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  1. Noever, D.; Ciolino, M.: ¬The Turing deception (2022) 0.24 
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    Abstract
    This research revisits the classic Turing test and compares recent large language models such as ChatGPT for their abilities to reproduce human-level comprehension and compelling text generation. Two task challenges- summary and question answering- prompt ChatGPT to produce original content (98-99%) from a single text entry and sequential questions initially posed by Turing in 1950. We score the original and generated content against the OpenAI GPT-2 Output Detector from 2019, and establish multiple cases where the generated content proves original and undetectable (98%). The question of a machine fooling a human judge recedes in this work relative to the question of "how would one prove it?" The original contribution of the work presents a metric and simple grammatical set for understanding the writing mechanics of chatbots in evaluating their readability and statistical clarity, engagement, delivery, overall quality, and plagiarism risks. While Turing's original prose scores at least 14% below the machine-generated output, whether an algorithm displays hints of Turing's true initial thoughts (the "Lovelace 2.0" test) remains unanswerable.
    Source
    https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F2212.06721&usg=AOvVaw3i_9pZm9y_dQWoHi6uv0EN
  2. Tramullas, J.; Garrido-Picazo, P.; Sánchez-Casabón, A.I.: Use of Wikipedia categories on information retrieval research : a brief review (2020) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Wikipedia categories, a classification scheme built for organizing and describing Wikpedia articles, are being applied in computer science research. This paper adopts a systematic literature review approach, in order to identify different approaches and uses of Wikipedia categories in information retrieval research. Several types of work are identified, depending on the intrinsic study of the categories structure, or its use as a tool for the processing and analysis of other documentary corpus different to Wikipedia. Information retrieval is identified as one of the major areas of use, in particular its application in the refinement and improvement of search expressions, and the construction of textual corpus. However, the set of available works shows that in many cases research approaches applied and results obtained can be integrated into a comprehensive and inclusive concept of information retrieval.
  3. Robertson, S.E.: OKAPI at TREC (1994) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Paper presented at the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC), Washington, DC, Nov 1992. Describes the OKAPI experimental text information retrieval system in terms of its design principles: the use of simple, robust and easy to use techniques which use best match searching and avoid Boolean logic
  4. Pejtersen, A.M.; Jensen, H.; Speck, P.; Villumsen, S.; Weber, S.: Catalogs for children : the Book House project on visualization of database retrieval and classification (1993) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    This paper describes the Book House system which is designed to support children's information retrieval in libraries as part of their education. It is a shareware program available on CD-ROM and discs, and comprises functionality for database searching as well as for the classification and storage of book information in the database. The system concept is based on an understanding of children's domain structures and their capabilities for categorization of information needs in connection with their activities in public libraries, in school libraries or in schools. These structures are visualized in the interface by using metaphors and multimedia technology. Through the use of text, images and animation, the Book House supports children - even at a very early age - to learn by doing in an enjoyable way which plays on their previous experiences with computer games. Both words and pictures can be used for searching; this makes the system suitable for all age groups. Even children who have not yet learned to read properly can by selecting pictures search for and find books they would like to have read aloud. Thus at the very beginning of their school period, they can learn to search for books on their own. For the library community itself, such a system will provide an extended service which will increase the number of children's own searches and also improve the relevance, quality and utilization of the collections in the libraries. A market research on the need for an annual indexing service for books in the Book House format is in preparation by the Danish Library Center
  5. Jansen, B.; Browne, G.M.: Navigating information spaces : index / mind map / topic map? (2021) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    This paper discusses the use of wiki technology to provide a navigation structure for a collection of newspaper clippings. We overview the architecture of the wiki, discuss the navigation structure and pose the question: is the navigation structure an index, and if so, what type, or is it just a linkage structure or topic map. Does such a distinction really matter? Are these definitions in reality function based?
    Theme
    Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
  6. Robertson, S.E.: OKAPI at TREC-1 (1994) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Describes the work carried out on the TREC-2 project following the results of the TREC-1 project. Experiments were conducted on the OKAPI experimental text information retrieval system which investigated a number of alternative probabilistic term weighting functions in place of the 'standard' Robertson Sparck Jones weighting functions used in TREC-1
  7. Witt, M.: Survey on the use of the catalogue at the médiathèque of the cité des sciences et de l'industrie (CSI) (1993) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    An exploratory research study on OPACs was done within the framework of the French PARINFO program by four different teams: ENSSIB-CERSI, City Univ. of London, Médiathèque of the Cité des Sciences et de l'industrie and a firm GSI-ERLI. During the month of June 1992, 650 individual searches on four terminals were collected. The sessions were automatically recorded, accompanied by two online questionnaires, a pre-search and a post-search questionnaire. Some questions were asked orally by an interviewer and the answers noted. The article analyses the researches perceived by user as difficult or impossible. Some examples of the difficulties are given
  8. Slavic, A.: Interface to classification : some objectives and options (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    This is a preprint to be published in the Extensions & Corrections to the UDC. The paper explains the basic functions of browsing and searching that need to be supported in relation to analytico-synthetic classifications such as Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), irrespective of any specific, real-life implementation. UDC is an example of a semi-faceted system that can be used, for instance, for both post-coordinate searching and hierarchical/facet browsing. The advantages of using a classification for IR, however, depend on the strength of the GUI, which should provide a user-friendly interface to classification browsing and searching. The power of this interface is in supporting visualisation that will 'convert' what is potentially a user-unfriendly indexing language based on symbols, to a subject presentation that is easy to understand, search and navigate. A summary of the basic functions of searching and browsing a classification that may be provided on a user-friendly interface is given and examples of classification browsing interfaces are provided.
    Theme
    Klassifikationssysteme im Online-Retrieval
  9. Lehmann, F.: Semiosis complicates high-level ontology (2000) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    For automated question-answering, natural-language understanding, semantic integration of different databases/standards/thesauri/etc., you need a big complicated ontology of concepts and a logical language to combine them. Cyc (www.cyc.com) is such a system. It's good for your upper ontology to be systematic and clear, One way is to have a small number of well-defined distinctions at the top, by which all more specific concepts are partitioned. This is a system of "factors", or "facets" in Ranganathan's sense Iyer 1995) much like Aristotle's "differentia" in his "categories", as promoted in John Sowa's "ontological crystal". Practical considerations have driven Cyc's builders to mess up the neatness of such upper divisions. In particular, the simplicity of some very high "factors" is confounded, for practical use, by the occurrence in our world of semiosis and representation This talk will report on some of our experiences
    Issue
    Extended abstract of talk.
    Source
    Paper, delivered at the conference: Conceptual structures: logical, linguistic, and computational issues. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000, Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000
  10. Lange, C.; Ion, P.; Dimou, A.; Bratsas, C.; Sperber, W.; Kohlhasel, M.; Antoniou, I.: Getting mathematics towards the Web of Data : the case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (2012) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC), maintained by the American Mathematical Society's Mathematical Reviews (MR) and FIZ Karlsruhe's Zentralblatt für Mathematik (Zbl), is a scheme for classifying publications in mathematics according to their subjects. While it is widely used, its traditional, idiosyncratic conceptualization and representation requires custom implementations of search, query and annotation support. This did not encourage people to create and explore connections of mathematics to subjects of related domains (e.g. science), and it made the scheme hard to maintain. We have reimplemented the current version of MSC2010 as a Linked Open Dataset using SKOS and our focus is concentrated on turning it into the new MSC authority. This paper explains the motivation, and details of our design considerations and how we realized them in the implementation. We present in-the-field use cases and point out how e-science applications can take advantage of the MSC LOD set. We conclude with a roadmap for bootstrapping the presence of mathematical and mathematics-based science, technology, and engineering knowledge on the Web of Data, where it has been noticeably underrepresented so far, starting from MSC/SKOS as a seed.
    Footnote
    Vgl. auch den publizierten Beitrag u.d.T.: Bringing mathematics towards the Web of Data: the case of the Mathematics Subject Classification
  11. Robertson, S.E.: OKAPI at TREC-3 (1995) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Reports text information retrieval experiments performed as part of the 3 rd round of Text Retrieval Conferences (TREC) using the Okapi online catalogue system at City University, UK. The emphasis in TREC-3 was: further refinement of term weighting functions; an investigation of run time passage determination and searching; expansion of ad hoc queries by terms extracted from the top documents retrieved by a trial search; new methods for choosing query expansion terms after relevance feedback, now split into methods of ranking terms prior to selection and subsequent selection procedures; and the development of a user interface procedure within the new TREC interactive search framework
    Theme
    Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
  12. Zhai, X.: ChatGPT user experience: : implications for education (2022) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    ChatGPT, a general-purpose conversation chatbot released on November 30, 2022, by OpenAI, is expected to impact every aspect of society. However, the potential impacts of this NLP tool on education remain unknown. Such impact can be enormous as the capacity of ChatGPT may drive changes to educational learning goals, learning activities, and assessment and evaluation practices. This study was conducted by piloting ChatGPT to write an academic paper, titled Artificial Intelligence for Education (see Appendix A). The piloting result suggests that ChatGPT is able to help researchers write a paper that is coherent, (partially) accurate, informative, and systematic. The writing is extremely efficient (2-3 hours) and involves very limited professional knowledge from the author. Drawing upon the user experience, I reflect on the potential impacts of ChatGPT, as well as similar AI tools, on education. The paper concludes by suggesting adjusting learning goals-students should be able to use AI tools to conduct subject-domain tasks and education should focus on improving students' creativity and critical thinking rather than general skills. To accomplish the learning goals, researchers should design AI-involved learning tasks to engage students in solving real-world problems. ChatGPT also raises concerns that students may outsource assessment tasks. This paper concludes that new formats of assessments are needed to focus on creativity and critical thinking that AI cannot substitute.
  13. Wilk, D.: Problems in the use of Library of Congress Subject Headings as the basis for Hebrew subject headings in the Bar-Ilan University Library (2000) 0.01 
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  14. Luo, L.; Ju, J.; Li, Y.-F.; Haffari, G.; Xiong, B.; Pan, S.: ChatRule: mining logical rules with large language models for knowledge graph reasoning (2023) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Logical rules are essential for uncovering the logical connections between relations, which could improve the reasoning performance and provide interpretable results on knowledge graphs (KGs). Although there have been many efforts to mine meaningful logical rules over KGs, existing methods suffer from the computationally intensive searches over the rule space and a lack of scalability for large-scale KGs. Besides, they often ignore the semantics of relations which is crucial for uncovering logical connections. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in the field of natural language processing and various applications, owing to their emergent ability and generalizability. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, ChatRule, unleashing the power of large language models for mining logical rules over knowledge graphs. Specifically, the framework is initiated with an LLM-based rule generator, leveraging both the semantic and structural information of KGs to prompt LLMs to generate logical rules. To refine the generated rules, a rule ranking module estimates the rule quality by incorporating facts from existing KGs. Last, a rule validator harnesses the reasoning ability of LLMs to validate the logical correctness of ranked rules through chain-of-thought reasoning. ChatRule is evaluated on four large-scale KGs, w.r.t. different rule quality metrics and downstream tasks, showing the effectiveness and scalability of our method.
    Date
    23.11.2023 19:07:22
  15. Breuer, T.; Tavakolpoursaleh, N.; Schaer, P.; Hienert, D.; Schaible, J.; Castro, L.J.: Online Information Retrieval Evaluation using the STELLA Framework (2022) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Involving users in early phases of software development has become a common strategy as it enables developers to consider user needs from the beginning. Once a system is in production, new opportunities to observe, evaluate and learn from users emerge as more information becomes available. Gathering information from users to continuously evaluate their behavior is a common practice for commercial software, while the Cranfield paradigm remains the preferred option for Information Retrieval (IR) and recommendation systems in the academic world. Here we introduce the Infrastructures for Living Labs STELLA project which aims to create an evaluation infrastructure allowing experimental systems to run along production web-based academic search systems with real users. STELLA combines user interactions and log files analyses to enable large-scale A/B experiments for academic search.
  16. Peponakis, M.; Mastora, A.; Kapidakis, S.; Doerr, M.: Expressiveness and machine processability of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) : an analysis of concepts and relations (2020) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This study considers the expressiveness (that is the expressive power or expressivity) of different types of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) and discusses its potential to be machine-processable in the context of the Semantic Web. For this purpose, the theoretical foundations of KOS are reviewed based on conceptualizations introduced by the Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) and the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS); natural language processing techniques are also implemented. Applying a comparative analysis, the dataset comprises a thesaurus (Eurovoc), a subject headings system (LCSH) and a classification scheme (DDC). These are compared with an ontology (CIDOC-CRM) by focusing on how they define and handle concepts and relations. It was observed that LCSH and DDC focus on the formalism of character strings (nomens) rather than on the modelling of semantics; their definition of what constitutes a concept is quite fuzzy, and they comprise a large number of complex concepts. By contrast, thesauri have a coherent definition of what constitutes a concept, and apply a systematic approach to the modelling of relations. Ontologies explicitly define diverse types of relations, and are by their nature machine-processable. The paper concludes that the potential of both the expressiveness and machine processability of each KOS is extensively regulated by its structural rules. It is harder to represent subject headings and classification schemes as semantic networks with nodes and arcs, while thesauri are more suitable for such a representation. In addition, a paradigm shift is revealed which focuses on the modelling of relations between concepts, rather than the concepts themselves.
    Source
    International journal on digital libraries. 20(2020) no.4, S.433-452
  17. Williamson, N.J.: Online Klassifikation : Gegenwart und Zukunft (1988) 0.01 
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    Theme
    Klassifikationssysteme im Online-Retrieval
  18. Jaenecke, P.: Knowledge organization due to theory formation (1995) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Theory formation is regarded as a process of domain-internal knowledge organization. Misunderstandings about the concept 'theory' are explained. A theory is considered as a systematical representation of a domain realized by three closely related theory-forming actions: establishment of a suitable system of basic concepts, ordering of the experience or given experimental results, synthesizing of conflicting hypotheses. In this view, theory formation means an ambitious kind of knowledge representation. Its consequences are summarized and its importance for the human sciences and for society is emphasized
    Source
    Vortrag, anläßlich der Tagung 'EOCONSID '95: 2nd Meeting on Knowledge Organization in Information and Documentation Systems', Madrid, Nov. 16-17, 1995
  19. Gödert, W.: Navigation und Retrieval in Datenbanken und Informationsnetzen (1995) 0.01 
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  20. Lund, B.D.: ¬A brief review of ChatGPT : its value and the underlying GPT technology (2023) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    In this review paper, ChatGPT, a public tool developed by OpenAI that utilizes GPT technology to fulfill a range of text-based requests is examined. ChatGPT is a sophisticated chatbot capable of understanding and interpreting user requests, generating appropriate responses in nearly natural human language, and completing advanced tasks such as writing thank you letters and addressing productivity issues. The details of how ChatGPT works, as well as the potential impacts of this technology on various industries, are discussed. The concept of Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT), the language model on which ChatGPT is based, is also explored, as well as the process of unsupervised pretraining and supervised fine-tuning that is used to refine the GPT algorithm. A letter written by ChatGPT to a colleague from Iran is presented as an example of the chatbot's capabilities.

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  • e 46
  • d 5

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