Search (146 results, page 1 of 8)

  • × theme_ss:"Datenformate"
  • × year_i:[1990 TO 2000}
  1. Byrne, D.J.: MARC manual : understanding and using MARC records (1998) 0.04
    0.04371407 = product of:
      0.08742814 = sum of:
        0.08742814 = sum of:
          0.012605998 = weight(_text_:e in 6077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.012605998 = score(doc=6077,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.19057012 = fieldWeight in 6077, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6077)
          0.07482214 = weight(_text_:22 in 6077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07482214 = score(doc=6077,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 6077, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6077)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    2. 8.2001 16:22:33
    Language
    e
  2. Caplan, P.; Guenther, R.: Metadata for Internet resources : the Dublin Core Metadata Elements Set and its mapping to USMARC (1996) 0.04
    0.0394735 = product of:
      0.078947 = sum of:
        0.078947 = sum of:
          0.008403999 = weight(_text_:e in 2408) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008403999 = score(doc=2408,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.12704675 = fieldWeight in 2408, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2408)
          0.070543 = weight(_text_:22 in 2408) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.070543 = score(doc=2408,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.4377287 = fieldWeight in 2408, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2408)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    13. 1.2007 18:31:22
    Language
    e
    Source
    Cataloging and classification quarterly. 22(1996) nos.3/4, S.43-58
  3. Murphy, C.: Curriculum-enhanced MARC (CEMARC) : a new cataloging format for school librarians (1995) 0.03
    0.034539312 = product of:
      0.069078624 = sum of:
        0.069078624 = sum of:
          0.007353499 = weight(_text_:e in 5100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.007353499 = score(doc=5100,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.1111659 = fieldWeight in 5100, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5100)
          0.061725125 = weight(_text_:22 in 5100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.061725125 = score(doc=5100,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.38301262 = fieldWeight in 5100, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5100)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    11. 9.1996 19:22:20
    Language
    e
    Source
    Literacy: traditional, cultural, technological. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Association of School Librarianship (selected papers), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh University, School of Library and Information Science, 17-22 Jul 94
  4. Gopinath, M.A.: Standardization for resource sharing databases (1995) 0.03
    0.029142715 = product of:
      0.05828543 = sum of:
        0.05828543 = sum of:
          0.008403999 = weight(_text_:e in 4414) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008403999 = score(doc=4414,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.12704675 = fieldWeight in 4414, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4414)
          0.049881432 = weight(_text_:22 in 4414) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049881432 = score(doc=4414,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 4414, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4414)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Abstract
    It is helpful and essential to adopt standards for bibliographic information, project description and institutional information which are shareable for access to information resources within a country. Describes a strategy for adopting international standards of bibliographic information exchange for developing a resource sharing facilitation database in India. A list of 22 ISO standards for information processing is included
    Language
    e
  5. Bourne, R.: MARC harmonization : progress and problems (1997) 0.03
    0.029142715 = product of:
      0.05828543 = sum of:
        0.05828543 = sum of:
          0.008403999 = weight(_text_:e in 873) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008403999 = score(doc=873,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.12704675 = fieldWeight in 873, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=873)
          0.049881432 = weight(_text_:22 in 873) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049881432 = score(doc=873,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 873, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=873)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
    Source
    LASER link. 1997, Spring/Summer, S.22-24
  6. Mishra, K.S.: Bibliographic databases and exchange formats (1997) 0.03
    0.029142715 = product of:
      0.05828543 = sum of:
        0.05828543 = sum of:
          0.008403999 = weight(_text_:e in 1757) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008403999 = score(doc=1757,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.12704675 = fieldWeight in 1757, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1757)
          0.049881432 = weight(_text_:22 in 1757) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049881432 = score(doc=1757,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 1757, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1757)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
    Source
    DESIDOC bulletin of information technology. 17(1997) no.5, S.17-22
  7. Weber, L.B.: Reading formatting MARC AMC (1990) 0.03
    0.029142715 = product of:
      0.05828543 = sum of:
        0.05828543 = sum of:
          0.008403999 = weight(_text_:e in 484) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008403999 = score(doc=484,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.12704675 = fieldWeight in 484, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=484)
          0.049881432 = weight(_text_:22 in 484) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049881432 = score(doc=484,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 484, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=484)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    8. 1.2007 14:22:51
    Language
    e
  8. Jimenez, V.O.R.: Nuevas perspectivas para la catalogacion : metadatos ver MARC (1999) 0.03
    0.026453625 = product of:
      0.05290725 = sum of:
        0.05290725 = product of:
          0.1058145 = sum of:
            0.1058145 = weight(_text_:22 in 5743) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.1058145 = score(doc=5743,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.6565931 = fieldWeight in 5743, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5743)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    30. 3.2002 19:45:22
    Source
    Revista Española de Documentaçion Cientifica. 22(1999) no.2, S.198-219
  9. UNIMARC and CDS/ISIS : Proceedings of the Workshops held in Budapest, 21.-22. June 1993 and Barcelona, 26. August 1993 (1994) 0.03
    0.025499877 = product of:
      0.050999753 = sum of:
        0.050999753 = sum of:
          0.007353499 = weight(_text_:e in 8779) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.007353499 = score(doc=8779,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.1111659 = fieldWeight in 8779, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=8779)
          0.043646254 = weight(_text_:22 in 8779) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043646254 = score(doc=8779,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 8779, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=8779)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  10. Ranta, J.A.: Queens Borough Public Library's Guidelines for cataloging community information (1996) 0.03
    0.025499877 = product of:
      0.050999753 = sum of:
        0.050999753 = sum of:
          0.007353499 = weight(_text_:e in 6523) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.007353499 = score(doc=6523,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.1111659 = fieldWeight in 6523, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6523)
          0.043646254 = weight(_text_:22 in 6523) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043646254 = score(doc=6523,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 6523, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6523)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
    Source
    Cataloging and classification quarterly. 22(1996) no.2, S.51-69
  11. Crook, M.: Barbara Tillett discusses cataloging rules and conceptual models (1996) 0.03
    0.025499877 = product of:
      0.050999753 = sum of:
        0.050999753 = sum of:
          0.007353499 = weight(_text_:e in 7683) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.007353499 = score(doc=7683,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.1111659 = fieldWeight in 7683, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=7683)
          0.043646254 = weight(_text_:22 in 7683) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043646254 = score(doc=7683,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.04602077 = queryNorm
              0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 7683, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=7683)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
    Source
    OCLC newsletter. 1996, no.220, S.20-22
  12. Paulus, W.; Weishaupt, K.: Bibliotheksdaten werden mehr wert : LibLink wertet bibliothekarische Dienstleistung auf (1996) 0.02
    0.015587947 = product of:
      0.031175895 = sum of:
        0.031175895 = product of:
          0.06235179 = sum of:
            0.06235179 = weight(_text_:22 in 5228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.06235179 = score(doc=5228,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 5228, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5228)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    29. 9.1996 18:58:22
  13. Radwanski, A.: Rozwoj formatu MARC (1996) 0.01
    0.012470358 = product of:
      0.024940716 = sum of:
        0.024940716 = product of:
          0.049881432 = sum of:
            0.049881432 = weight(_text_:22 in 3052) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.049881432 = score(doc=3052,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.1611569 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 3052, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3052)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Date
    22. 2.1999 20:34:37
  14. ISO 2709: Format for information exchange (1996) 0.01
    0.0052524996 = product of:
      0.010504999 = sum of:
        0.010504999 = product of:
          0.021009998 = sum of:
            0.021009998 = weight(_text_:e in 4752) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.021009998 = score(doc=4752,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.31761688 = fieldWeight in 4752, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=4752)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  15. Lichtenbergova, E.; Stoklasova, B.: UNIMARC in Czech libraries (1999) 0.01
    0.005199709 = product of:
      0.010399418 = sum of:
        0.010399418 = product of:
          0.020798836 = sum of:
            0.020798836 = weight(_text_:e in 6010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.020798836 = score(doc=6010,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.31442466 = fieldWeight in 6010, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=6010)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  16. UNIMARC manual bibliographic format (1994) 0.00
    0.0042019994 = product of:
      0.008403999 = sum of:
        0.008403999 = product of:
          0.016807998 = sum of:
            0.016807998 = weight(_text_:e in 8716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.016807998 = score(doc=8716,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.2540935 = fieldWeight in 8716, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=8716)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  17. Boßmeyer, C.: UNIMARC und MAB : Strukturunterschiede und Kompatibilitätsfragen (1995) 0.00
    0.0042019994 = product of:
      0.008403999 = sum of:
        0.008403999 = product of:
          0.016807998 = sum of:
            0.016807998 = weight(_text_:e in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.016807998 = score(doc=2368,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.2540935 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  18. Gredley, E.; Hopkinson, A.: Exchanging bibliographic data (1990) 0.00
    0.0037140779 = product of:
      0.0074281557 = sum of:
        0.0074281557 = product of:
          0.0148563115 = sum of:
            0.0148563115 = weight(_text_:e in 6070) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.0148563115 = score(doc=6070,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.22458905 = fieldWeight in 6070, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6070)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  19. Delfino, E.: Data file formats for exchange of data (1993) 0.00
    0.0037140779 = product of:
      0.0074281557 = sum of:
        0.0074281557 = product of:
          0.0148563115 = sum of:
            0.0148563115 = weight(_text_:e in 6690) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.0148563115 = score(doc=6690,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.22458905 = fieldWeight in 6690, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6690)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Language
    e
  20. Hagler, R.: ¬The bibliographic record and information technology (1997) 0.00
    0.0037140779 = product of:
      0.0074281557 = sum of:
        0.0074281557 = product of:
          0.0148563115 = sum of:
            0.0148563115 = weight(_text_:e in 6175) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.0148563115 = score(doc=6175,freq=4.0), product of:
                0.06614887 = queryWeight, product of:
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.04602077 = queryNorm
                0.22458905 = fieldWeight in 6175, product of:
                  2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                    4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                  1.43737 = idf(docFreq=28552, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6175)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    
    Footnote
    Rez.: Library resources and technical services 42(1998) no.1, S.71-73 (D. CannCasciato); Reference and user services quarterly 37(1997) no.2, S.235-236 (E. McGrath)
    Language
    e

Authors

Languages

  • e 142
  • d 2
  • pl 1
  • sp 1
  • More… Less…

Types

  • a 116
  • m 15
  • s 7
  • l 3
  • r 3
  • ? 2
  • el 1
  • n 1
  • More… Less…

Classifications