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Abstract

According to Paul Levinson, it would be improper to portray information technology as the cause of change in our world. However, Levinson clarifies that its role in enabling change can hardly be overestimated. He also points out--through riveting examples--that inventions have unintended consequences and uses. Why is it, for example, that the move from polytheism to monotheism failed when attempted by the pharaoh Ikhnaton, yet took solid root among the Hebrews who were taken out of Egypt by Moses only about 150 years later? Levinson argues that communication technology played a key role: The awkward Egyptian hieroglyphics failed to carry the ideology as well as the Hebrew alphabetic system. From there, Levinson examines the early social changes that became possible because of what the author calls "the first digital medium"--the alphabet. He considers how the Reformation, economic and political movements, and the scientific revolution were largely enabled by the printing press. He then discusses the influence of photographic communications and electronic technology such as the telegraph, the telephone, and broadcasting. Levinson devotes the second half of the book to our present digital revolution, from word processing to the Internet and beyond. One of his key points is that new technology doesn't necessarily displace the old so much as it expands it. Therefore, he doesn't see any end to using paper anytime soon. However, he sees great need for changes in the way we view creative rights. He proposes what he calls an"electronic watermark" for intellectual property--a universal patent number that will be embedded in intellectual property and will notify users in any medium of the property's creators. Levinson puts forth his ideas in a manner that is both formal and engaging. He has a knack for making his reader feel intelligent and respected--and never more so than when he looks at issues of ethics and a speculative future.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.3, S.456-457 (D. Cook): "In February 2006, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) announced the release of its brand new core academic assessment of its Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Literacy Assessment. The core assessment is designed to assess the information literacy of high school students transitioning to higher education. Many of us already know ETS for some of its other assessment tools like the SAT and GRE. But ETS's latest test comes on the heels of its 2005 release of an advanced level of its ICT Literacy Assessment for college students progressing to their junior and senior year of undergraduate studies. Neither test, ETS insists, is designed to be an entrance examination. Rather, they are packaged and promoted as diagnostic assessments. We are in the grips of the Information Age where information literacy is a prized skill. Knowledge is power. However, information literacy is not merely creating flawless documents or slick PowerPoint presentations on a home PC. It is more than being able to send photos and text messages via cell phone. Instead, information literacy is gauged by one's ability to skillfully seek, access, and retrieve valid information from credible and reliable sources and using that information appropriately. It involves strong online search strategies and advanced critical thinking skills. And, although it is not clear whether they seized the opportunity or inherited it by default, librarians are in the vanguard of teaching information literacy to the next generation of would-be power brokers.

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Content

The Google doctrine -- Texting like it's 1989 -- Orwell's favorite lolcat -- Censors and sensibilities -- Hugo Chavez would like to welcome you to the spinternet -- Why the KGB wants you to join Facebook -- Why Kierkegaard hates slacktivism -- Open networks, narrow minds : cultural contradictions of internet freedom -- Internet freedoms and their consequences -- Making history (more than a browser menu) -- The wicked fix.

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Date

22. 3.2008 14:24:08

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Date

22. 3.2008 18:05:16

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Footnote

Inhaltsbeschreibung Die verschiedenen Initiativen zum Open Access führen zu zwei Systemen, dem so genannten »grünen Weg«, der bereits in gedruckter Form veröffentlichte Publikationen ins Internet stellt, und dem »goldenen Weg«, bei dem die Volltextspeicherung die einzige oder jedenfalls die vorrangige Form darstellt. Die Internationalisierung des Open Access erfolgte auf drei Konferenzen, die 2001 in Budapest, 2003 in Bethesda und im gleichen Jahr in Berlin stattfanden. Diese Volltextspeicherung war ursprünglich auf die naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Disziplinen konzentriert. Doch treten in zunehmendem Maße auch die Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften dem Prinzip bei. Dabei entstehen natürlich sehr differenzierende Aspekte, zum Beispiel für die Bibliotheken - etwa der Erwerb gedruckter Zeitschriften, Langzeitarchivierung von Interneteintragungen, für den Buchhandel wie für die Autoren - etwa das Urheberrecht, aber auch dort das ökonomische Interesse, wie der Plan des Börsenvereins des Deutschen Buchhandels zu einer eigenen Volltextspeicherung zeigt, dem die Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission eine Ergänzung zum vorliegenden Text nachsandte. Open Access hat mittlerweile ein so weites Interesse gefunden, dass das Auswärtige Amt zusammen mit der Deutschen UNESCO-Kommission 2006 zu einer Konferenz einlud, über deren Ergebnisse die Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission dieses Handbuch veröffentlicht hat, das neben einer definitorischen und einer historischen Einleitung (Norbert Lossau S.18-22 und Peter Schirmbacher S. 22-25) in vier weiteren Kapiteln die Möglichkeiten und Probleme darstellt. Im zweiten Kapitel werden drei verschiedene Modelle vorgestellt: Open-Access-Repositories am Berliner Beispiel des edoc-Servers (Susanne Dobratz S. 28-32), Open-Access-Journale am Beispiel des New Journal of Physics (Eberhard Bodenschatz S.33-36) und ein Verlagsmodell (Springer Open Choice) von Jan Velterop (S. 37-40). Das dritte Kapitel ist den Formen der Realisierung gewidmet, z. B. der Finanzierung (Stefan Gradmann S.42-45), des Urheberrechts (Karl-Nikolaus Peifer S.46-59), der Qualitätssicherung (Eberhard Bodenschatz und Ulrich Pöschl S.50-55), der Langzeitarchivierung (Ute Schwens und Reinhard Altenhöner S. 50-58), der Struktur der Wissenschaftskommunikation (Hans Pfeiffenberger S.59-62), der Datenverarbeitung (Wolfram Horst-mann S. 65) sowie der Akzeptanz (Johannes Fournier S. 66-70).