-
Foskett, D.J.: Occupational safety and health documents classification scheme (1957)
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- Source
- Proceedings of the International Study Conference on Classification for Information Retrieval, held at Beatrice Webb House, Dorking, England, 13.-17.5.1957
-
Mills, W.: Universal Decimal Classification for use in polar libraries (1994)
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- Abstract
- Presents a version of the UDC specifically revised and adapted for use in libraries focusing on Polar subjects. The schedules do not derive from the master reference file
-
Frey, J.; Streitmatter, D.; Götz, F.; Hellmann, S.; Arndt, N.: DBpedia Archivo (2020)
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- Abstract
- We are proud to announce DBpedia Archivo (https://archivo.dbpedia.org) an augmented ontology archive and interface to implement FAIRer ontologies. Each ontology is rated with 4 stars measuring basic FAIR features. We discovered 890 ontologies reaching on average 1.95 out of 4 stars. Many of them have no or unclear licenses and have issues w.r.t. retrieval and parsing.
- Content
- # Community action on individual ontologies We would like to call on all ontology maintainers and consumers to help us increase the average star rating of the web of ontologies by fixing and improving its ontologies. You can easily check an ontology at https://archivo.dbpedia.org/info. If you are an ontology maintainer just release a patched version - archivo will automatically pick it up 8 hours later. If you are a user of an ontology and want your consumed data to become FAIRer, please inform the ontology maintainer about the issues found with Archivo. The star rating is very basic and only requires fixing small things. However, theimpact on technical and legal usability can be immense.
# Community action on all ontologies (quality, FAIRness, conformity) Archivo is extensible and allows contributions to give consumers a central place to encode their requirements. We envision fostering adherence to standards and strengthening incentives for publishers to build a better (FAIRer) web of ontologies. 1. SHACL (https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/, co-edited by DBpedia's CTO D. Kontokostas) enables easy testing of ontologies. Archivo offers free SHACL continuous integration testing for ontologies. Anyone can implement their SHACL tests and add them to the SHACL library on Github. We believe that there are many synergies, i.e. SHACL tests for your ontology are helpful for others as well. 2. We are looking for ontology experts to join DBpedia and discuss further validation (e.g. stars) to increase FAIRness and quality of ontologies. We are forming a steering committee and also a PC for the upcoming Vocarnival at SEMANTiCS 2021. Please message hellmann@informatik.uni-leipzig.de <mailto:hellmann@informatik.uni-leipzig.de>if you would like to join. We would like to extend the Archivo platform with relevant visualisations, tests, editing aides, mapping management tools and quality checks.
# How does Archivo work? Each week Archivo runs several discovery algorithms to scan for new ontologies. Once discovered Archivo checks them every 8 hours. When changes are detected, Archivo downloads and rates and archives the latest snapshot persistently on the DBpedia Databus. # Archivo's mission Archivo's mission is to improve FAIRness (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) of all available ontologies on the Semantic Web. Archivo is not a guideline, it is fully automated, machine-readable and enforces interoperability with its star rating. - Ontology developers can implement against Archivo until they reach more stars. The stars and tests are designed to guarantee the interoperability and fitness of the ontology. - Ontology users can better find, access and re-use ontologies. Snapshots are persisted in case the original is not reachable anymore adding a layer of reliability to the decentral web of ontologies.
-
Dewey, M.: Dewey Decimal Classification and relative index (2003)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Knowledge organization 31(2004) no.2, S.112-114 (M.P. Satija) : "With nearly 130 years of eventful and checkered history, the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is the oldest living yet thriving modern library classification. Having undergone 21 revisions, it is the most applied library classification structure all over the world. Apart from its use in libraries in more than 135 countries across six continents, many national and trade bibliographies use it for content organization. Furthermore, it is now making successful forays into the world of electronic documents and networked information. The print version of the 22nd edition was released in September 2003, two months later than the scheduled time of July 2003, and two months after the release of the electronic version, WebDewey. The period between print editions now seems settled to seven years as a matter of policy. As WebDewey, an the other hand, is updated an a quarterly basis, what really constitutes a new edition is problematic; edition is rolling, always in a flux without much fixity. The last half century, and more specifically the tenure of Benjamin A. Custer as editor (1956-1980; Editions 16-19), has been an era of structural changes in the DDC, backed by professional management and organizational planning. Custer was instrumental in not only resuscitating the system, but also in putting DDC back an the path of progress. His able successor, Dr. John P. Comaromi, edited the 20`h edition (1989) and ushered in a period of simplification and consolidation. Following the acquisition of Forest Press by OCLC in 1988, much more research has gone into making new editions of the DDC. The OCLC Office of Research has involved itself in classification research, especially in the harmonization of various knowledge classification systems and mapping of DDC numbers to subject headings, above all to make DDC capable of organizing electronic information of every sort. The acquisition of DDC by OCLC has also inaugurated an era of new products and services, along with organized marketing. DDC21 (1996) was a product of high IT, and the 22nd edition can safely be termed a child of network technology. It is indeed the first edition produced in the web environment. To stay abreast of current developments an knowledge practices, the editors relied an the Internet and electronic databases for new topics and terms. Editors and policy makes got constant feedback and suggestions via the Internet to add new features and to achieve accuracy and efficiency. In addition to the feedback and expert advice, this edition, as usual, is based an actual classification of three quarters of a million current books in the Decimal Classification Division of the Library of Congress since 1996.
WebDewey (2003) and Abridged WebDewey (2004) are now only available an the Internet to licensed users. WebDewey is an enhanced version of the Dewey database of terms and numbers available in the print edition. Updated quarterly, it is only accessible via the Internet an an annual subscription basis. It provides much more facilities including key words navigation. Annotation feature allows cIassifiers to add and share notes about local classification changes. WebDewey is available within the full OCLC cataloguing services environment. It provides many access points with many search and browse Indexes. It makes the location of Dewey numbers an "easy" game. The annually updated Dewey for Windows an CD ceased publication in 2001; this decision may hurt the libraries in developing countries where the Internet, due to poor telecommunication infrastructure and unreliable services, is not easily accessible.
Changes DDC22 is the second edition prepared by Joan S. Mitchell who took over as editor in 1993. It carries forward the policies and improvements started in DDC21, especially the onslaught an the Christian and western cultural blas in the schedules and tables. The plan for reducing Christian blas in 200 Religion, initiated in DDC21, has now been completed, with some additional provisions in 296 and 297. An outstanding change has been the abrogation of Table 7 Persons. The functions of Table 7 are now filled by using T1-08 and whatever notation is appropriate from 011-999. There are at least six places in the tables and 12 places in the schedules where the use of T7 was prescribed; what good the abolition of T7 has produced is not clear. In fact, it does make number building in some cases a bit circuitous, especially while using Table 3C. It has also resulted in the reuse of many DDC 21 numbers with new meanings. However, some numbers remain the same e.g., Social customs of artists 390.47 (both in DDC21 and DDC22). A few numbers have also become shorter in length. In compliance with the recommendations of D'Elia's survey, all works relating to directories of travel facilities such as hotels, lodges, Motels, inns, have been shifted to 910.46 and to 913/919 whereas 647.94 continues to be in place for general information about hotels. A common practice in previous editions, that is full class or extensive revisions (phoenix schedules), appear to have been discontinued in the preparation of DDC22. But minor changes are numerous. There are more than one thousand relocations and discontiuations of class numbers. Some 40 numbers have been reused. ... However, all these changes are not those projected as slated changes for DDC22 in the DDC21 (1996), namely in 520 Astronomy, 355-359 Military science, 636-639 Animal husbandry and 690 Buildings. Obviously the switch over to the DDC 22 will put less strain an libraries. There has been considerable improvement in the manual, now shifted to volume 1 of the print edition (pp. 1-182). Notes in the manual have been shortened by removing redundant information and by dividing them into smaller sections. Some information from the manual has been transferred to the schedules and tables, in the form of notes. The manual is now clearer and easier to read. Flow Charts, built-in numbers, and see also references should help classifiers achieve greater consistency. The relative index has been beefed up. With its 928 pages, it is 333 pages longer than the previous one, including new built-in numbers and many additional terms. The entry vocabulary is wide-based and current. DDC 22, the first edition of this millennium, has kept pace with the fast changing information environment to map and organize it squarely. To quote our friends at OCLC: knowledge is a big world, and they have organized it."
- Object
- DDC-22
-
Fachsystematik Bremen nebst Schlüssel 1970 ff. (1970 ff)
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- Content
- 1. Agrarwissenschaften 1981. - 3. Allgemeine Geographie 2.1972. - 3a. Allgemeine Naturwissenschaften 1.1973. - 4. Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft 2.1971. - 6. Allgemeines. 5.1983. - 7. Anglistik 3.1976. - 8. Astronomie, Geodäsie 4.1977. - 12. bio Biologie, bcp Biochemie-Biophysik, bot Botanik, zoo Zoologie 1981. - 13. Bremensien 3.1983. - 13a. Buch- und Bibliothekswesen 3.1975. - 14. Chemie 4.1977. - 14a. Elektrotechnik 1974. - 15 Ethnologie 2.1976. - 16,1. Geowissenschaften. Sachteil 3.1977. - 16,2. Geowissenschaften. Regionaler Teil 3.1977. - 17. Germanistik 6.1984. - 17a,1. Geschichte. Teilsystematik hil. - 17a,2. Geschichte. Teilsystematik his Neuere Geschichte. - 17a,3. Geschichte. Teilsystematik hit Neueste Geschichte. - 18. Humanbiologie 2.1983. - 19. Ingenieurwissenschaften 1974. - 20. siehe 14a. - 21. klassische Philologie 3.1977. - 22. Klinische Medizin 1975. - 23. Kunstgeschichte 2.1971. - 24. Kybernetik. 2.1975. - 25. Mathematik 3.1974. - 26. Medizin 1976. - 26a. Militärwissenschaft 1985. - 27. Musikwissenschaft 1978. - 27a. Noten 2.1974. - 28. Ozeanographie 3.1977. -29. Pädagogik 8.1985. - 30. Philosphie 3.1974. - 31. Physik 3.1974. - 33. Politik, Politische Wissenschaft, Sozialwissenschaft. Soziologie. Länderschlüssel. Register 1981. - 34. Psychologie 2.1972. - 35. Publizistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft 1985. - 36. Rechtswissenschaften 1986. - 37. Regionale Geograpgie 3.1975. - 37a. Religionswissenschaft 1970. - 38. Romanistik 3.1976. - 39. Skandinavistik 4.1985. - 40. Slavistik 1977. - 40a. Sonstige Sprachen und Literaturen 1973. - 43. Sport 4.1983. - 44. Theaterwissenschaft 1985. - 45. Theologie 2.1976. - 45a. Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Archäologie 1970. - 47. Volkskunde 1976. - 47a. Wirtschaftswissenschaften 1971 // Schlüssel: 1. Länderschlüssel 1971. - 2. Formenschlüssel (Kurzform) 1974. - 3. Personenschlüssel Literatur 5. Fassung 1968
-
Dewey, M.: ¬A classification and subject index for cataloguing and arranging the books and pamphlets of a library (1876)
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- Abstract
- Preface The plan of the following Classification and Index was developed early in 1873. It was the result of several months' study of library economy as found in some hundreds of books and pamphlets, and in over fifty personal visits to various American libraries. In this study, the author became convinced that the usefulness of these libraries might be greatly increased without additional expenditure. Three years practical use of the system here explained, leads him to believe that it will accomplish this result; for with its aid, the catalogues, shelf lists, indexes, and cross-references essential to this increased usefulness, can be made more economically than by any other method which he has been able to find. The system was devised for cataloguing and indexing purposes, but it was found on trial to be equally valuable for numbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves.
The library is first divided into nine special libraries which are called Classes. These Classes are Philosophy, Theology, &c., and are numbered with the nine digits. Thus Class 9 is the Library of History; Class 7, the Library of Fine Art; Class 2, the Library of Theology. These special libraries or Classes are then considered independently, and each one is separated again into nine special Divisions of the main subject. These Divisions are numbered from 1 to 9 as were the Classes. Thus 59 is the 9th Division (Zoology) of the 5th Class (Natural Science). A final division is then made by separating each of these Divisions into nine Sections which are numbered in the same way, with the nine digits. Thus 513 is the 3d Section (Geometry) of the 1st Division (Mathematics) of the 5th Class (Natural Science). This number, giving Class, Division, and Section, is called the Classification or Class Number, and is applied to every book or pamphlet belonging to the library. All the Geometries are thus numbered 513, all the Mineralogies 549, and so throughout the library, all the books on any given subject bear the number of that subject in the scheme. Where a 0 occurs in a class number, it has its normal zero power. Thus, a book numbered 510, is Class 5, Division 1, but _no_ Section. This signifies that the book treats of the Division 51 (Mathematics) in general, and is not limited to any one Section, as is the Geometry, marked 513. If marked 500, it would indicate a treatise on Science in general, limited to _no_ Division. A zero occurring in the first place would in the same way show that the book is limited to _no_ Class. The classification is mainly made by subjects or content regardless of _form_; but it is found practically useful to make an additional distinction in these general treatises, according to the form of treatment adopted. Thus, in Science we have a large number of books treating of Science in general, and so having a 0 for the Division number. These books are then divided into Sections, as are those of the other Classes according to the form they have taken on. We have the Philosophy and History of Science, Scientific Compends, Dictionaries, Essays, Periodicals, Societies, Education, and Travels,--all having the common subject, =NATURAL SCIENCE=, but treating it in these varied forms. These form distinctions are introduced here because the number of general works is large, and the numerals allow of this division, without extra labor for the numbers from 501 to 509 would otherwise be unused. They apply _only_ to the general treatises, which, without them, would have a class number ending with two zeros. A Dictionary of Mathematics is 510, not 503, for every book is assigned to the _most specific head that will contain it_, so that 503 is limited to Dictionaries or Cyclopedias of Science _in general_. In the same way a General Cyclopedia or Periodical treats of no one class, and so is assigned to the Class 0. These books treating of no special class, but general in their character, are divided into Cyclopedias, Periodicals, etc. No difficulty is found in following the arithmetical law and omitting the initial zero, so these numbers are printed 31, 32, etc., instead of 031, 032, etc.
The selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the classification cannot be explained in detail for want of space. In all the work, philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge as preserved in books, has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony and exactness has been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library or to the convenience of the department in the college. As in every scheme, many minor subjects have been put under general heads to which they do not strictly belong. In some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type, e. g., 429 =Anglo-Saxon=, under =ENGLISH PHILOLOGY=. The rule has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied heads, or where it was thought they would be most useful. The only alternative was to omit them altogether. If any such omission occurs, it is unintentional and will be supplied as soon as discovered. Wherever practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the most nearly allied subjects and thus the greatest convenience is secured both in the catalogues and on the shelves. Theoretically, the division of every subject into just nine heads is absurd. Practically, it is desirable that the classification be as minute as possible without the use of additional figures, and the decimal principle on which our scheme hinges allows nine divisions as readily as a less number. This principle has proved wholly satisfactory in practice though it appears to destroy proper co-ordination in some places. It has seemed best in our library to use uniformly three figures in the class number. This enables us to classify certain subjects very minutely, giving, for example, an entire section to Chess. But the History of England has only one section, as our scheme is developed, and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated. The apparent difficulty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure, giving nine sub-sections to any subject of sufficient importance to warrant closer classification. In history where the classification is made wholly by countries, a fourth figure is added to give a division into _periods_. As the addition of each figure gives a ten-fold division, any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing of special subjects. The apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that only the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed, the fourth figure and the sub-sections being supplied on the catalogues in manuscript. Should the growth of any of these sub-sections warrant it, a fifth figure will be added, for the scheme admits of expansion without limit.
The arrangement of headings has been sometimes modified to secure a mnemonic aid in numbering and finding books without the Index. For instance, the scheme is so arranged that China has always the number 1. In Ancient History, it has the first section, 931: in Modern History, under Asia, it has 951: in Philology, the Chinese language appears as 491. After the same manner the Indian number is 2; Egyptian, 4; English, 2; German, 3; French, 4; Italian, 5; Spanish, 6; European, 4; Asian, 5; African, 6; North American, 7; South American, 8; and so for all the divisions by languages or countries. The Italian 5, for instance, will be noticed in 35, 55, 450, 755, 850, and 945. This mnemonic principle is specially prominent in Philology and Literature and their divisions, and in the _form_ distinctions used in the first 9 sections of each class. Materials, Methods, or Theory occurring anywhere as a head, bears always the number 1. Dictionaries and Cyclopedias, 3; Essays, 4; Periodicals, 5; Associations, Institutions, and Societies, 6; Education, 7; Collections, 9. In the numerous cases where several minor heads have been grouped together under the head Other, it always bears the number 9. Wherever practicable, this principle is carried out in sub-dividing the sections. For instance, the Geology of North America, which bears the number 557 is sub-divided by adding the _sections_ of 970 (History of North America). The Geology of Mexico then bears the number 5578: mnemonically, the first 5 is the Science number; the second 5, Geology; the 7, North America; and the 8, Mexico. Any library attendant or reader after using the scheme a short time will recognize at a glance, any catalogue or ledger entry, book or pamphlet, marked 5578 as something on the Geology of Mexico. Users of the scheme will notice this mnemonic principle in several hundred places in the classification, and will find it of great practical utility in numbering and finding books without the aid of Catalogue or Index, and in determining the character of any book simply from its call number as recorded on the book, on all its catalogue and cross reference cards, on the ledger, and in the check box.
In naming the headings, brevity has been secured in many cases at the sacrifice of exactness. It was thought more important to have short, familiar titles for the headings than that the names given should express with fullness and exactness the character of all books catalogued under them. Many subjects, apparently omitted, will be found in the Index, assigned, with allied subjects, to a heading which bears the name of the most important only. Reference to this Subject Index will decide at once any doubtful points. In arranging books in the classification, as in filling out the scheme, practical usefulness has been esteemed the most important thing. The effort has been to put each book under the subject to the student of which it would be most useful. The content or the real subject of which a book treats, and not the form or the accidental wording of the title, determines its place. Following this rule, a Philosophy of Art is put with Art, not with Philosophy; a History of Mathematics, with Mathematics, not with History; for the philosophy and history are simply the _form_ which these books have taken. The true content or subject is Art, and Mathematics, and to the student of these subjects they are most useful. The predominant tendency or obvious purpose of the book, usually decides its class number at once; still many books treat of two or more different subjects, and in such cases it is assigned to the place where it will be most useful, and underneath the class number are written the numbers of any other subjects on which it also treats. These _Cross References_ are given both on the plate and the subject card as well as on the cross reference card. If a book treats of a majority of the sections of any division, it is given the Division number instead of the most important Section number with cross references.
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Ranganathan, S.R.: Colon Classification (Sixth Edition) (2007)
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- Abstract
- THE COLON CLASSIFICATION is the latest scheme in the field of classification. It has revolutionised thinking in classification and stimulated research in it. This new method is suited to small and large, general and special libraries and can be used in classifying whole books as well as individual articles in a periodical or sections in a book.. It is being taught in all schools o Library Science all over the world, not only as a means of arranging books on shelves but also as a means of finding out the focus of a book in systematic way and finding the requirements of a reader while doing reference service. The new methodologies in classification invented as part of the Colon Classification-the Facet Analysis, the Phase Analysis and the Zone Analysis--have lifted Practical Classification from guesswork to scientific method. They are forming an important theme in international conferences on information retrieval.
- Content
- Inhalt: Preface to edition to 6 Chap 00 Introduction Chap 01 Call Number Chap 02 Class Number Chap 03 Book Number Chap 04 Collection Number Chap 05 Focus and Facet Chap 06 Contractions Chap 07 Canons of Classification Chap 08 Principles and Postulates Chap 1 Main Class Chap 2. Common Isolate Chap 3. Time Isolate Chap 4. Space Isolate Chap 5. Language Isolate Chap 6. Phase and Intra- Facet Relation Chap 7. Classic Chap 9z Generalia Chap 92 Library Science Chap B. Mathematics Chap C. Physics Chap D. Engineering Chap E. Chemistry Chap F. Technology Chap G. Biology Chap H. Geology Chap HZ. Mining Chap I. Botany Chap J. Agriculture Chap K. Zoology Chap KZ. Animal Husbandry Chap L. Medicine Chap LZ. Pharmacognosy Chap M. Useful Arts Chap ^ Spiritual Experience and Mysticism Chap N. Fine Arts Chap O Literature Chap P. Linguistics Chap Q. Religion Chap R. Philosophy Chap S. Psychology Chap T. Education Chap U. Geography Chap V. History Chap W. Political Science Chap X. Economics Chap Y Sociology Chap Z. Law Index Schedules of Classics and Sacred Books
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Library of Congress Classification Schedules. A cumulation of additions and changes, 1974-1975 (1976)
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- Content
- A. General Works. Polygraphy 1 // B. Philosophy and Religion. P. 1.2. // 1. B-BJ: Philosophy 2 // 2. BL - BX: Religion 3 // C. Auxilary sciences of history 4 // D. History. General and old world 5 // E-F. History. America 6 // H. Social Sciences 7 // J. Political Science 8 // K. Law // KD: Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland 9 // KF: Law of the United States 10 // L. Education 11 // M. Music and books on music 12 // N. Fine Arts 13 // P. Philology and Literature // P-PA: Philology, Linguistics, Classical philology, Classical literature 14 // PA, Suppl. Byzantine and modern Greek literature, Medieval and modern Latin literature 15 // PB-PH: Modern European languages 16 // PG (in part) Russian literature 17 // PJ-PM: Languages and literatures of Asia, Africa, Oceania, America, Mixed languages, Artificial languages 18 // P-PM, Suppl. Index to languages and dialects 19 // PN, PR, PS, PZ: Literature /general), English and American literatures, Fiction in English, Juvenile literature 20 // PQ. 1.: French literature 21 // PQ. 2.: Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literatures 22 // PT. 1.: German literature 23 // PT. 2.: Dutch and Scandinavian literatures 24 // Q. Science 25 // R. Medicine 26 // S. Agriculture, plant and animal industry, fish culture and fisheries, Hunting sports 27 // T. Technology 28 U. Military Science 29 // V. Naval Science 30 // Z. Bibliography and Library Science 31
- Footnote
- Grundwerk unter dem Titel: The Library of Congress. Classification
-
Trompf, G.W.: Auguste Comte's classification of the sciences (2023)
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- Abstract
- Auguste Comte is ostensibly the world's most famous classifier of the sciences in modern history. His whole life was dedicated to establishing a classification that conformed to the 'positivist' (non-theological and non-metaphysical) principles he settled on after working with early nineteenth-century French social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon. This article first probes the background to Comte's classifying of the sciences, discussing French and German influences, and the effect of the phrenological movement on his special attitude to psychology and social life. Central sections of the article concern the basic and most mature ordering of the sciences according to his fundamental Course of lectures on classification (1830-42), the development of a tableau to cover psychological issues, and attempts at tables to synthesize his ordering and draw out their implications for socio-political reform and the Church of Humanity he founded. Concluding sections cover key binding principles of his classificatory work, as well as matters of reception, influence, and critical response.
- Object
- Comte's classification of the sciences
- Series
- Reviews of concepts in knowledge organization
-
Electronic Dewey (1993)
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- Abstract
- The CD-ROM version of the 20th DDC ed., featuring advanced online search and windowing techniques, full-text indexing, personal notepad, LC subject headings linked to DDC numbers and a database of all DDC changes
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Cataloging and classification quarterly 19(1994) no.1, S.134-137 (M. Carpenter). - Inzwischen existiert auch eine Windows-Version: 'Electronic Dewey for Windows', vgl. Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.17
-
Lee, D.: Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments (2020)
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- Abstract
- This paper discusses the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments. This classification system was originally designed for musical instruments and books about instruments, and was first published in German in 1914. Hornbostel-Sachs has dominated organological discourse and practice since its creation, and this article analyses the scheme's context, background, versions and impact. The position of Hornbostel-Sachs in the history and development of instrument classification is explored. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the mechanics of the scheme, including its decimal notation, the influential broad categories of the scheme, its warrant and its typographical layout. The version history of the scheme is outlined and the relationships between versions is visualised, including its translations, the introduction of the electrophones category and the Musical Instruments Museums Online (MIMO) version designed for a digital environment. The reception of Hornbostel-Sachs is analysed, and its usage, criticism and impact are all considered. As well as dominating organological research and practice for over a century, it is shown that Hornbostel-Sachs also had a significant influence on the bibliographic classification of music.
- Footnote
- Derived from the article of similar title in the ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization Version 1.1 (= 1.0 plus details on electrophones and Wikipedia); version 1.0 published 2019-01-17, this version 2019-05-29. Article category: KOS, specific (domain specific). The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments, as well as the editor, Professor Birger Hjørland, for all of his insightful comments and ideas.
- Object
- Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments
-
¬The Computer Science Ontology (CSO) (2018)
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- Abstract
- The Computer Science Ontology (CSO) is a large-scale ontology of research areas that was automatically generated using the Klink-2 algorithm on the Rexplore dataset, which consists of about 16 million publications, mainly in the field of Computer Science. The Klink-2 algorithm combines semantic technologies, machine learning, and knowledge from external sources to automatically generate a fully populated ontology of research areas. Some relationships were also revised manually by experts during the preparation of two ontology-assisted surveys in the field of Semantic Web and Software Architecture. The main root of CSO is Computer Science, however, the ontology includes also a few secondary roots, such as Linguistics, Geometry, Semantics, and so on. CSO presents two main advantages over manually crafted categorisations used in Computer Science (e.g., 2012 ACM Classification, Microsoft Academic Search Classification). First, it can characterise higher-level research areas by means of hundreds of sub-topics and related terms, which enables to map very specific terms to higher-level research areas. Secondly, it can be easily updated by running Klink-2 on a set of new publications. A more comprehensive discussion of the advantages of adopting an automatically generated ontology in the scholarly domain can be found in.
-
FIAF classification scheme for literature on film and television (1992)
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- Imprint
- London : International Federation of Film Archives
-
Library of Congress Classification. Class A-Z
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- Content
- A. General Works. 4. ed. 1973. - B. B-BJ. Philosphy. Psychology. 4. ed. 1989 / B. BL, BM, BP, BQ. Relgions, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism. 3. ed. 1984 / BR-BV. Religion: Christianity, Bible. 3. ed. 1987. BX. Religion: Christian denominations. 3. ed. 1985. - C. auxilary sciences of history. 3. ed. 1975. - D. History. General and Old World. 2. ed. 1959/ DJK-DK. History of Eastern Europe (General), Soviet Union, Poland. 3. ed. 1987 / D. DS. History of Asia. 3. ed. 1987 / DT-DX. History of Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc. 3. ed. 1989. - E-F. History. America. 3. ed. Reprint 1965. - G. Geography, maps, anthropology, recreation. 4. ed. 1976. - H. H-HJ. Social sciences: economics. 4. ed. 1981/ HM-HX. Social sciences: sociology. 4. ed. 1980. - J. Political science. 2. ed. Reprint 1966; neu: 1991. - K. Law (General) 1977 / KD. Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland. 1973. / KDZ, KG-KH. Law of the Americas, Latin America and the West Indies. 1984 / KE. Law of Canada. 1976 / KF. Law of the United States. Preliminary ed. 1969 / KJ-KKZ. Law of Europe. 1988 / KJV-KJW. Law of France. 1985 / KK-KKC. Law of Germany. 1982. - KL-KWX: Law of Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area and Antarctica. 1993. - L. Education 4. ed. 1984. - M. Music and books on musik. 3. ed. 1978. - N. Fine Arts. 4. ed. 1970. - P-PZ. Language and literature tables. 1982 / P-PM. Suppl. Index to languages and dialects. 3. ed. 1983 / P-PA. Philology. Linguistics. Classical philology. Classical literature. Reissue 1968 / PA. Suppl. Byzantine and modern greek literature. Medieval and modern Latin literature. Reissued with suppl. pages. Suppl. of additions and changes to January 1968. 1968 / PB-PH. Modern European languages. Reprint 1966 / PG Russian literature. Reprint 1965 / PJ-PK. Oriental philology and literature. 2. ed. 1988 / PL-PM. Languages of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania, Hyperborean, Indian and artificial languages. 2. ed. 1988 / PN, PR, PS, PZ. Literature (general). English and American lierature. Fiction in English. Juvenile Belles Lettres. 3. ed. 1988 / PQ, 1. French literature. 2nd ed. 1992 / PQ, 2. Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literatures. Reprint 1965; neu: 1992 / PT, 1. German literature. 2. ed. 1989 / PT, 2. Dutch and Scandinavian literatures. 2nd ed. 1992. - Q. Science. 7. ed. 1989. - R. Medicine. 6(?). ed. 1995. - S. Agriculture. 4. ed. 1982. - T. Technology. 5. ed. 1971. - U. Military science. 5. ed. 1992. - V. Naval science. 4. ed. 1993. - Z. Bibliography and library science. 5. ed. 1980
- Editor
- Library of Congress
- Footnote
- Für eine jeweils aktuelle Übersicht vgl. den Prospekt der Library of Congress; Nachträge und Neuausgaben werden auch in der Zeitschrift: Cataloging service bulletin angezeigt. - Die Konvertierung in das USMARC Format ist angekündigt, das die Ausgabe in verschiedenen physikalischen Medien unterstützen soll. - Gemäß des Artikels von 'G.M. Daly: Reference work in a classified collection ...' ist die Klasse K nunmehr vollständig veröffentlicht
- Imprint
- Washington : Library of Congress
-
Frey, J.; Streitmatter, D.; Götz, F.; Hellmann, S.; Arndt, N.: DBpedia Archivo : a Web-Scale interface for ontology archiving under consumer-oriented aspects (2020)
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- Abstract
- While thousands of ontologies exist on the web, a unified sys-tem for handling online ontologies - in particular with respect to discov-ery, versioning, access, quality-control, mappings - has not yet surfacedand users of ontologies struggle with many challenges. In this paper, wepresent an online ontology interface and augmented archive called DB-pedia Archivo, that discovers, crawls, versions and archives ontologies onthe DBpedia Databus. Based on this versioned crawl, different features,quality measures and, if possible, fixes are deployed to handle and sta-bilize the changes in the found ontologies at web-scale. A comparison toexisting approaches and ontology repositories is given.
-
Fachsystematik und Einzelsprachensystematik des Instituts für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (1989)
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- Date
- 30. 6.2004 21:22:16
-
Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation : DDC 22 (2005)
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- Content
- Zum ersten Mal liegt die Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) auf Deutsch vor. Die Deutsche Bibliothek und die Fachhochschule Köln haben im Rahmen eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft finanzierten Projekts die 2003 erschienene Standard Edition der DDC 22 übersetzt und damit die Grundlage für die Nutzung der DDC im deutschsprachigen Raum geschaffen. In vier Bänden verzeichnet die DDC in etwa 60.000 Hauptklassen das gesamte Weltwissen in einer hierarchisch gegliederten Form, ergänzt durch umfangreiche Hilfstafeln für alle geografischen, ethnografischen und sprachlichen Einheiten und ein alphabetisches Register mit etwa 80.000 Einträgen.
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Informationsmittel für Bibliotheken (Online-Ausgabe) 06-2-176 (H. Wiesenmüller): "Die erste Version der Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) erschien 1876 - bis zur ersten deutschen Ausgabe hat es mithin fast 130 Jahre gedauert, obwohl die DDC schon in mehr als 30 Sprachen vorliegt. Dies zeigt deutlich, wie gering das Interesse an dieser Klassifikation im deutschsprachigen Raum noch bis vor kurzem gewesen ist. Kein Wunder, wurde doch der DDC - häufig sehr pauschal - eine rein amerikanische Weltsicht und ein antiquiertes Wissenschaftsbild unterstellt. Nichtsdestoweniger war der Einsatz einer deutschen DDC bereits 1998 von der Expertengruppe Klassifikation empfohlen worden. Eine Machbarkeitsstudie aus dem Jahr 2000 unterstützte diese Beurteilung und machte konkrete Vorgaben für die praktische Umsetzung. Zu den Vorteilen der DDC gehört ihre weltweite Verbreitung (wobei einschränkend zu sagen ist, daß die meisten 'academic libraries' in den USA nicht die DDC, sondern die Library of Congress Classification anwenden) sowie ihre kontinuierliche Pflege und dadurch verhältnismäßig hohe Aktualität, die sich freilich i.d.R. erst auf den tieferen Ebenen zeigt. In jüngerer Zeit hat sie außerdem große Bedeutung bei der sachlichen Erschließung von Online-Ressourcen gewonnen und wird von vielen Dokumentenservern und Fachportalen zumindest für ein grobes Klassifizieren eingesetzt. Die seit Oktober 2005 vorliegende deutsche Übersetzung der 22. Standard Edition von 2003 ist das Ergebnis eines an der Fachhochschule Köln und der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (DNB) angesiedelten und von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) finanzierten Projekts (Laufzeit: 2002-2005). Das Projekt wurde von einer vom Standardisierungsausschuß eingesetzten Expertengruppe begleitet; über das Konsortium DDC Deutsch waren außerdem mehrere deutsche Bibliotheksverbünde sowie der Österreichische Bibliothekenverbund und die Schweizerische Landesbibliothek eingebunden.
Die hier anzuzeigende Druckausgabe wurde mit Hilfe eines speziell dafür entwickelten, datenbankgestützten Editionssystems erstellt. Parallel wurde ein Online-Dienst ('Melvil') aufgebaut, der im Vergleich zur Printversion mancherlei Vorteile besitzt. So wird Melvil halbjährlich aktualisiert und erweitert: Dabei werden nicht nur die amerikanischen Ergänzungslieferungen eingespielt, sondern auch synthetische, d.h. 'zusammengebaute' Notationen aus der praktischen Anwendung der DNB. Auch die Suchfunktionalitäten gehen deutlich über die Möglichkeiten der Druckausgabe hinaus - nicht zuletzt auf Grund einer sukzessiven Anreicherung mit Suchbegriffen aus der Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) im Rahmen eines weiteren DFG-Projekts ('CrissCross'). So könnte man sich durchaus fragen, warum überhaupt eine Druckausgabe produziert wurde. Diese hat jedoch den unschätzbaren Vorteil, mit einer einmaligen Zahlung (wenn auch eines stattlichen Preises!) abgegolten zu sein, während für die Nutzung von Melvil jährliche Lizenzgebühren anfallen. Trotz ihres Umfangs von zusammen über 4000 Seiten sind die vier Bände vom Gewicht her erfreulich leicht ausgefallen. Das sehr dünne Papier hat allerdings den Nachteil, daß der Text der Rückseite deutlich durchschlägt. Als ausgesprochen gelungen empfand die Rezensentin die Umschlaggestaltung, bei der das klassische Dunkelgrün der DDC-Ausgaben mit dem bekannten (um nicht zu sagen: berüchtigten) Orange des Saur-Verlags kombiniert wurde. Der erste Band enthält - neben verschiedenen Vorworten und Begleittexten - eine kurz gefaßte Einführung in die DDC (im Original: Introduction to Dewey Decimal Classification; im Deutschen etwas unglücklich wiedergegeben als Einleitung in die Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation), die Praxishilfe und die Hilfstafeln. In der Praxishilfe (im Original: Manual) werden schwierige Fälle erläutert, z.B. die Abgrenzung inhaltlich eng verwandter Klassen. Obwohl die Praxishilfe für die 22. Auflage komplett überarbeitet wurde, ist der Text noch immer recht schwer zu lesen. In der deutschen Fassung ergeben sich dabei z.T. komplizierte Schachtelsätze, die sich über fünf oder gar sechs Zeilen erstrecken.3 Die Haupttafeln finden sich im zweiten und dritten Band, das Register im abschließenden vierten Band.
-
T.1: Classification systems and thesauri, 1950-1982 (1982) // T.2: Reference tools and conferences in classification and indexing (1984) // T.3: Classification- and indexing systems: theory - structure - methodology, 1950-1982 (1985) // T.4: On universal and special classification systems and thesauri (in Vorb.) // T.5: Language foundation, apllication and environment of classification and indexing (in Vorb.) : International classification and indexing bibliography (ICIB) (1982-)
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National Library of Medicine Classification : a scheme for the shelf arrangement of books in the field of medicine and its related sciences (1981)
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- Editor
- National Library of Medicine
- Imprint
- Bethesda, MD : U.S. Department of health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine
-
Herschman, A.: ¬A faceted classification scheme for physics (1967)
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- Editor
- American Institute of Physics
- Imprint
- New York : American Institute of Physics
