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Abstract

The need for improved semantic in teroperability between and among vocabularies and knowledge organization schemes is undeniable and growing in importance. There is an ever-increasing need to create an environment by which even multiple portals could be accessed via subject metadata using software that is neutral and available ubiquitously or directly to the user, that could be copied by libraries for use in their own environment. In order to develop or improve a knowledge organization system including emerging options in semantic interoperability, scholars and practitioners need to be able to evaluate a wide variety of projects and stay current with the professional literature. Based on its findings, the Subcommittee concludes that the development of a successful subject semantic interoperability project is a long and difficult process. It requires a substantial investment of financial, human and computer resources. The Subcommittee recommends using the information and tools in this report and its appendices to assist in developing a successful project incorporating subject semantic interoperability. Finally the Subcommittee concludes that since this field of endeavor is still relatively young and immature, it is too early to generate a set of Best Practices that could be used in developing a successful project. We are past the theoretical and basic research phase and into the development phase. Even though there are some successful projects in full production, more projects need to reach maturity and much more research needs to be done.

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Abstract

In this document we provide an overall view of the state of the art in ontology alignment. It is organised as a description of the need for ontology alignment, a presentation of the techniques currently in use for ontology alignment and a presentation of existing systems. The state of the art is not restricted to any discipline and consider as some form of ontology alignment the work made on schema matching within the database area for instance. Heterogeneity problems on the semantic web can be solved, for some of them, by aligning heterogeneous ontologies. This is illustrated through a number of use cases of ontology alignment. Aligning ontologies consists of providing the corresponding entities in these ontologies. This process is precisely defined in deliverable D2.2.1. The current deliverable presents the many techniques currently used for implementing this process. These techniques are classified along the many features that can be found in ontologies (labels, structures, instances, semantics). They resort to many different disciplines such as statistics, machine learning or data analysis. The alignment itself is obtained by combining these techniques towards a particular goal (obtaining an alignment with particular features, optimising some criterion). Several combination techniques are also presented. Finally, these techniques have been experimented in various systems for ontology alignment or schema matching. Several such systems are presented briefly in the last section and characterized by the above techniques they rely on. The conclusion is that many techniques are available for achieving ontology alignment and many systems have been developed based on these techniques. However, few comparisons and few integration is actually provided by these implementations. This deliverable serves as a basis for considering further action along these two lines. It provide a first inventory of what should be evaluated and suggests what evaluation criterion can be used.

Content

This document is part of a research project funded by the IST Programme of the Commission of the European Communities as project number IST-2004-507482.

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Abstract

This report presents the results of desk-top based study of projects and initiatives in the area of linking and mapping subject tools. While its goal is to provide areas of further study for cross-language subject access in the European Library, and specifically the national libraries of the Ten New Member States, it is not restricted to cross-language mappings since some of the tools used to create links across thesauri or subject headings in the same language may also be appropriate for cross-language mapping. Tools reviewed have been selected to represent a variety of approaches (e.g. subject heading to subject heading, thesaurus to thesaurus, classification to subject heading) reflecting the variety of subject access tools in use in the European Library. The results show that there is no single solution that would be appropriate for all libraries but that parts of several initiatives may be applicable on a technical, organisational or content level.

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Abstract

Im Rahmen des CrissCross-Projekts wurde ein multilinguales, thesaurusbasiertes Recherchevokabular zu heterogen erschlossenen Dokumenten geschaffen. Dieses Recherchevokabular besteht unter anderem aus den Sachschlagwörtern der Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) und den Notationen der Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation (DDC). Die Schlagwortnormdatei bietet einen normierten, terminologisch kontrollierten Wortschatz an. Sie enthält Schlagwörter aus allen Fachgebieten und Schlagwortkategorien, die durch die beteiligten Bibliotheken zur verbalen Inhaltserschließung genutzt und dabei täglich aktualisiert werden. Unter anderem wird die Schlagwortnormdatei auch zur verbalen Erschließung der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie verwendet. Während der verbalen Erschließung wird jedem Inhalt mindestens eine Schlagwortfolge zugewiesen. Schlagwortfolgen werden dazu benutzt, um die komplexen Themen eines Dokuments zu beschreiben. Zusätzlich wird für den Neuerscheinungsdienst der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie seit dem Jahrgang 2004 jeder Titel noch mindestens einer Sachgruppe zugewiesen. Die Strukturierung der Sachgruppen orientiert sich dabei weitestgehend an der zweiten Ebene der Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation. Die Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation ist eine international weit verbreitete Universalklassifikation. Von ihr existieren zahlreiche Übersetzungen, u. a. ins Deutsche. Seit Januar 2006 wird die DDC gemeinsam mit der SWD zur Inhaltserschließung in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie verwendet. Bei der Inhaltserschließung mit Hilfe der DDC wird jedem Inhalt eine einzelne DDC-Notation zugewiesen. Komplexe Themen werden dabei durch die Synthese von zwei oder mehr Notationen zu einer neuen Notation dargestellt. Somit ist die DDC-Notation sowohl vergleichbar mit SWD-Schlagwörtern als auch mit ganzen Schlagwortfolgen.

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