Search (39 results, page 1 of 2)

  • × theme_ss:"Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus"
  1. Scheven, E.: ¬Die neue Thesaurusnorm ISO 25964 und die GND (2017) 0.03 
    0.029961195 = product of:
  0.05992239 = sum of:
    0.05992239 = product of:
      0.11984478 = sum of:
        0.11984478 = weight(_text_:h.p in 3505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.11984478 = score(doc=3505,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.45636898 = fieldWeight in 3505, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3505)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Theorie, Semantik und Organisation von Wissen: Proceedings der 13. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation (ISKO) und dem 13. Internationalen Symposium der Informationswissenschaft der Higher Education Association for Information Science (HI) Potsdam (19.-20.03.2013): 'Theory, Information and Organization of Knowledge' / Proceedings der 14. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation (ISKO) und Natural Language & Information Systems (NLDB) Passau (16.06.2015): 'Lexical Resources for Knowledge Organization' / Proceedings des Workshops der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation (ISKO) auf der SEMANTICS Leipzig (1.09.2014): 'Knowledge Organization and Semantic Web' / Proceedings des Workshops der Polnischen und Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation (ISKO) Cottbus (29.-30.09.2011): 'Economics of Knowledge Production and Organization'. Hrsg. von W. Babik, H.P. Ohly u. K. Weber
  2. Mazzocchi, F.; Plini, P.: Refining thesaurus relational structure : implications and opportunities (2008) 0.03 
    0.025681024 = product of:
  0.05136205 = sum of:
    0.05136205 = product of:
      0.1027241 = sum of:
        0.1027241 = weight(_text_:h.p in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.1027241 = score(doc=5448,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.39117342 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Kompatibilität, Medien und Ethik in der Wissensorganisation - Compatibility, Media and Ethics in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings der 10. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Wien, 3.-5. Juli 2006 - Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the German Section of the International Society of Knowledge Organization Vienna, 3-5 July 2006. Ed.: H.P. Ohly, S. Netscher u. K. Mitgutsch
  3. Lindenthal, J.; Scheven, J.E.: ISO 25964 - Standard der Information und Dokumentation (2013) 0.03 
    0.025681024 = product of:
  0.05136205 = sum of:
    0.05136205 = product of:
      0.1027241 = sum of:
        0.1027241 = weight(_text_:h.p in 916) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.1027241 = score(doc=916,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.39117342 = fieldWeight in 916, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=916)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Wissen - Wissenschaft - Organisation: Proceedings der 12. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Bonn, 19. bis 21. Oktober 2009. Hrsg.: H.P. Ohly
  4. Schmitz-Esser, W.: Gedankenraumreisen : neue Thesaurusstrukturen, multimedial präsentiert, machen Anregung, Spielen, Lernen, Finden möglich für jedermann (2000) 0.02 
    0.021400854 = product of:
  0.042801708 = sum of:
    0.042801708 = product of:
      0.085603416 = sum of:
        0.085603416 = weight(_text_:h.p in 6645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.085603416 = score(doc=6645,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.32597783 = fieldWeight in 6645, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=6645)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Globalisierung und Wissensorganisation: Neue Aspekte für Wissen, Wissenschaft und Informationssysteme: Proceedings der 6. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Hamburg, 23.-25.9.1999. Hrsg.: H.P. Ohly, G. Rahmstorf u. A. Sigel
  5. Umstätter, W.: Wissensorganisation mit Hilfe des semiotischen Thesaurus : auf der Basis von SGML bzw. XML (2000) 0.02 
    0.021400854 = product of:
  0.042801708 = sum of:
    0.042801708 = product of:
      0.085603416 = sum of:
        0.085603416 = weight(_text_:h.p in 6648) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.085603416 = score(doc=6648,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.32597783 = fieldWeight in 6648, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=6648)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Globalisierung und Wissensorganisation: Neue Aspekte für Wissen, Wissenschaft und Informationssysteme: Proceedings der 6. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Hamburg, 23.-25.9.1999. Hrsg.: H.P. Ohly, G. Rahmstorf u. A. Sigel
  6. Röttsches, H.: Thesauruspflege im Verbund der Bibliotheken der obersten Bundesbehörden (1989) 0.02 
    0.02110343 = product of:
  0.04220686 = sum of:
    0.04220686 = product of:
      0.08441372 = sum of:
        0.08441372 = weight(_text_:22 in 4199) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.08441372 = score(doc=4199,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.5416616 = fieldWeight in 4199, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4199)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Parlaments- und Behördenbibliotheken. 1989, H.67, S.1-22
  7. Byrne, C.C.; McCracken, S.A.: ¬An adaptive thesaurus employing semantic distance, relational inheritance and nominal compound interpretation for linguistic support of information retrieval (1999) 0.02 
    0.018088654 = product of:
  0.036177307 = sum of:
    0.036177307 = product of:
      0.072354615 = sum of:
        0.072354615 = weight(_text_:22 in 4483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.072354615 = score(doc=4483,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 4483, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4483)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    15. 3.2000 10:22:37
  8. Maniez, J.: ¬Des classifications aux thesaurus : du bon usage des facettes (1999) 0.02 
    0.018088654 = product of:
  0.036177307 = sum of:
    0.036177307 = product of:
      0.072354615 = sum of:
        0.072354615 = weight(_text_:22 in 6404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.072354615 = score(doc=6404,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 6404, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6404)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:01:00
  9. Maniez, J.: ¬Du bon usage des facettes : des classifications aux thésaurus (1999) 0.02 
    0.018088654 = product of:
  0.036177307 = sum of:
    0.036177307 = product of:
      0.072354615 = sum of:
        0.072354615 = weight(_text_:22 in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.072354615 = score(doc=3773,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:01:00
  10. Qin, J.; Paling, S.: Converting a controlled vocabulary into an ontology : the case of GEM (2001) 0.02 
    0.018088654 = product of:
  0.036177307 = sum of:
    0.036177307 = product of:
      0.072354615 = sum of:
        0.072354615 = weight(_text_:22 in 3895) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.072354615 = score(doc=3895,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 3895, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3895)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    24. 8.2005 19:20:22
  11. ¬3rd Infoterm Symposiums Terminology Work in Subject Fields, Vienna, 12.-14.11.1991 (1992) 0.02 
    0.017120684 = product of:
  0.034241367 = sum of:
    0.034241367 = product of:
      0.068482734 = sum of:
        0.068482734 = weight(_text_:h.p in 4648) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.068482734 = score(doc=4648,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.262605 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.26078227 = fieldWeight in 4648, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.9008293 = idf(docFreq=328, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=4648)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Content
    Enthält 47 Beiträge den Schwerpunkten der Tagung: Biology and related fields - Engineering and natural sciences - Medicine - Information science and information technology - Law and economics - Social sciences and humanities - Terminology research and interdisciplinary aspects; darunter: OESER, E. u. G. BUDIN: Explication and representation of qualitative biological and medical concepts: the example of the pocket knowledge data base on carnivores; HOHENEGGER, J.: Specles as the basic units in taxonomy and nomenclature; LAVIETER, L. de, J.A. DESCHAMPS u. B. FELLUGA: A multilingual environmental thesaurus: past, present, and future; TODESCHINI, C. u. G. Thoemig: The thesaurus of the International Nuclear Information System: experiences in an international environment; CITKINA, F.: Terminology of mathematics: contrastive analysis as a basis for standardization and harmonization; WALKER, D.G.: Technology and engineering terminolgy: translation problems encountered and suggested solutions; VERVOOM, A.J.: Terminology and engineering sciences; HIRS, W.M.: ICD-10, a missed chance and a new opportunity for medical terminology standardization; THOMAS, P.: Subject indexes in medical literature; RAHMSTORF, G.: Analysis of information technology terms; NEGRINI, G.: Indexing language for research projects and its graphic display; BATEWICZ, M.: Impact of modern information technology on knowledge transfer services and terminology; RATZINGER, M.: Multilingual product description (MPD): a European project; OHLY, H.P.: Terminology of the social sciences and social context approaches; BEAUGRANDE, R. de: Terminology and discourse between the social sciences and the humanities; MUSKENS, G.: Terminological standardisation and socio-linguistic diversity: dilemmas of crosscultural sociology; SNELL, B.: Terminology ten years on; ZHURAVLEV, V.F.: Standard ontological structures of systems of concepts of active knowledge; WRIGHT, S.E.: Terminology standardization in standards societies and professional associations in the United States; DAHLBERG; I.: The terminology of subject fields - reconsidered; AHMAD, K. u. H. Fulford: Terminology of interdisciplinary fields: a new perspective; DATAA, J.: Full-text databases as a terminological support for translation
  12. Riege, U.: Thesaurus und Klassifikation Sozialwissenschaften : Entwicklung der elektronischen Versionen (1998) 0.02 
    0.01507388 = product of:
  0.03014776 = sum of:
    0.03014776 = product of:
      0.06029552 = sum of:
        0.06029552 = weight(_text_:22 in 4158) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06029552 = score(doc=4158,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 4158, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4158)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Information und Märkte: 50. Deutscher Dokumentartag 1998, Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation e.V. (DGD), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 22.-24. September 1998. Hrsg. von Marlies Ockenfeld u. Gerhard J. Mantwill
  13. Alkämper, H.: ¬Die Neugestaltung des Parlamentsthesaurus PARTHES (1998) 0.02 
    0.01507388 = product of:
  0.03014776 = sum of:
    0.03014776 = product of:
      0.06029552 = sum of:
        0.06029552 = weight(_text_:22 in 4162) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06029552 = score(doc=4162,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 4162, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4162)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Information und Märkte: 50. Deutscher Dokumentartag 1998, Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation e.V. (DGD), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 22.-24. September 1998. Hrsg. von Marlies Ockenfeld u. Gerhard J. Mantwill
  14. Schenkel, M.: Vom Leitkartenthesaurus zum Online-Bibliotheksthesaurus : Die Revision des Dokumentationssystems der Bibliothek des Deutschen Bundestages (1949-1998) (1998) 0.02 
    0.01507388 = product of:
  0.03014776 = sum of:
    0.03014776 = product of:
      0.06029552 = sum of:
        0.06029552 = weight(_text_:22 in 4163) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06029552 = score(doc=4163,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 4163, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4163)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Information und Märkte: 50. Deutscher Dokumentartag 1998, Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation e.V. (DGD), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 22.-24. September 1998. Hrsg. von Marlies Ockenfeld u. Gerhard J. Mantwill
  15. Velasco, M.: Algoritmo de filtrado multitermino para la obtencion de relaciones jerarquicas en la construction automatica de un tesauro de descriptores (1999) 0.02 
    0.01507388 = product of:
  0.03014776 = sum of:
    0.03014776 = product of:
      0.06029552 = sum of:
        0.06029552 = weight(_text_:22 in 348) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06029552 = score(doc=348,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 348, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=348)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Revista Española de Documentaçion Cientifica. 22(1999) no.1, S.34-49
  16. Tudhope, D.; Hodge, G.: Terminology registries (2007) 0.02 
    0.01507388 = product of:
  0.03014776 = sum of:
    0.03014776 = product of:
      0.06029552 = sum of:
        0.06029552 = weight(_text_:22 in 539) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06029552 = score(doc=539,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 539, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=539)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    26.12.2011 13:22:07
  17. Dupuis, P.; Lapointe, J.: Developpement d'un outil documentaire à Hydro-Quebec : le Thesaurus HQ (1997) 0.01 
    0.012059104 = product of:
  0.024118207 = sum of:
    0.024118207 = product of:
      0.048236415 = sum of:
        0.048236415 = weight(_text_:22 in 3173) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.048236415 = score(doc=3173,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 3173, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3173)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Argus. 26(1997) no.3, S.16-22
  18. Lambert, N.: Of thesauri and computers : reflections on the need for thesauri (1995) 0.01 
    0.012059104 = product of:
  0.024118207 = sum of:
    0.024118207 = product of:
      0.048236415 = sum of:
        0.048236415 = weight(_text_:22 in 3734) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.048236415 = score(doc=3734,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 3734, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3734)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Source
    Searcher. 3(1995) no.8, S.18-22
  19. Heinzelin, D. de; ¬d'¬Hautcourt, F.; Pols, R.: ¬Un nouveaux thesaurus multilingue informatise relatif aux instruments de musique (1998) 0.01 
    0.012059104 = product of:
  0.024118207 = sum of:
    0.024118207 = product of:
      0.048236415 = sum of:
        0.048236415 = weight(_text_:22 in 932) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.048236415 = score(doc=932,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 932, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=932)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:01:00
  20. Z39.19-1993: Guidelines for the construction, format, and management of monolingual thesauri (1993) 0.01 
    0.012059104 = product of:
  0.024118207 = sum of:
    0.024118207 = product of:
      0.048236415 = sum of:
        0.048236415 = weight(_text_:22 in 4092) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.048236415 = score(doc=4092,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15584217 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.04450307 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 4092, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4092)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.5 = coord(1/2)
    Footnote
    Rez. in: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.3/4, S.180-181 (M. Hudon)

Authors

Years

Languages

  • e 22
  • d 12
  • f 4
  • sp 1
  • More… Less…

Types

  • a 33
  • el 2
  • m 2
  • n 1
  • s 1
  • x 1
  • More… Less…

Themes

Subjects

Classifications