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Source

CD-ROM information products: an evaluative guide and directory. Ed.: C.J. Armstrong et al

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Source

Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the 6th International ISKO-Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada. Ed.: C. Beghtol et al

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Date

22. 3.2008 16:17:01

Footnote

Originaltitel: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Vgl. auch: Selg, A. u. R. Wieland (Hrsg.): Die Welt der Encyclopédie. Aus dem Französischen von Holger Fock u.a. Frankfurt a.M.: Eichborn 2001. X, 484 S.

RSWK

Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

Subject

Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

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Editor

Walker, D.E. et al.

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Editor

Garrett, J. et al.

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Editor

Garrett, J. et al.

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Editor

Garrett, J. et al.

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Source

Structures and relations in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the 5th International ISKO-Conference, Lille, 25.-29.8.1998. Ed.: W. Mustafa el Hadi et al

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Source

Online information 94. Proceedings of the 18th International Online Meeting, London, 6-8 Dec 1994. Ed. by D.I. Raitt et al

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Source

Information management in academic and research libraries: Proceedings of the 5th National convention for Automation of Libraries in Education and Research (CALIBER-98), Bhubaneswar, India, 4-5 March 1998. Ed. by M. Mahapatra et al

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Footnote

Rez. in: Audiovisual librarian 22(1996) no.2, S.130-131 ( R. Williams)

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Source

Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 22(1998) H.1, S.81-83

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Date

22. 6.2002 19:40:22

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Content

Ökonomisch gesehen sind die Konversationslexika des 19.Jahrhunderts die Erben der Enzyklopädien des 18. Jahrhunderts. Diese großen Universallexika waren allein von ihrem Umfang, intellektuellen Anspruch und Preis her nicht für ein breites Publikum bestimmt. Genau darauf schielte jedoch der Geschäftsmann Brockhaus mit seiner schlichten Rechnung: von den 100 Millionen deutschsprachigen Europäern entfielen ihm zufolge 75 Millionen auf Frauen, Kinder, Arme und Al- te. Diese schieden als Käufer aus. Vom Rest sollte ein Viertel also rund sechs Millionen Bildungs- und Besitzbürger - ein Lexikon kaufen, um »eine Art von Schlüssel« zu erwerben, mit dem sie sich »den Eingang in gebildete Zirkel« verschaffen konnten. Daher der Name »Konversationslexikon«. Neben diesem prosaischen ökonomischen Kalkül gab es ein konzeptionelles Dilemma für die in dem Jahrhundert der Aufklärung entstandenen großen Enzyklopädien oder Universallexika. Sie beanspruchten, das gesamte verfügbare Wissen zu sammeln. Aus diesem enzyklopädischen Geist - das griechische Wort bedeutet wörtlich »Kreis der Wissenschaften« - entstand Johann Heinrich Zedlers 68 Bände starkes »Großes vollständiges Universallexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste« (1732-1754), wobei das Wort »vollständig« im Titel wörtlich verstanden wurde. Denis Diderot und Jean Le Rond d'Alembert publizierten die 35 Bände der »Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonnée des sciences, des arts et des metiers« innerhalb von 29 Jahren - zwischen 1751 und 1780. Das konzeptionelle Dilemma für diese Enzyklopädien entstand, weil sich das Wissen viel schneller vermehrte und veränderte, als es gedruckt werden konnte. Die »Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste« von Johann Samuel Ersch und Johann Gottfried Gruber wurde deshalb mit dem 167. Band beim Buchstaben P 1889 abgebrochen.

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Source

Information superhighway: the role of librarians, information scientists, and intermediaries. Festschrift in honor of Frederick Wilfred Lancaster. 17th International Essen Symposium, 24.-27.10.1994. Ed. A.H. Helal et al

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Source

Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the 6th International ISKO-Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada. Ed.: C. Beghtol et al

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 57(2006) no.8, S.1130-1132 (S.R. Tompson): "The editors of This text in MIT Press' Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing series deliberately view digital libraries (DLs) as "sociotechnical systems" - "networks of technology. information. documents, people and practices''. They allow an additional definition of "sociotechnical" as "an analytical stance that privileges neither the social nor the technological and in which neither is reducible to the other". This is an important definition, as it is the foundation of the contributors' sociological approach to digital libraries, an approach not typical of the DL literature which still focuses "largely on the technology itself". Bishop et al. have two stated goals for this volume: 1. "... to inform police and professional practice in DLs with socially grounded understanding of DLs as part of a web of social relations and practices. 2. "... to perform technically informed social analysis of phenomena of interest to social scientists that are highlighted by digital libraries. specifically issues of work, groups, and knowledge"."

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Date

22. 7.2000 16:37:12

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Abstract

Die rasante Entwicklung der luK-Technologien in den letzten Jahren hat das Angebot von wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken stark beeinflusst. Es umfasst heutzutage bekanntermaßen nicht mehr nur den OPAC. Elektronische Datenbanken und Zeitschriften gehören zum Standard, und auch Dokumentenserver, digitalisierte Texte oder Bildmaterialien sowie elektronische Auskunftsservices sind immer öfter anzutreffen. Bislang wurden diese Dienstleistungen über Websites der Institutionen präsentiert und bekannt gemacht. Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre fand hingegen vor allem in Bibliotheken in den USA das Portalkonzept Anklang, von dem man sich einen vereinfachten Zugang zu den vielfältigen Angeboten und somit eine bessere Nutzung derselben versprach. Es entstanden MyLibrary-Portale wie z. B. an der Virginia Commonwealth University, auf das später eingegangen wird. Was aber sind Portale? Worin unterscheiden sie sich von herkömmlichen Websites? Die Definition des Fraunhofer Instituts für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation (Kirchhof et al. 2004) lautet: "Ein Portal ist definiert als eine Applikation, welche basierend auf Webtechnologien einen zentralen Zugriff auf personalisierte Inhalte sowie bedarfsgerecht auf Prozesse darstellt. Charakterisierend für Portale ist die Verknüpfung und der Datenaustausch zwischen heterogenen Anwendungen über eine Portalplattform. Eine manuelle Anmeldung an den in das Portal integrierten Anwendungen ist durch Single-Sign-On nicht mehr notwendig, es gibt einen zentralen Zugriff über eine homogene Benutzungsoberfläche. Portale bieten die Möglichkeit, Prozesse und Zusammenarbeit innerhalb heterogener Gruppen zu unterstützen." Wesentlich neu gegenüber bislang bestehenden Ansätzen für Internet- und Intranettechnologien sind also der Integrationsaspekt und die Prozessorientierung, wobei die besondere Attraktivität von Portalen in der einmaligen Anmeldung bei sämtlichen in das Portal integrierten Anwendungen liegt. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Möglichkeit, das gesamte Informationsangebot zu personalisieren, d. h., auf die Bedürfnisse bestimmter Gruppen und Individuen zuzuschneiden. Hinzuzufügen ist zu oben stehender Definition, dass die Personalisierung auch das Layout betreffen kann.

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Content

Diese Verhältnisse durchbrach Brockhaus mit einer schlichten Rechnung: Von 100 Millionen deutschsprachigen Europäern sind 75 Millionen Frauen und Kinder, die entfielen ihm zufolge als Käufer. Von den restlichen 25 Millionen sollte jeder 25. - also die Bildungs- und Besitzbürger - ein Konversationslexikon kaufen. Diesen Markt wollte er erobern. Drei Jahre nach dem Kauf des "Conversationslexikons" verlegte Brockhaus sein Geschäft nach Altenburg, wo er die Konversationslexika druckte und vertrieb. Aus den zunächst sechs Bänden wurden schnell zehn. Bereits von der 5. Auflage (1818/20) verkaufte Brockhaus 32.000 Exemplare. Der Erfolg des neuen Informationsmediums rief Konkurrenten auf den Plan: 1822 brachten Johann Friedrich Pierer und sein Sohn Heinrich August das "Encyclopädische Wörterbuch der Wissenschaften und Künste" heraus, das im 19. Jahrhundert sieben Auflagen schaffte und dann vom Markt verschwand. Zu einem schärferen Konkurrenten wurden Joseph Meyer und Hermann Julius Meyer, deren "Großes Conversationslexikon für die gebildeten Stände" mit 46 Bänden und 6 Ergänzungsbänden (1839-1852) das umfangreichste Werk bildet, von dem 200.000 Exemplare verkauft wurden. Bartholomä Herder schließlich war der dritte und kleinste Mitbewerber auf dem lukrativen Lexikonmarkt. Die Konversationslexika sind aber auch die Folge eines konzeptionellen Scheiterns und einer Revolution des Wissens. Im sprichwörtlich enzyklopädischen 18. Jahrhundert wollte man das gesamte Wissen zusammenfassen. Aus diesem Geist umfassender Aufklärung entstanden die großen Enzyklopädien oder Universallexika. Johann Heinrich Zedler benötigte 22 Jahre (1732-1754) für die 68 Bände des "Großen vollständigen Universallexikons aller Wissenschaften und Künste": Denis Diderot und Jean Le Rond d'Alembert brachten die 35 Bände der "Enyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonnédes sciences; des arts et des métiers" (1751-1780) in 29 Jahren heraus, wobei der wichtigste Mitarbeiter meistens ungenannt blieb: Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt (1704-1780), von dem man fast nichts weiß und von dem kein Bild existiert, schrieb in den Bänden 3 bis 17 nachweislich 28 Prozent der Artikel, in den letzten Bänden rund 40 Prozent.

Date

10. 8.2005 15:24:22

Footnote

Mit weiteren historischen Angaben: Sonderbarer Nutzen Der Schulschriftsteller und Lehrer Johann Hübner veröffentlichte 1704 in Leipzig das erste große deutschsprachige Lexikon unter dem Titel "Reales Staats-, Zeitungsund Conversationslexikon, darinnen sowohl die Religionen und staatliche Orden, die Reiche und Staaten, Meere, Seen, Insuln, Flüsse, Städte, Festungen, Schlösser, Häven, Berge, nebst alltäglichen Terminis Juridicis und Technicis, Gelehrten und Ungelehrten zu sonderbaren Nutzen klar und deutlich beschrieben werden". An Frauen richtete sich das Frauenzimmer-Lexicon aus dem Jahr 1715, von Gottlieb Sigmund Corvinus unter dem Pseudonym Amaranthes veröffentlicht. Die Oeconomische Encyklopädie des Arztes und Schriftstellers Johann Georg Krünitz, von 1773 bis 1858 in 242 Bänden erschienen, gilt als das umfangreichste deutsche Lexikon. Die völlig neu bearbeitete B. Auflage von Meyers Lexikon entstand von 1935 bis 1942 unter der unmittelbaren Kontrolle der "Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission" (PKK) der NSDAP. Da der braune Meyer dementsprechend tendenziös ausfiel, befand die NSDAP, dass für das Ausland eine gemäßigtere Version gemacht werden sollte. Weder das braune noch das neutralere Projekt wurden beendet. Nach dem Krieg wurden die vorhandenen Bände von der Alliierten Kontrollkommission konfisziert. Eine so genannte Antienzyklopädie erstellte Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) mit dem "Dictionaire Historique et Critique" (DHC). Im Gegensatz zu normalen Lexika stellte der DHC Meinungen direkt neben Gegenmeinungen, stellte Wissen nicht als gesicherte Fakten dar, sondern zog Fakten sogar in Zweifel. Dadurch ermutigte er seine Leser zu selbstständigem Denken und machte Fakten überprüfbar. Der DHC ist eine quellenkritische Bestandsaufnahme des theologischen, philsophischen und historischen Wissens seiner Zeit.