Search (119 results, page 6 of 6)

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Abstract

This article desribes the evolvement of computerized information storage and retrieval, from its beginnings in the theoretical works on logic by George Boole in the mid-nineteenth century, to the application of Boole's logic to switching circuits by Claude Shannon in the late 1930s, and the development of coordinate indexing by Mortimer Taube in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Thus, electronic storage and retrieval of information, as we know it today, was the result of two major achievements: the advancement of computer technology initiated to a large extend by the work of Shannon, and the development of coordinate indexing and retrieval by the work of Taube. Both these achievements are based on and are the application of the theoretical works of George Boole

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Footnote

Vgl. dazu auch: Kaiser, R. in ZfB 53(1936) S.167-170.

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Abstract

This writeup presents the fundamentals of subject indexing in terms of its development, scope, coverage, role in subject indexing techniques and the important elements to design a well-structured and effective subject indexing process, requirements and the infrastructure. From the time of RDC to PRECIS, the developers has been envisaged the problems to expand the flexibility and versatility of indexing technique. Whenever one indexing process is failed to achieve the maximum efficiency another is developed on the basis of failure. It concludes that all the developments of subject indexing processes during that era are leads to the innovation of Artificial Intelligence technique (AI), i.e. Natural Language Processing (NLP) by implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in present time.

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Abstract

This article explores how linguistics has influenced information retrieval (IR) and attempts to explain the impact of linguistics through an analysis of internal developments in information science generally, and IR in particular. It notes that information science/IR has been evolving from a case science into a fully fledged, "disciplined"/disciplinary science. The article establishes correspondences between linguistics and information science/IR using the three established IR paradigms-physical, cognitive, and computational-as a frame of reference. The current relationship between information science/IR and linguistics is elucidated through discussion of some recent information science publications dealing with linguistic topics and a novel technique, "keyword collocation analysis," is introduced. Insights from interdisciplinarity research and case theory are also discussed. It is demonstrated that the three stages of interdisciplinarity, namely multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity (in the narrow sense), and transdisciplinarity, can be linked to different phases of the information science/IR-linguistics relationship and connected to different ways of using linguistic theory in information science and IR.

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Abstract

In the frame of an issue of the Documentaliste devoted to the history of information science in France, the author of this article looks at the development of the two main families of information languages, hierarchical and analytical ones and attempts to discern how and how much this evolution has been influenced by the elements of information searching systems, literature, indexers, designers, users, searching techniques and indexing techniques

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Content

Der 'Klassiker' für die Darstellung der bibliothekarischen Sacherschließung bis in die 60er Jahre. Der Schwerpunkt liegt nicht so sehr auf der methodischen Seite, sondern der Tenor der Darstellung ist eher beschreibend, historisch; als Zusammenfassung nicht ersetzt

Footnote

Rez. in: Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 65(1951) [1. Aufl.] S.224-229 (B. Faass); ZfBB 3(1956) [2. Aufl.] S.301-303 (W. Gebhardt); ZfBB 16(1969) [3. Aufl.] S.175-177 (H.-J. Scholz)

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Abstract

The aims, tasks, activities, and achievements of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (1989-) are presented. ISKO is that group of scholars and practitioners who feel responsible for questions pertaining to the conceptual organization and processing of knowledge, the scientific bases of which lie in knowledge drawn from the fields of logic, organization science, psychology, science theory, informatics, semiotics, linguistics, and philosophy. It aims at giving advice in the construction, perfection, and application of such organizational tools as classification systems, taxonomies, thesauri, terminologies, as well as their use for indexing purposes and thereby for the retrieval of information. Events leading up to the founding of ISKO in 1989 are described. The aims and objectives of ISKO according to its statutes are mentioned, as well as its organization, its biennial international conferences with their proceedings volumes, and the establishment of a further conference series and a textbook series. The drive and success of coordinators in establishing chapters in many countries is reviewed as well. The activities of the chapters (mainly by their own meetings and conferences) and subsequently their publications during the past years are also included. The idea and structure of ISKO's official journal-Knowledge Organization-is explained, and ISKO's Web site is given. Finally, the need for the Society is discussed, and its possible future is considered.

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Abstract

Scrutinizing the ways in which early printed reference works were designed is a way of bringing typography and book history into the domain of library and information science. The core subject of this discipline is the concept of user-oriented organization of knowledge; it has a close connection to information-seeking behavior and retrieval. By studying the typographic arrangement of knowledge in early printed reference works, one can approach the history of the storage, organization, and retrieval of scientific information. The article discusses the typographic "architecture" of the dictionaries published by the Antwerp printer Christophe Plantin and, more specifically, the three dictionaries of the Dutch language compiled by Plantin's learned proofreader Cornelis Kiliaan (ca. 1530-1607). Kiliaan was one of the first authors to introduce etymology and comparative linguistics into his dictionaries. By analyzing the typographic macrostructures and microstructures of his works, it is possible to discover the lines along which they developed-in the words of Paul Valéry-into machines à savoir. The article also compares Plantin's dictionaries with the international benchmark for lexicographic publishing in the Renaissance world, viz. the translation dictionaries compiled and printed by the Parisian publisher Robert Estienne.

Content

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: 'Information and Space: Analogies and Metaphors'.

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Abstract

Mobilising the information stored in documents to advance learning and social well-being provides information science with a fundamental social objective. It also presents it with a characteristic set of technical and professional problems. Until recently, information storage and retrieval systems, of which the library is one of the oldest and most important examples, have not provided a direct solutuion to the problem of providing access to needed information. Instead they have attempted to identify and provide physical access to written or printed documents that might contain information that is needed or might be useful. Perhaps creating systems to substitute what documents may be about for what documents contain is a process of realistic simplfication in the face of overwhleming technical and 'epistemological' problems. But it is speculative approaches to overcoming these problems that are the subject of this paper

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Abstract

Moments after mankind started to make moveable physical records describing the world about them people started to store and arrange the records in logical order. Thereafter, records were copied and translated and simple catalogues of collections were compiled. Others, working from these records and from oral sources compiled lists, dictionaries and encyclopaedias. As the means of communication developed from the first revolutionary invention of writing to other revolutions in communication methods, notably printing with moveable type and the computer, techniques of knowledge organization became more sophisticated and powerful. In the first half of the twenty-first century we are faced with an unprecedented communications overload and the full range of knowledge organization techniques need to be deployed, further developed and applied.

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Content

Enthält u.a. den Wiederabdruck der folgenden Beiträge: The need for a faceted classification as the basis of all methods of information retrieval (Memorandum of the Classification Research Group, 1955); COATES, E.J.: Classification in information retrieval: the twenty years following Dorking (1978); VICKERY, B.C.: Structure and function in retrieval languages (1971); VICKERY, B.C.: Knowledge representation: a brief review (1986); LEWSI, D.D. u. K. SPARCK JONES: Natural language processing for information retrieval (1996); CLEVERDON, C.W. u. J. MILLS: The testing of indexing language devices (1963); SOERGEL, D.: Indexing and retrieval performance: the logical evidence (1994); SPARCK JONES, K.: Reflections on TREC (1995); KEREN, C.: On information science (1984); SALTON, G.: A note about information science research (1985); SVENONIUS, E.: Unanswered questions in the design of controlled vocabularies (1986); MILSTEAD, J.L.: Needs for research in indexing (1994); WEINER, M.L. u. E.D. LIDDY: Intelligent text processing, and intelligence tradecraft (1995); ZORN, P. et al.: Advanced searching: tricks of the trade (1996); CROFT, W.B.: What do people want from information retrieval? (1995)

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Abstract

Nowadays, tremendous information sources are preserved, ranging from those of a traditional nature like libraries and museums to new formats like electronic databases and the World Wide Web. Making these sources consistent, easily accessible, and as complete as possible is challenging. Almost a century ago, people like Paul Otlet were already fully aware of this need and tried to develop ways of making human knowledge more accessible using the resources and technology available at that time. Otlet's ideas about a Universal Network of Documentation and the Universal Book are clear examples of such efforts. Computer science currently provides the means to build digital spaces that consist of (multimedia) information sources connected through the Internet. In this article, we give a nontechnical overview of the current state of the art in information management. Next, we focus on those aspects of Otlet's work that deal with the organization of knowledge and information sources. Then we study the potential connections between Otlet's work and the state of the art of computerized information management from a computer scientist's point of view. Finally, we consider some of the problems and challenges that information management still faces today and what computer science professionals have in common with, and can still learn from, Otlet and his work.

Content

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: 'Information and Space: Analogies and Metaphors'.

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Abstract

Provides a history of the development of coordinate indexing and searching. In the 1930s scientists began to use edge notched punched cards for searching. The Batten system was invented in 1944. Following the World War 2 these systems underwent major enhancements: Calvin Mooers built up the punched card system with his Zatocoding, and Mortimer Taube enlarged the peek-a-boo system with his Uniterm development. 2 computerizations' of Taube's Uniterm system led to the present day world of information retrieval

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Abstract

In the early 20th century, Paul Otlet carved out a role for bibliography and documentation as a force for positive social change. While his ideals appeared to be utopian to many of his contemporaries, his activism and vision foreshadowed the potential of the World Wide Web. This paper discusses the role that KO professionals could play in enhancing the positive social impact of the web of knowledge, and how our roles are shifting from the more passive role of descriptive cataloguers, to proactive designers of positive and productive knowledge environments.

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Abstract

This paper studies the works of Eric Coates who put into practice and advanced Ranganathan's thought mainly through the British National Bibliography, the British Technology Index and the Broad System of Ordering. Following a description of these three systems demonstrated are: (1) how his works are connected with each other, (2) why his achievements should be estimated by a global standard, and (3) which of his contributions will throw light an unsolved problems in knowledge organization. The conclusion is that the underlying conceptual coherence of the work of Coates should be highly regarded as the persistent survival of interest and concem about classification despite its marginalization.

Series

Advances in knowledge organization; vol.9

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Series

Advances in knowledge organization; vol.4

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Abstract

Purpose - This paper aims to discuss the history of online searching through the views of one of its pioneers. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents, and comments on, the recollections of Jim Hall, one of the earliest UK-based operators of, and writers on, online retrieval systems. Findings - The paper gives an account of the development of online searching in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s. Originality/value - The paper presents the perspective of one of the pioneers of online searching.

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Abstract

Most historical explanations of interfaces are technological and start with the computer age. We propose a different approach by focusing on the history of library and information sciences, particularly on the case of Paul Otlet (1868-1944). Otlet's attempts to integrate and distribute knowledge imply the need for interfaces, and his conceptualizations are reminiscent of modern versions of interfaces that are intended to facilitate manual and mechanical data integration and enrichment. Our discussion is based on a selection from the hundreds of images of what we may think of as "interfaces" that Otlet made or commissioned during his life. We examine his designs for interfaces that involve bibliographic cards, that allow data enrichment, his attempts to visualize interfaces between the sciences and between universal and personal classifications, and even his attempts to create interfaces to the world. In particular, we focus on the implications of Otlet's dissection of the organization of the book for the creation of interfaces to a new order of public knowledge. Our view is that the creative ways in which he faces tensions of scalability, representation, and perception of relationships between knowledge objects might be of interest today.