-
Warner, A.J.: Natural language processing (1987)
0.02
0.020364823 = product of:
0.040729646 = sum of:
0.040729646 = product of:
0.08145929 = sum of:
0.08145929 = weight(_text_:22 in 337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.08145929 = score(doc=337,freq=2.0), product of:
0.13158931 = queryWeight, product of:
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.61904186 = fieldWeight in 337, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=337)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Source
- Annual review of information science and technology. 22(1987), S.79-108
-
Linguistische Datenverarbeitung und neue Medien (1989)
0.01
0.010283666 = product of:
0.020567331 = sum of:
0.020567331 = product of:
0.041134663 = sum of:
0.041134663 = weight(_text_:m in 8084) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.041134663 = score(doc=8084,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.4398997 = fieldWeight in 8084, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=8084)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Sager, N.: Natural language information processing (1981)
0.01
0.010283666 = product of:
0.020567331 = sum of:
0.020567331 = product of:
0.041134663 = sum of:
0.041134663 = weight(_text_:m in 5313) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.041134663 = score(doc=5313,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.4398997 = fieldWeight in 5313, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5313)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Dietze, J.: Einführung in die Informationslinguistik : die linguistische Datenverarbeitung in der Informationswissenschaft (1989)
0.01
0.008998208 = product of:
0.017996415 = sum of:
0.017996415 = product of:
0.03599283 = sum of:
0.03599283 = weight(_text_:m in 5084) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03599283 = score(doc=5084,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.38491225 = fieldWeight in 5084, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5084)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Krause, J.: Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion in natürlicher Sprache : Evaluierungsstudien zu praxisorientierten Frage-Antwort-Systemen und ihre Methodik (1982)
0.01
0.008998208 = product of:
0.017996415 = sum of:
0.017996415 = product of:
0.03599283 = sum of:
0.03599283 = weight(_text_:m in 8964) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03599283 = score(doc=8964,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.38491225 = fieldWeight in 8964, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8964)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Schwarz, C.: THESYS: Thesaurus Syntax System : a fully automatic thesaurus building aid (1988)
0.01
0.00890961 = product of:
0.01781922 = sum of:
0.01781922 = product of:
0.03563844 = sum of:
0.03563844 = weight(_text_:22 in 1361) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03563844 = score(doc=1361,freq=2.0), product of:
0.13158931 = queryWeight, product of:
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 1361, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1361)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Date
- 6. 1.1999 10:22:07
-
Barton, G.E. Jr.; Berwick, R.C.; Ristad, E.S.: Computational complexity and natural language (1987)
0.01
0.0077127493 = product of:
0.015425499 = sum of:
0.015425499 = product of:
0.030850997 = sum of:
0.030850997 = weight(_text_:m in 7138) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.030850997 = score(doc=7138,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.3299248 = fieldWeight in 7138, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7138)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Goshawke, W.; Kelly, D.K.; Wigg, J.D.: Computer translation of natural language (1987)
0.01
0.0077127493 = product of:
0.015425499 = sum of:
0.015425499 = product of:
0.030850997 = sum of:
0.030850997 = weight(_text_:m in 4819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.030850997 = score(doc=4819,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.3299248 = fieldWeight in 4819, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4819)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Sparck Jones, K.: Synonymy and semantic classification (1986)
0.01
0.0064272913 = product of:
0.012854583 = sum of:
0.012854583 = product of:
0.025709165 = sum of:
0.025709165 = weight(_text_:m in 1304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.025709165 = score(doc=1304,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.27493733 = fieldWeight in 1304, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1304)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Stock, M.: Textwortmethode und Übersetzungsrelation : Eine Methode zum Aufbau von kombinierten Literaturnachweis- und Terminologiedatenbanken (1989)
0.01
0.0064272913 = product of:
0.012854583 = sum of:
0.012854583 = product of:
0.025709165 = sum of:
0.025709165 = weight(_text_:m in 3412) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.025709165 = score(doc=3412,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.27493733 = fieldWeight in 3412, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3412)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
-
Weingarten, R.: ¬Die Verkabelung der Sprache : Grenzen der Technisierung von Kommunikation (1989)
0.00
0.004499104 = product of:
0.008998208 = sum of:
0.008998208 = product of:
0.017996415 = sum of:
0.017996415 = weight(_text_:m in 7156) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.017996415 = score(doc=7156,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.19245613 = fieldWeight in 7156, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=7156)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Informationslinguistische Texterschließung (1986)
0.00
0.0032136457 = product of:
0.0064272913 = sum of:
0.0064272913 = product of:
0.012854583 = sum of:
0.012854583 = weight(_text_:m in 186) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.012854583 = score(doc=186,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.13746867 = fieldWeight in 186, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=186)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Hahn, U.: Informationslinguistik : I: Einführung in das linguistische Information Retrieval (1985)
0.00
0.0025709164 = product of:
0.005141833 = sum of:
0.005141833 = product of:
0.010283666 = sum of:
0.010283666 = weight(_text_:m in 3115) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.010283666 = score(doc=3115,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.10997493 = fieldWeight in 3115, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=3115)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Hahn, U.: Informationslinguistik : II: Einführung in das linguistische Information Retrieval (1985)
0.00
0.002249552 = product of:
0.004499104 = sum of:
0.004499104 = product of:
0.008998208 = sum of:
0.008998208 = weight(_text_:m in 3116) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.008998208 = score(doc=3116,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.09622806 = fieldWeight in 3116, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=3116)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Type
- m
-
Needham, R.M.; Sparck Jones, K.: Keywords and clumps (1985)
0.00
0.002249552 = product of:
0.004499104 = sum of:
0.004499104 = product of:
0.008998208 = sum of:
0.008998208 = weight(_text_:m in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.008998208 = score(doc=3645,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09350918 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.0375773 = queryNorm
0.09622806 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
2.4884486 = idf(docFreq=9980, maxDocs=44218)
0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
- Abstract
- The selection that follows was chosen as it represents "a very early paper an the possibilities allowed by computers an documentation." In the early 1960s computers were being used to provide simple automatic indexing systems wherein keywords were extracted from documents. The problem with such systems was that they lacked vocabulary control, thus documents related in subject matter were not always collocated in retrieval. To improve retrieval by improving recall is the raison d'être of vocabulary control tools such as classifications and thesauri. The question arose whether it was possible by automatic means to construct classes of terms, which when substituted, one for another, could be used to improve retrieval performance? One of the first theoretical approaches to this question was initiated by R. M. Needham and Karen Sparck Jones at the Cambridge Language Research Institute in England.t The question was later pursued using experimental methodologies by Sparck Jones, who, as a Senior Research Associate in the Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, has devoted her life's work to research in information retrieval and automatic naturai language processing. Based an the principles of numerical taxonomy, automatic classification techniques start from the premise that two objects are similar to the degree that they share attributes in common. When these two objects are keywords, their similarity is measured in terms of the number of documents they index in common. Step 1 in automatic classification is to compute mathematically the degree to which two terms are similar. Step 2 is to group together those terms that are "most similar" to each other, forming equivalence classes of intersubstitutable terms. The technique for forming such classes varies and is the factor that characteristically distinguishes different approaches to automatic classification. The technique used by Needham and Sparck Jones, that of clumping, is described in the selection that follows. Questions that must be asked are whether the use of automatically generated classes really does improve retrieval performance and whether there is a true eco nomic advantage in substituting mechanical for manual labor. Several years after her work with clumping, Sparck Jones was to observe that while it was not wholly satisfactory in itself, it was valuable in that it stimulated research into automatic classification. To this it might be added that it was valuable in that it introduced to libraryl information science the methods of numerical taxonomy, thus stimulating us to think again about the fundamental nature and purpose of classification. In this connection it might be useful to review how automatically derived classes differ from those of manually constructed classifications: 1) the manner of their derivation is purely a posteriori, the ultimate operationalization of the principle of literary warrant; 2) the relationship between members forming such classes is essentially statistical; the members of a given class are similar to each other not because they possess the class-defining characteristic but by virtue of sharing a family resemblance; and finally, 3) automatically derived classes are not related meaningfully one to another, that is, they are not ordered in traditional hierarchical and precedence relationships.
