Search (18216 results, page 911 of 911)

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Theme

Geschichte der Kataloge

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Theme

Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme

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Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Abstract

Sponsored by the German Ministry of Education and Research with funding of 800.000 EURO, the German Network of Expertise in long-term storage of digital resources (nestor) began in June 2003 as a cooperative effort of 6 partners representing different players within the field of long-term preservation. The partners include: * The German National Library (Die Deutsche Bibliothek) as the lead institution for the project * The State and University Library of Lower Saxony Göttingen (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen) * The Computer and Media Service and the University Library of Humboldt-University Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) * The Bavarian State Library in Munich (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) * The Institute for Museum Information in Berlin (Institut für Museumskunde) * General Directorate of the Bavarian State Archives (GDAB) As in other countries, long-term preservation of digital resources has become an important issue in Germany in recent years. Nevertheless, coming to agreement with institutions throughout the country to cooperate on tasks for a long-term preservation effort has taken a great deal of effort. Although there had been considerable attention paid to the preservation of physical media like CD-ROMS, technologies available for the long-term preservation of digital publications like e-books, digital dissertations, websites, etc., are still lacking. Considering the importance of the task within the federal structure of Germany, with the responsibility of each federal state for its science and culture activities, it is obvious that the approach to a successful solution of these issues in Germany must be a cooperative approach. Since 2000, there have been discussions about strategies and techniques for long-term archiving of digital information, particularly within the distributed structure of Germany's library and archival institutions. A key part of all the previous activities was focusing on using existing standards and analyzing the context in which those standards would be applied. One such activity, the Digital Library Forum Planning Project, was done on behalf of the German Ministry of Education and Research in 2002, where the vision of a digital library in 2010 that can meet the changing and increasing needs of users was developed and described in detail, including the infrastructure required and how the digital library would work technically, what it would contain and how it would be organized. The outcome was a strategic plan for certain selected specialist areas, where, amongst other topics, a future call for action for long-term preservation was defined, described and explained against the background of practical experience.

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Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Abstract

What links conscious experience of pain, joy, color, and smell to bioelectrical activity in the brain? How can anything physical give rise to nonphysical, subjective, conscious states? Christof Koch has devoted much of his career to bridging the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the physics of the brain and phenomenal experience. This engaging book?part scientific overview, part memoir, part futurist speculation?describes Koch's search for an empirical explanation for consciousness. Koch recounts not only the birth of the modern science of consciousness but also the subterranean motivation for his quest?his instinctual (if "romantic") belief that life is meaningful. Koch describes his own groundbreaking work with Francis Crick in the 1990s and 2000s and the gradual emergence of consciousness (once considered a "fringy" subject) as a legitimate topic for scientific investigation. Present at this paradigm shift were Koch and a handful of colleagues, including Ned Block, David Chalmers, Stanislas Dehaene, Giulio Tononi, Wolf Singer, and others. Aiding and abetting it were new techniques to listen in on the activity of individual nerve cells, clinical studies, and brain-imaging technologies that allowed safe and noninvasive study of the human brain in action. Koch gives us stories from the front lines of modern research into the neurobiology of consciousness as well as his own reflections on a variety of topics, including the distinction between attention and awareness, the unconscious, how neurons respond to Homer Simpson, the physics and biology of free will, dogs, Der Ring des Nibelungen, sentient machines, the loss of his belief in a personal God, and sadness. All of them are signposts in the pursuit of his life's work?to uncover the roots of consciousness

Content

In which I introduce the ancient mind-body problem, explain why I am on a quest to use reason and empirical inquiry to solve it, acquaint you with Francis Crick, explain how he relates to this quest, make a confession, and end on a sad note -- In which I write about the wellsprings of my inner conflict between religion and reason, why I grew up wanting to be a scientist, why I wear a lapel pin of Professor Calculus, and how I acquired a second mentor late in life -- In which I explain why consciousness challenges the scientific view of the world, how consciousness can be investigated empirically with both feet firmly planted on the ground, why animals share consciousness with humans, and why self-consciousness is not as important as many people think it is -- In which you hear tales of scientist-magicians that make you look but not see, how they track the footprints of consciousness by peering into your skull, why you don't see with your eyes, and why attention and consciousness are not the same -- In which you learn from neurologists and neurosurgeons that some neurons care a great deal about celebrities, that cutting the cerebral cortex in two does not reduce consciousness by half, that color is leached from the world by the loss of a small cortical region, and that the destruction of a sugar cube-sized chunk of brain stem or thalamic tissue leaves you undead -- In which I defend two propositions that my younger self found nonsense--you are unaware of most of the things that go on in your head, and zombie agents control much of your life, even though you confidently believe that you are in charge -- In which I throw caution to the wind, bring up free will, Der ring des Nibelungen, and what physics says about determinism, explain the impoverished ability of your mind to choose, show that your will lags behind your brain's decision, and that freedom is just another word for feeling -- In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, rhapsodize about integrated information theory, how it explains many puzzling facts about consciousness and provides a blueprint for building sentient machines -- In which I outline an electromagnetic gadget to measure consciousness, describe efforts to harness the power of genetic engineering to track consciousness in mice, and find myself building cortical observatories -- In which I muse about final matters considered off-limits to polite scientific discourse: to wit, the relationship between science and religion, the existence of God, whether this God can intervene in the universe, the death of my mentor, and my recent tribulations.

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BK

05.20 / Kommunikation und Gesellschaft

Classification

05.20 / Kommunikation und Gesellschaft

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Content

ARDÖ, A., J. GODBY u. A. HOUGHTON u.a.: Browsing engineering resources on the Web: a general knowledge organization scheme (Dewey) vs. a special scheme (EI). DRON, J., C. BOYNE u. R. MITCHELL u.a.: Darwin among the indices: a report on COFIND, a self-organising resource base. VAN DER WALT, M.: South African search engines, directories and portals: a survey and evaluation. GARCIA, L.S., S.M.M. OLIVEIRA u. G.M.S. LUZ: Knowledge organization for query elaboration and support for technical response by the Internet. OHLY, H.P.: Information and organizational knowledge faced with contemporary knowledge theories: unveiling the strength of the myth. POLANCO, X., C. FRANCOIS: Data clustering and cluster mapping or visualization in text processing and mining. BOWKER, L.: A corpus-based investigation of variation in the organization of medical terms. CRAIG, B.L.: Rethinking official knowing and its practices: the British Treasury's Registry between the Two World Wars. BUCKLAND, M.K., A. CHEN u. M. GEBBIE u.a.: Variation by subdomain in indexes to knowledge organization systems. HUDON, M., J.M. TURNER u. Y. DEVIN: How many terms are enough?: stability and dynamism in vocabulary management for moving image collections. ARSENAULT, C.: Testing the impact of syllable aggregation in romanized fields of Chinese language bibliographic records. HE, S.: Conceptual equivalence and representational difference in terminology translation of English computer terms in simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. SMIRAGLIA, R.P.: Works as signs and canons: towards an epistemology of the work. CARLYLE, A., J. SUMMERLIN: Transforming catalog displays: records clustering for works of fiction. HILDRETH, C.R.: Are Web-based OPACs more effective retrieval systems than their conventional predecessors?: an experimental study. RIESTHUIS, G.J.A.: Multilingual subject access and the Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri: an experimental study.

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Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Date

2. 1.2004 10:35:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 31(2004) no.2, S.117-118 (D. Campbell): "This excellent volume offers 22 papers delivered at an IFLA Satellite meeting in Dublin Ohio in 2001. The conference gathered together information and computer scientists to discuss an important and difficult question: in what specific ways can the accumulated skills, theories and traditions of librarianship be mobilized to face the challenges of providing subject access to information in present and future networked information environments? The papers which grapple with this question are organized in a surprisingly deft and coherent way. Many conferences and proceedings have unhappy sessions that contain a hodge-podge of papers that didn't quite fit any other categories. As befits a good classificationist, editor I.C. McIlwaine has kept this problem to a minimum. The papers are organized into eight sessions, which split into two broad categories. The first five sessions deal with subject domains, and the last three deal with subject access tools. The five sessions and thirteen papers that discuss access in different domains appear in order of in creasing intension. The first papers deal with access in multilingual environments, followed by papers an access across multiple vocabularies and across sectors, ending up with studies of domain-specific retrieval (primarily education). Some of the papers offer predictably strong work by scholars engaged in ongoing, long-term research. Gerard Riesthuis offers a clear analysis of the complexities of negotiating non-identical thesauri, particularly in cases where hierarchical structure varies across different languages. Hope Olson and Dennis Ward use Olson's familiar and welcome method of using provocative and unconventional theory to generate meliorative approaches to blas in general subject access schemes. Many papers, an the other hand, deal with specific ongoing projects: Renardus, The High Level Thesaurus Project, The Colorado Digitization Project and The Iter Bibliography for medieval and Renaissance material. Most of these papers display a similar structure: an explanation of the theory and purpose of the project, an account of problems encountered in the implementation, and a discussion of the results, both promising and disappointing, thus far. Of these papers, the account of the Multilanguage Access to Subjects Project in Europe (MACS) deserves special mention. In describing how the project is founded an the principle of the equality of languages, with each subject heading language maintained in its own database, and with no single language used as a pivot for the others, Elisabeth Freyre and Max Naudi offer a particularly vivid example of the way the ethics of librarianship translate into pragmatic contexts and concrete procedures. The three sessions and nine papers devoted to subject access tools split into two kinds: papers that discuss the use of theory and research to generate new tools for a networked environment, and those that discuss the transformation of traditional subject access tools in this environment. In the new tool development area, Mary Burke provides a promising example of the bidirectional approach that is so often necessary: in her case study of user-driven classification of photographs, she user personal construct theory to clarify the practice of classification, while at the same time using practice to test the theory. Carol Bean and Rebecca Green offer an intriguing combination of librarianship and computer science, importing frame representation technique from artificial intelligence to standardize syntagmatic relationships to enhance recall and precision.

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Source

Cataloging and classification quarterly. 22(1996) no.2, S.90-97

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Date

23. 3.2008 19:10:22

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Content

6. Organization of Integrated Knowledge in the Electronic Environment. The Internet José Antonio SALVADOR OLIVÁN, José Maria ANGÓS ULLATE and Maria Jesús FERNÁNDEZ RUÍZ: Organization of the Information about Health Resources an the Internet; Eduardo PEIS, Antonio RUIZ, Francisco J. MUNOZ-FERNÁNDEZ and Francisco de ALBA QUINONES: Practical Method to Code Archive Findings Aids in Internet Marthinus; S. VAN DER WALT: An Integrated Model For The Organization Of Electronic Information/Knowledge in Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (Smme's) in South Africa; Ricardo EITO BRUN: Software Development and Reuse as Knowledge Management; Practice Roberto POLI: Framing Information; 7. Models and Methods for Knowledge Organization and Conceptual Relationships Terence R. SMITH, Marcia Lei ZENG, and ADEPT Knowledge Organization Team: Structured Models of Scientific Concepts for Organizing, Accessing, and Using Learning Materials; M. OUSSALAH, F. GIRET and T. KHAMMACI: A kr Multi-hierarchies/Multi-Views Model for the Development of Complex Systems; Jonathan FURNER: A Unifying Model of Document Relatedness for Hybrid Search Engines; José Manuel BARRUECO and Vicente Julián INGLADA: Reference Linking in Economics: The Citec Project; Allyson CARLYLE and Lisa M. FUSCO: Equivalence in Tillett's Bibliographic Relationships Taxonomy: a Revision; José Antonio FRÍAS and Ana Belén RÍOS HILARIO: Visibility and Invisibility of the Kindship Relationships in Bibliographic Families of the Library Catalogue; 8. Integration of Knowledge in the Internet. Representing Knowledge in Web Sites Houssem ASSADI and Thomas BEAUVISAGE: A Comparative Study of Six French-Speaking Web Directories; Barbara H. KWASNIK: Commercial Web Sites and The Use of Classification Schemes: The Case of Amazon.Com; Jorge SERRANO COBOS and Ana M' QUINTERO ORTA: Design, Development and Management of an Information Recovery System for an Internet Website: from Documentary Theory to Practice; José Luis HERRERA MORILLAS and M' del Rosario FERNÁNDEZ FALERO: Information and Resources About Bibliographic Heritage an The Web Sites of the Spanish Universities; J.F. ALDANA, A.C. GÓMEZ, N. MORENO, A. J. NEBRO, M.M. ROLDÁN: Metadata Functionality for Semantic Web Integration; Uta PRISS: Alternatives to the "Semantic Web": Multi-Strategy Knowledge Representation; 9. Models and Methods for Knowledge Integration in Information Systems Rebecca GREEN, Carol A. BEAN and Michele HUDON: Universality And Basic Level Concepts; Grant CAMPBELL: Chronotope And Classification: How Space-Time Configurations Affect the Gathering of Industrial Statistical Data; Marianne LYKKE NIELSEN and Anna GJERLUF ESLAU: Corporate Thesauri - How to Ensure Integration of Knowledge and Reflections of Diversity; Nancy WILLIAMSON: Knowledge Integration and Classification Schemes; M.V. HURTADO, L. GARCIA and J.PARETS: Semantic Views over Heterogeneous and Distributed Data Repositories: Integration of Information System Based an Ontologies; Fernando ELICHIRIGOITY and Cheryl KNOTT MALONE: Representing the Global Economy: the North American Industry Classification System;

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Content

Sammelrezension mit: (1) The ABCs of XML: The Librarian's Guide to the eXtensible Markup Language. Norman Desmarais. Houston, TX: New Technology Press, 2000. 206 pp. $28.00. (ISBN: 0-9675942-0-0) und (2) Learning XML. Erik T. Ray. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, 2003. 400 pp. $34.95. (ISBN: 0-596-00420-6)

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).