Search (333 results, page 17 of 17)

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Abstract

A natural language interface to an expert system is a program that enables the user to communicate with the system in English or some other human language. It is designed to spare the user from learning some special programming language or command input language. Today this input is almost always typed at a keyboard or assembled with a mouse. Only a few research systems understand spoken input and produce spoken output. The precise definition of an expert system is a matter of argument. For the purposes of this article an expert system is a computer system that is capable of providing expert advice or otherwise performing at an expert level, usually in a rather narrow area. An excellent discussion of the controversy surrounding this term is given in Ref. 1. A typical expert system has at least three different kinds of interfaces. Some have four. One interface is designed to understand user queries and commands, another to generate answers and explanations. The knowledge-engineering interface provides a way for a human expert to endow the system with the expertise it needs to function. This may be a natural language interface as well. Some expert systems also produce documents, such as medical case reports or legal wills or petitions for divorce. The first paradigm expert system, Shortliffe's MYCIN system (2), provided natural language interfaces for both the end user and the engineer. The first widely used expert system that Shortliffe developed, ONCOCIN (3, 4), not only provided natural language interfaces for the end user and the knowledge engineer, it also generated the lengthy patient reports required by complex drug trials. In this article we will concentrate mainly an the natural language understanding and generation required to communicate with the end user, but we will also discuss interfaces for the knowledge engineer. We will describe some document generation techniques briefly.
The explanation facility, the ability to display its reasoning to the user, has been a key component of the expert system from the very beginning. Even though this facility may not be used very often, its presence gives users some crucial reassurance that they can explore the system's decision-making processes and themselves make a reasoned decision about whether or not to accept the advice given by the system. Elaine Rich (S) was the first to enunciate a fundamental principle of explanation generation in expert systems: It is essential that the explanation generated be derived from the actual decision-making process used by the system so that as that process changes, the explanations change with it. If the system relies an previously stored "canned explanations," then changes in the rules or the inference processes will leave the system providing explanations that are no longer valid. She argues also that the system can give deeper explanations if it operates off the internal reasoning process. From the very beginning, expert systems were thought of as vehicles for learning, particularly through the text that the system provides to explain its reasoning. When William Clancey (6) set out to produce a tutoring system based an the MYCIN system, people thought that this was going to be a quick and easy thesis, but Clancey soon realized that MYCIN's rules, written by experts for other practicing physicians, were not an appropriate way to teach diagnosis to medical students. He spent 10 years building and rebuilding the NEOMYCIN/GUIDON system as an effective tutoring system for medical students. Because of the historic connection between expert sytems and tutoring systems, we add a discussion of natural language interfaces for tutoring systems at the end of this article. Dialogue issues are becoming important as hardware systems speed up and software systems become sophisticated enough to carry an an actual dialogue with the user. This is particularly true in tutoring systems that teach languages. We will conclude with a brief mention of some systems of the future that are still in the research stage.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.71, [=Suppl.34]

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Abstract

Describes a research project which studied the interaction between screen design, menu interfaces and the search results obtained by users. A literature review surveys the research in theses areas, including methods used to evaluate OPACs. Draws up a set of design guidelines for menu interfaces. Two versions of the OPAC a Porirua Public Library in New Zealand were available, 1 used 'good' menu design and the other contravened the guidelines. The difference between 'no-hit' rates for the 2 terminals was not statistically significant, indicating that other factors must be considered

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Abstract

User interfaces for CD-ROM products in the academic library environment must accomodate a variety of user and task profiles. Discusses the practical considerations that govern the implementation of interface design principles for such electronic data bases under the following headings: redesign goals; interaction style; menu design and implementation; system structure and the search paradigm; basic system operation and screen layout; simplified features; integrated novice and expert mode; redesign constraints; and hardware and software constraints

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Abstract

EBSCO Publishing have demonstrated a beta version of EBSCOhost, version 3.0, which includes several new features that enrich searching, enhance result lists and make general navigation into and out of the search interface easier. Features unclude: simultaneous multiple database searching; hierarchical authority files; and additional authority file searching options; including a relevancy ranked 'find more like' feature

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Source

Proceedings of the 6th ASIS SIG/CR Classification Research Workshop, Oct. 8, 1995, Chicago, IL. Ed.: R.P. Schwartz et al

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Abstract

Geographic maps are a well-established way of representing domain-specific knowledge in a way which integrates symbolic and pictorial representation. This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of how maps represent and organise knowledge, combining artificial intelligence knowledge representation theory with empirical findings and methods from cognitive psychology. Schematic maps represent knowledge in a different way than topographic or city maps; in particular, distances and directions cannot be evaluated in the same way as in topographic or city maps. However, information from different types of maps must often be combined to answer everyday questions. An inference task involving such a combination, in order to locate a train station shown in a schematic map with respect to a part of a city map, was analysed theoretically with respect to how location judgments change with assumptions about what spatial information is contained in the schematic map. The same task was investigated empirically in a study in which subjects were asked to locate a train station and to describe their thinking in a subsequent verbal report. Results indicate that subjects' judgements and verbal reports can be grouped according to the theoretical analysis

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Abstract

Reviews the literature of designing screens (interfaces) in displays for terminals accessing OPACs. Gathers from scattered and specialised sources the basic principles so that librarians at all levels can approach the screen design process with confidence. Discusses the physical screen and general principles; menus, commands, inquiry screens, and messages; and finally, organisational considerations

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Abstract

Determines whether iconic interfaces might work with online public access catalogues (OPACs) and assesses problems which students encounter in using icons. Students from the Uk and France were asked to identify IBM, Mac and hand drawn icons and guess their functions. Mac icons were the easiest to identify and hand drawn icons were the least easy to identify. A number of students failed to guess the icon function second time round. Results suggest that an icon based OPAC interface could be polpular, but would require careful design, particularly for a multilingual interface

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Abstract

Presents the background and reports progress made in the development of 2 view-based searching systems - HIBROWSE and EMBASE, searching Europe's most important biomedical bibliographic databases, and HIBROWSE EPOQUE, improving access to the european Parliament's Online Query System

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Abstract

The GUI is impacting library application software. Despite this trend, user satisfaction with the GUI has not been documented. The Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Library, USA, undertook a study to determine user satisfaction with the new GUI based Dynix Marquis, as compared with the Dynix Classic OPAC. The study included a survey assessing user satisfaction and a review of overall usage. Survey findings show that the GUI based OPAC was preferred by end users over the text based OPAC. Usage reports supported the survey findings with significantly increased usage after migration

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Abstract

Hypertext systems provide an appealing mechanism for informally browsing databases by traversing selectable links. However, in many fact finding situations string searching is an effective complement to browsing. Describes the application of the signature file method to achieve rapid and convenient strung search in small personal computer hypertext environments. The method has been implemented to a prototype, as well as in a commercial product. Presents performance data for search times and storage space from a commercial hypertext database and discusses user interface issues. Experience with the string search interface indicates that it was used successfully by novice users

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Abstract

Seit den 90er Jahren wird intensiv in verschiedensten Projekten an multimodalen Interaktionstechniken und verschiedenartigsten Modalitätskombinationen aus Sprache, Gesten, Mimik, Blickbewegungen etc. geforscht. Man hofft, im Rahmen von multimodalen Interaktionsparadigmen natürlichere, robustere, flexiblere und leistungsfähigere Benutzerschnittstellen gestalten zu können. Traditionelle Entwicklungsansätze f¨ur multimodale Interaktion bieten Implementierungs- und Prototyping-Hilfsmittel und Formalismen zur Spezifikation der Benutzerschnittstelle. Andere Ansätze legen ihren Fokus auf guidelinebasierte Entscheidungsunterstützung für die Anfangsphasen der Anforderungsanalyse. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese traditionellen Ansätze zu ergänzen. Mit Hilfe von User Interface Patterns - von Mustern erfolgreicher Systemrealisierungen - sollen nicht nur frühe Designphasen, sondern auch spätere Stufen des detaillierten Designs durch konkrete Entscheidungshilfen unterstützt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde im Rahmen einer Metastudie über die Forschungsliteratur ein Katalog von User Interface Patterns identifiziert. Hierzu wurden allgemeine aus Forschungsergebnissen der Psychologie und Mensch- Maschine-Interaktion abgeleitete Prinzipien, Beschreibungen der im Rahmen von Forschungsprojekten entstandenen multimodalen Prototypen und auf diesen basierende empirische Forschungsergebnisse analysiert. Im Rahmen des praktischen Teils der Arbeit wurden f¨ur zwei Szenarien (PDA und Desktop) jeweils ein Wizard-of-Oz-Prototyp und ein eigenständiger "Stand-alone"-Prototyp zur E-Mail-Kommunikation umgesetzt. Diese Prototypen dienten zunächst zur exemplarischen Verifikation einiger der Patterns. Benutzertests zeigten die Plausibilität und Akzeptanz der eingesetzten Muster, insbesondere der Patterns Sprachkürzel, alternative Eingabemöglichkeiten und sprachgestütztes Formular, auf. Die Untersuchung der Augenbewegungen zeigte, dass Blickbewegungsdaten Hinweise auf Benutzerabsichten bieten können, dies allerdings von der aktuellen Aufgabe abhängt. Hier ist weitere Forschung notwendig, um neue, natürlichere und einfacher zu verwendende multimodale Bedienkonzepte zu entwickeln.