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  • × theme_ss:"International bedeutende Universalklassifikationen"
  1. Belayche, C.: ¬A propos de la classification de Dewey (1997) 0.12
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    Abstract
    All classifications are based on ideologies and Dewey is marked by its author's origins in 19th century North America. Subsequent revisions indicate changed ways of understanding the world. Section 157 (psycho-pathology) is now included with 616.89 (mental troubles), reflecting the move to a genetic-based approach. Table 5 (racial, ethnic and national groups) is however unchanged, despite changing views on such categorisation
    Source
    Bulletin d'informations de l'Association des Bibliothecaires Francais. 1997, no.175, S.22-23
    Type
    a
  2. Kleiber, K.; Lindpointner, R.: DDC in Europa : Workshop "The use of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) in Europe: recent developments and future perspectives" und "Meeting of the European DDC users' group" (2007) 0.05
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    Content
    "Am 11. und 12. Juni 2007 fand in der Schweizer Nationalbibliothek in Bern unter dem Titel: "EDUG 2007 - Die Verwendung der Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation (DDC) in Europa: Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Perspektiven für die Zukunft" das erste europäische DDC-Anwendertreffen in Europa statt (wobei 'EDUG' für European Dewey Users Group steht). Organisatoren der Tagung waren Elena Balzardi und Patrice Landry von der Schweizer Nationalbibliothek. Unter den 55 Teilnehmern, davon gut die Hälfte aus der Schweiz, waren u.a. Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare aus Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien, Griechenland, Schweden und Norwegen. Aus den USA war Joan Mitchell, die Herausgeberin der DDC zugegen, aus Deutschland u.a. Magda Heiner-Freiling (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) und aus Österreich Karin Kleiber (Nationalbibliothek) und Rudolf Lindpointner (00. Landesbibliothek). Am ersten Tag standen verschiedene Präsentationen zur Arbeit mit der DDC in Europa auf der Tagesordnung. Thema der ersten Vorträge von Federica Paradisi (Florenz), Anne-Celine Lambotte (Paris) und Heidrun Alex (Frankfurt) war die Verwendung von Dewey in Italien, Frankreich und Deutschland, Erfahrungen und Problematiken in einzelnen Bereichen. So wird z.B. in der Bibliothèque nationale de France DDC seit 1992 für die Freihand-Aufstellung verwendet und seit 2000 auch für die Neuzugänge im Magazin vergeben. In der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek werden seit Bibliografiejahrgang 2007 die Reihen A (Monografien und Periodika des Verlagsbuchhandels), B (Monografien und Periodika außerhalb des Verlagsbuchhandels) und H (Hochschulschriften) der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie mit vollständigen DDC-Notationen erschlossen. Probleme gibt es generell in den Bereichen des Rechts, des Erziehungssystems und bei der Archäologie (die BNP vergibt hier z.B. gegen die Regeln einen geographischen Zusatz).
    Der dann folgende Vortrag von Joan Mitchell mit dem programmatischen Titel "Locality and universality in the DDC" gab zuerst einen Überblick über die laufenden Übersetzungsprojekte, bezogen auf die Ed. 22, nämlich: Französisch, Italienisch, Spanisch, Griechisch, Arabisch und Chinesisch. Bezogen auf die Abridged Ed. 14 außerdem: Hebräisch und Vietnamesisch. Sie erwähnte auch den Einsatz von Dewey bei internationalen Projekten wie der "World Digital Library". Der zentrale Punkt des Vortrags betraf dann den Spagat zwischen ,Localization and Interoperability', d.h. zwischen Anpassung an regionale Gegebenheiten (wie z.B. Unterschiede in den Bereichen des Rechts- und Erziehungssystems) auf der einen Seite und Festhalten an der Durchgängigkeit der Bedeutung über alle Sprachen und Kulturen hinweg. Wie auch Magda Heiner-Freiling in ihrem Vortrag hinwies, hat sich die amerikanisch geprägte DDC im Zuge der Übersetzungsprojekte zwar schrittweise den Bedürfnissen der Benutzer in anderen Erdteilen geöffnet, dennoch bestehen noch zahlreiche Schwierigkeiten. Das von Heiner-Freiling erwähnte Beispiel der Pädagogik zeigte aber auch, dass Vorsicht bei Alleingängen auf nationaler Ebene geboten ist, da z.B. im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses auch in Europa amerikanische institutionelle Strukturen und Terminologie im Bildungswesen Einzug halten. Weitere Vorträge befassten sich mit der Arbeit an elektronischen Verfahren zur automatischen Analyse von DDC-Notationen (Ulrike Reiner aus Göttingen), mit der DDC-Übersetzungs-Software, die für die Übersetzung ins Deutsche entwickelt wurde und nun auch in allen anderen Sprachen im Einsatz ist (Peter Werling, Fa. Pansoft) bzw. mit der DDC-Suche in verschiedenen Webportalen (Lars G. Svensson, DNB). Der abschließende Vortrag von Magda Heiner-Freiling (DNB) ging dann wieder ins Programmatische mit dem Vorschlag, eine gemeinsame European DDC Users Group (EDUG) zu gründen, um gemeinsame Anliegen der europäischen Dewey-User, was z.B. die anfangs erwähnten Probleme in einzelnen Bereichen betrifft, gemeinsam gegenüber den amerikanischen Herausgebern zu vertreten, um so mehr Einfluss auf die künftige Entwicklung der DDC zu haben.
    Wer sich näher für einzelne Themen interessiert, hat die Möglichkeit, auf der Homepage der Schweizer Nationalbibliothek die Präsentationsunterlagen der einzelnen Vorträge einzusehen (http://www.nb.admin.ch/slb/slb_professionnel/projektarbeit/00729/01615/01675/index.html?lang=de). Ziel des zweiten Tages war die Gründung einer europäischen DDC-Anwendergruppe zum Zweck der Vernetzung und Planung für die gemeinsame Entwicklungsarbeit. Anwesend waren Vertreterinnen der Nationalbibliotheken von Großbritannien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweden, Norwegen, Italien, Schweiz und Österreich sowie eine Vertreterin von OCLC. Eingeladen hatten die Nationalbibliotheken von Deutschland und der Schweiz. Vormittags wurde eine allgemeine Diskussion über die Ziele und Möglichkeiten einer solchen Anwendergruppe sowie allgemein über die Vorteile einer DDC-Anwendung in Europa diskutiert. Ziele von EDUG könnten sein: - Monitoring der europäischen DDC-Anwendungen - Kenntnis der unterschiedlichen Anwendungsregeln in den verschiedenen Ländern - Zugang auch zu den DDC-Übersetzungen in anderen Sprachen samt Expansionen - Zusammenarbeit beim Angebot von "built numbers" Zusammenarbeit mit OCLC als Vertreterin von europäischen Anliegen (die am Vortag ausführlich angesprochen worden waren) - Harmonisierung der Änderungen in den verschiedensprachigen Ausgaben (21./22. Ed., unterschiedliche Erweiterungen, anderer Sprachgebrauch) - Kooperation bei der Realisierung von technischen Plänen wie z.B. die automatische Klassifikation von Online-Dokumenten oder dem Mapping zu anderen Klassifikationssystemen - Weitergabe von Know-how und Erfahrungen an andere Interessierte Spontan wurden drei Arbeitsgruppen ins Leben gerufen, und zwar eine für technische Angelegenheiten und zwei inhaltliche für die kritischen Bereiche Recht und Erziehung. Nachmittags wurden die Satzungen von EDUG diskutiert und überarbeitet. Bei vielen Punkten wurde Übereinkunft erzielt. Einzelne Fragen blieben noch offen und sollen beim nächsten Treffen - wahrscheinlich im April 2008 in Frankfurt - endgültig fixiert werden."
    Footnote
    Vgl. für die Vorträge: http://www.nb.admin.ch/slb/slb_professionnel/projektarbeit/00729/01615/01675/index.html?lang=de.
    Type
    a
  3. Cabral, L.: ¬Le developpement des partenariats : la realization de la 21e édition en langue francaise de la Classification Décimale Dewey (1998) 0.05
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    Type
    a
  4. Lambotte, A.-C.: Dewey en France (2007) 0.04
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    Source
    http://www.nb.admin.ch/slb/slb_professionnel/projektarbeit/00729/01615/01675/index.html?lang=de
  5. Mitchell, J.S.: DDC 22 : an introduction (2003) 0.04
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    Abstract
    Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, Edition 22 (DDC 22) will be issued simultaneously in print and web versions in July 2003. The new edition is the first full print update to the Dewey Decimal Classification system in seven years-it includes several significant updates and many new numbers and topics. DDC 22 also features some fundamental structural changes that have been introduced with the goals of promoting classifier efficiency and improving the DDC for use in a variety of applications in the web environment. Most importantly, the content of the new edition has been shaped by the needs and recommendations of Dewey users around the world. The worldwide user community has an important role in shaping the future of the DDC.
    Object
    DDC-22
  6. Mitchell, J.S.: DDC 22: Dewey in the world, the world in Dewey (2004) 0.03
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    Abstract
    In 2003, OCLC published Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, Edition 22 (DDC 22), in print and Web versions. The changes and updates in the new edition reflect a modern view of knowledge structures and address the general needs of Dewey users. The content of DDC 22 has been shaped by a number of social, geopolitical, and technical trends. The World Wide Web has provided a vehicle for more frequent distribution of updates to the DDC, and a medium for direct communication with Dewey users around the world. In addition to updating the system itself, other strategies are needed to accommodate the needs of the global Dewey user community. Translation of the system is one approach; another is mapping. Mapping terminology to the DDC is a strategy for supporting effective local implementation of the system while maintaining the internal cohesiveness of the DDC. This paper explores the usefulness of mapping terminology from English-language general subject headings lists produced outside the U.S.
    Object
    DDC-22
    Type
    a
  7. Scott, M.L.: Dewey Decimal Classification, 22nd edition : a study manual and number building guide (2005) 0.03
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    Abstract
    This work has been fully updated for the 22nd edition of DDC, and is used as reference for the application of Dewey coding or as a course text in the Dewey System
    Object
    DDC-22
  8. Classificación Decimal Universal (CDU) : Edición abreviada de Norma UNE 50001:2000 (2001) 0.03
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    Editor
    Centro de Información y Documentación Cientifica
    Issue
    Tradución del Master Reference File realizada por le Centro de Información y Documentación Cientifica (CINDOC) ; adaptada por Rosa San Segundo Manuel.
  9. Cabral, L.: ¬Le développement des partenariats : la réalisation de la 21e édition, en langue francaise, de la Classification Décimale Dewey (1998) 0.03
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  10. Kaushik, S.K.: DDC 22 : a practical approach (2004) 0.03
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    Abstract
    A system of library classification that flashed across the inquiring mind of young Melvil Louis Kossuth Dewey (known as Melvil Dewey) in 1873 is still the most popular classification scheme.. The modern library classification begins with Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). Melvil Dewey devised DDC in 1876. DDC has is credit of 128 years of boudless success. The DDC is being taught as a practical subject throughout the world and it is being used in majority of libraries in about 150 countries. This is the result of continuous revision that 22nd Edition of DDC has been published in July 2003. No other classification scheme has published so many editions. Some welcome changes have been made in DDC 22. To reduce the Christian bias in 200 religion, the numbers 201 to 209 have been devoted to specific aspects of religion. In the previous editions these numbers were devoted to Christianity. to enhance the classifier's efficiency, Table 7 has been removed from DDC 22 and the provision of adding group of persons is made by direct use of notation already available in schedules and in notation -08 from Table 1 Standard Subdivision. The present book is an attempt to explain, with suitable examples, the salient provisions of DDC 22. The book is written in simple language so that the students may not face any difficulty in understanding what is being explained. The examples in the book are explained in a step-by-step procedure. It is hoped that this book will prove of great help and use to the library professionals in general and library and information science students in particular.
    Content
    1. Introduction to DDC 22 2. Major changes in DDC 22 3. Introduction to the schedules 4. Use of Table 1 : Standard Subdivisions 5. Use of Table 2 : Areas 6. Use of Table 3 : Subdivisions for the arts, for individual literatures, for specific literary forms 7. Use to Table 4 : Subdivisions of individual languages and language families 8. Use of Table 5 : Ethic and National groups 9. Use of Table 6 : Languages 10. Treatment of Groups of Persons
    Object
    DDC-22
  11. Dahlberg, I.: Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung : Probleme und Möglichkeiten eines universalen Klassifikationssystems des Wissens (1974) 0.02
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    Footnote
    Zugleich Dissertation Univ. Düsseldorf. - Rez. in: ZfBB. 22(1975) S.53-57 (H.-A. Koch)
  12. Heiner-Freiling, M.: DDC Deutsch 22 : formale, terminologische und inhaltliche Aspekte einer deutschen DDC-Ausgabe (2001) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Es werden die Überlegungen im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung der Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation im deutschen Sprachraum dargestellt, wobei die künftige deutsche DDC-Ausgabe auf der Basis der 22. Auflage der Original-DDC im Mittelpunkt steht. Dringlich für eine deutsche Ausgabe sind neben Korrekturen und Expansionen für deutsche Sachverhalte, etwa im Bereich der geografischen Hilfstafel, die Schaffung eines deutschen Begriffsinventars für das Instrumentarium der DDC selbst und eine Integration der Terminologie der Schlagwortnormdatei, soweit das mit der Struktur einer Klassifikation vereinbar ist. Daneben kommt der über eine reine Übersetzung hinausgehenden Anpassung der Beispiele und Registereinträge der DDC an die Suchgewohnheiten deutschsprachiger Benutzer eine erhebliche Bedeutung zu.
    Type
    a
  13. Hopwood, H.V.: Dewey expanded (1985) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Paul Otlet and Henri LaFontaine of Belgium initiated the compilation of an index to all recorded knowledge. Instead of an alphabetical file, they decided to adopt a classified arrangement. For the basis of such an arrangement, they turned to the Dewey Decimal Classification, a system which was gaining wide acceptance in American libraries. With permission secured from Melvil Dewey to expand the system to include details required for an indexing tool, Otlet and LaFontaine began developing what was to become the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). Following the establishment of the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB), later the Fédération Internationale de Documentation (FID), in 1895, work an the universal index and the classification scheme proceeded under its aegis. In 1905, the classification scheme was published as the Manuel du Répertoire bibliographique universel. While the initial, ambitious project of the universal index was abandoned, the classification scheme itself was widely adopted, particularly in special libraries in Europe. A second edition was published in 1927-1933 under the title Classification décimale universelle. The development and maintanance of the scheme continued with the support of the FID. In the course of its development, the UDC moved further and further away from its prototype, the Dewey Decimal Classification. One of the major differences between the two systems is the use of relators in UDC. The notation adopted by Melvil Dewey for his scheme is a hierarchical one; in other words, the notation reflects the hierarchical relationships among subjects. However, it does not display the relationships among the facets, or aspects, of a particular subject. Furthermore, the use of auxiliaries in the Dewey Decimal Classification, beginning with the form subdivisions and gradually expanding to include geographic subdivisions and finally other auxiliaries in the most recent editions, has been relatively restricted. As an indexing tool, Otlet and LaFontaine felt that their system needed commonly applicable auxiliaries which they called "determinatives."` To this end, a series of special symbols were introduced into the system for the purpose of combining related subjects and indicating different facets or aspects of the main subject. The use of these symbols, called relators, with the auxiliaries has rendered the Universal Decimal Classification a synthetic scheme. In this respect, the UDC has moved much more rapidly than the Dewey Decimal Classification toward becoming a faceted classification. In the following paper, Henry V. Hopwood, a Senior Assistant at the British Patent Office Library during the 1900s, explains the use and rationale of relators, or "marks," as he calls them, in the Universal Decimal Classification.
    Source
    Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
    Type
    a
  14. Svanberg, M.: Mapping two classification schemes : DDC and SAB (2008) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Most Swedish libraries use a Swedish classification scheme called SAB, but a switch to Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is under consideration. The question of a Swedish switch to DDC was treated as part of a Catalogue Survey, conducted during 2006. Summarising the study, there is a lot to be said for a Swedish switch to DDC. If a switch became reality, mappings between SAB and DDC would play a crucial role as an aid both for librarians and library users. The article describes a project where a DDC arrangement of the Swedish National Bibliography should be achieved through mapping of the captions in the SAB arrangement. The methodology used is described, and problems are discussed. The article includes a comparison of DDC numbers achieved through mapping and manually added DDC numbers in a sample of bibliographic records. Future plans for DDC in Sweden are also discussed.
    Date
    14. 8.2008 11:22:44
    Type
    a
  15. Classificação Decimal Universal (2007) 0.02
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    Imprint
    Brasília : Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnología. Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciencia e Tecnologia
  16. Levie, F.: ¬L' Homme qui voulait classer le monde : Paul Otlet et le Mundaneum (2006) 0.02
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: KO 33(2006) no.2, S. 120-121 (S. Ducheyne): "To the readers of this journal the founding founder of bibliography and information science, the Belgian Paul Otlet (1868-1944), ground-layer of the Universal Decimal Classification, anticipator of multimedia, virtual libraries, and the Internet, and co-inventor of the microfilm or, as it was originally called, "le Bibliophote" (p. 107) (an achievement he shares together with Robert Goldschmidt), scarcely needs introduction. Françoise Levie's new biography of Otlet embodies the research she has started with the production of the documentary of the same name (Sofidoc, 2002, 60 min.). It is impossible to give a chapter-bychapter overview of this informatively dense and beautifully illustrated book, which consists of twenty chapters, a concluding piece by Benoît Peeters, a very useful list and description of the pivotal figures in Otlet's life, and a list containing the locations of the sources consulted (an index is, unfortunately, not provided). I will therefore restrict myself by pointing to Levie's innovative contributions to our knowledge of Otlet and to topics that are of genuine interest to the readers of this journal. Levie's book is the result of a fascinating, worldwide quest into the remains of Otlet's work and his international connections. Ever since W Boyd Rayward's monumental 1975 The Universe of Information: The Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and International Organization (Moscow: VINITI), this book is the second systematic survey of the Collections of the Mundaneum (now, after various peregrinations, preserved at Bergen/Mons, Belgium) (cf. pp. 339-340), which contains Otlet's private documents, the "Otletaneum". Sixty-eight unopened banana boxes were the main source of inspirations for Levie's research. Of special interest in this respect is Levie's discovery of Otlet's 1916 diary "le Cahier Blue". As these boxes were, at the time Levie conducted her research, not classified and as they were thereafter re-divided and re-classified, precise references to this collection are not provided and the text is simply quoted during the course of the book (p. 339). While this is perfectly understandable, I would have welcomed exact references to Otlet's main works such as, for instance, Traité de documentation and Monde, Essai d'universalisme which are also quoted without supplying further details.
    Levie's focus is not exclusively on Otlet's contributions to bibliography and information science per se, but aims at offering a very complete, chronological overview of the life and work of Paul Otlet. Levie succeeds very well at documenting Otlet's personal and familial life, and offers ample socio-historical and political contextualisation of Otlet's activities (e.g. the interaction between Otlet's internationalist endeavours and the expansionist politics of King Leopold II (p. 59), and Otlet's ardent pacifism during World War I are relevantly highlighted (pp. 161176)). Levie begins by exploring Otlet's childhood days and by bringing into perspective some of the traits which are relevant to understand his later work. She shows how his father Edouard, an internationally active railway contractor, awoke a mondial awareness in the young Otlet (pp. 20-21) and how his encyclopaedic spirit for the first time found expression in a systematic inventory of the small Mediterranean isle his father bought (L'île du Levant, 1882) (p. 31). From the age of 16 Otlet suffered from a disorder of his literal memory (Otlet's personal testimony in the Cahier Blue, on p. 47), which might perhaps explain his lifelong obsession with completeness and accuracy. Of special interest to the readers of this journal are chapter 4, in which Otlet's and Henri Lafontaine's adaptation of Melvil Dewey's Decimal Classification and the origin of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is discussed in extenso (pp. 5170; also see chapter 6, p. 98 for Otlet's attempt at a universal iconographical index) and chapter 17, in which Traité de documentation (1934) is presented
    (pp. 267-277). In chapter 5 (pp. 75-89), Levie discusses Otlet's interest in urbanism (also see, p. 147 ff) and recounts how in Westende he built from scratch a complete coastal village, a kind of miniutopia, in close collaboration with the architects Octave Van Rysselberghe and Henry Van de Velde (unfortunately, it was destroyed in 1914). In close connection to their pacifist ideals, Otlet and his Nobelprize winning co-worker Lafontaine sought to realize a World City and in 1911 saw their ambitions shared by the joint work of the French architect Ernest Hébrard and the American-Norwegian sculptor Hendrik Anderson (pp. 128-141). Later, in the late 1920s, Otlet joined forces with Le Corbusier to establish such a world-centre (pp. 229-247, a 1930 letter of Le Corbusier to Otlet on this matter is reproduced on pages 234-235). In his later moments of desperation, Otlet called on virtually every major political leader, including Mussolini, Franco, and Hitler to achieve this goal (pp. 217-218, p. 294). In these chapters related to architecture, Levie draws extensively on previously unstudied correspondence and adds much detail to our knowledge of Otlet's explorations in this area. In several other chapters, Levie documents in great detail the less unknown rise and downfall of Otlet's "Mondial Palace" (which was inaugurated in 1919) (chapters 12-14 and 16). Looking back on Otlet's endeavours it is not difficult to realize that many of his "utopian" ideas were realized in the course of history. Levie's unique work represents a most welcome update of our knowledge of Otlet. It bears direct relevance for historians of information science and bibliography and historians of architecture, but will, no doubt, attract many scholars from other disciplines, as it places Otlet against the background of several important historical trends and as it is very accessibly written. I take it that publishers are already preparing an English edition of this work - or else, they should be. I wholeheartedly agree with Levie's conclusion that we haven't finished discovering Otlet's work (p. 318)."
    RSWK
    Brüssel / Office International de Bibliographie / Geschichte (SWB)
    Subject
    Brüssel / Office International de Bibliographie / Geschichte (SWB)
  17. Vizine-Goetz, D.; Beall, J.: Using literary warrant to define a version of the DDC for automated classification services (2004) 0.02
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    Abstract
    This paper presents the results of an exploratory study to determine literary warrant for topics in electronic resources. The classification numbers in Abridged Edition 14 were used as a starting point. Using the principles of abridgment and expansion in Dewey, a version of the DDC is defined that accommodates the topics found an three diverse Web sites that use Dewey: BUBL, Canadian Information By Subject, and KidsClick! The resulting classes are used to create a database for automated classification of Web resources.
    Object
    DDC-22
    Type
    a
  18. Gödert, W.: ¬"Die Welt ist groß - Wir bringen Ordnung in diese Welt" : Das DFG-Projekt DDC Deutsch (2002) 0.02
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    Abstract
    In diesem Beitrag wird die Zielsetzung und die geplante Durchführung des Projektes DDC Deutsch zur Herstellung einer deutschen Version der 22. Ausgabe der Dewey Decimal Classification näher beschrieben. Es werden Gründe für die Durchführung des Vorhabens diskutiert und der erwartete spätere Nutzen beschrieben.
    Type
    a
  19. Junger, U.: Basisinformationen zur Universellen Dezimalklassifikation (UDK) (2018) 0.02
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    Date
    7. 7.2018 17:22:00
    Type
    a
  20. Comaroni, J.P.: Use of the Dewey Decimal Classification in the United States and Canada (1978) 0.02
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    Abstract
    A summary of a survey of the use of the DDC in libraries of the United States and Canada is presented. (5% of alle libraries in the United States and Canada use DDC; of these are at least 75% use the most recent full or abridges edition. Librarians wish to have DDC revised continuously, but they do not want the meanings of numbers changed. Any assistance that can be provided in the application of DDC is welcome. Most of the larger libraries do not believe zhat the current index provides sufficient assistance. Divisions needing revision are listed with an index number reflecting priority. DDC is seen to be warmly regarded by librarians in general and by public service librarians in particular
    Source
    Library resources and technical services. 22(1978), S.402-408
    Type
    a

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  • a 106
  • m 25
  • el 14
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