ed. Bombay: Asia Publishing House 1962. S.82-89
    Pages
    S.86-93
  16. Bliss, H.E.: ¬A bibliographic classification : principles and definitions (1985) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Henry Evelyn Bliss (1870-1955) devoted several decades of his life to the study of classification and the development of the Bibliographic Classification scheme while serving as a librarian in the College of the City of New York. In the course of the development of the Bibliographic Classification, Bliss developed a body of classification theory published in a number of articles and books, among which the best known are The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences (1929), Organization of Knowledge in Libraries and the Subject Approach to Books (1933; 2nd ed., 1939), and the lengthy preface to A Bibliographic Classification (Volumes 1-2, 1940; 2nd ed., 1952). In developing the Bibliographic Classification, Bliss carefully established its philosophical and theoretical basis, more so than was attempted by the makers of other classification schemes, with the possible exception of S. R. Ranganathan (q.v.) and his Colon Classification. The basic principles established by Bliss for the Bibliographic Classification are: consensus, collocation of related subjects, subordination of special to general and gradation in specialty, and the relativity of classes and of classification (hence alternative location and alternative treatment). In the preface to the schedules of A Bibliographic Classification, Bliss spells out the general principles of classification as weIl as principles specifically related to his scheme. The first volume of the schedules appeared in 1940. In 1952, he issued a second edition of the volume with a rewritten preface, from which the following excerpt is taken, and with the addition of a "Concise Synopsis," which is also included here to illustrate the principles of classificatory structure. In the excerpt reprinted below, Bliss discusses the correlation between classes, concepts, and terms, as weIl as the hierarchical structure basic to his classification scheme. In his discussion of cross-classification, Bliss recognizes the "polydimensional" nature of classification and the difficulties inherent in the two-dimensional approach which is characteristic of linear classification. This is one of the earliest works in which the multidimensional nature of classification is recognized. The Bibliographic Classification did not meet with great success in the United States because the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Library of Congress Classification were already weIl ensconced in American libraries by then. Nonetheless, it attracted considerable attention in the British Commonwealth and elsewhere in the world. A committee was formed in Britain which later became the Bliss Classification Association. A faceted edition of the scheme has been in preparation under the direction of J. Mills and V. Broughton. Several parts of this new edition, entitled Bliss Bibliographic Classification, have been published.
    Footnote
    Original in: Bliss, H.E.: A bibliographic classification extended by systematic auxuliary schedules for composite specification and notation. vols 1-2. 2nd ed. New York: Wilson 1952. S.3-11.
    Pages
    S.75-85
  17. Holiday, J.: Subject access: new technology and philosophical perspectives (1989) 0.00 
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    Pages
    S.99-108
  18. Béthery, A.: Liberté bien ordonnée : les classifications encyclopédiques revues et corrigées (1988) 0.00 
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    Bulletin des bibliothèques de France. 33(1988) no.6, S.450-455
  19. Martel, C.: Classification: a brief conspectus of present day library practice (1985) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Original in: Library journal 36(1911) S.410,414-415.
    Pages
    S.71-74
  20. Hulme, E.W.: Principles of book classification (1985) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Original in: Library Association Record 13(1911) S.445-447.
    Pages
    S.48-51

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