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Abstract

Mit dem Konzept der »Wissensgesellschaft« wird die gewachsene soziale, politische und ökonomische Bedeutung von Wissen zu fassen versucht. Die Vielfalt unterschiedlicher Wissensarten sowie die Dominanzverhältnisse und Wechselwirkungen zwischen ihnen werden jedoch meist ungenügend reflektiert. Dieses Defizit möchte der Band Wissen in Bewegung mindern. Die beteiligten Autorinnen und Autoren entwickeln den Wissensbegriff weiter, um die Vielfalt der Wissensformen spiegeln zu können; sie analysieren die Beziehungen zwischen ihnen und stellen dabei die Einflüsse gesellschaftlicher Machtverhältnisse heraus. Sie untersuchen das Verhältnis zwischen indigenem Wissen und westlicher Wissenschaft, entwickeln Wissenskonzeptionen jenseits homogener Einheitskonzepte, verfolgen die Genese von Gegenwissen und beleuchten kritisch die Rolle wissenschaftlicher Akteure in biopolitischen Kontroversen. Sie verbinden philosophische, politologische und soziologische Ansätze sowie theoretische Überlegungen mit praktischen Erfahrungen.

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Abstract

David J. Chalmers constructs a highly ambitious and original picture of the world, from a few basic elements. He develops and extends Rudolf Carnap's attempt to do the same in Der Logische Aufbau Der Welt (1928). Carnap gave a blueprint for describing the entire world using a limited vocabulary, so that all truths about the world could be derived from that description--but his Aufbau is often seen as a noble failure. In Constructing the World, Chalmers argues that something like the Aufbau project can succeed. With the right vocabulary and the right derivation relation, we can indeed construct the world. The focal point of Chalmers's project is scrutability: roughly, the thesis that ideal reasoning from a limited class of basic truths yields all truths about the world. Chalmers first argues for the scrutability thesis and then considers how small the base can be. All this can be seen as a project in metaphysical epistemology: epistemology in service of a global picture of the world and of our conception thereof. The scrutability framework has ramifications throughout philosophy. Using it, Chalmers defends a broadly Fregean approach to meaning, argues for an internalist approach to the contents of thought, and rebuts W. V. Quine's arguments against the analytic and the a priori. He also uses scrutability to analyze the unity of science, to defend a conceptual approach to metaphysics, and to mount a structuralist response to skepticism. Based on Chalmers's 2010 John Locke lectures, Constructing the World opens up debate on central areas of philosophy including philosophy of language, consciousness, knowledge, and reality. This major work by a leading philosopher will appeal to philosophers in all areas.