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  1. Frankfurt, H.G.: Über die Wahrheit (2007) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Originaltitel: On truth.
  2. Brandom, R.B.: Expressive Vernunft : Begründung, Repräsentation und diskursive Festlegung (2000) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: Frankfurter Rundschau Nr.141 vom 20.6.2000, S.22 (J. Habermas)
  3. Chalmers, D.J.: Constructing the world (2012) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    David J. Chalmers constructs a highly ambitious and original picture of the world, from a few basic elements. He develops and extends Rudolf Carnap's attempt to do the same in Der Logische Aufbau Der Welt (1928). Carnap gave a blueprint for describing the entire world using a limited vocabulary, so that all truths about the world could be derived from that description--but his Aufbau is often seen as a noble failure. In Constructing the World, Chalmers argues that something like the Aufbau project can succeed. With the right vocabulary and the right derivation relation, we can indeed construct the world. The focal point of Chalmers's project is scrutability: roughly, the thesis that ideal reasoning from a limited class of basic truths yields all truths about the world. Chalmers first argues for the scrutability thesis and then considers how small the base can be. All this can be seen as a project in metaphysical epistemology: epistemology in service of a global picture of the world and of our conception thereof. The scrutability framework has ramifications throughout philosophy. Using it, Chalmers defends a broadly Fregean approach to meaning, argues for an internalist approach to the contents of thought, and rebuts W. V. Quine's arguments against the analytic and the a priori. He also uses scrutability to analyze the unity of science, to defend a conceptual approach to metaphysics, and to mount a structuralist response to skepticism. Based on Chalmers's 2010 John Locke lectures, Constructing the World opens up debate on central areas of philosophy including philosophy of language, consciousness, knowledge, and reality. This major work by a leading philosopher will appeal to philosophers in all areas.
  4. Riethmüller, J.: ¬Der graue Schwan : Prolegomena zum Wissen der Wissensgesellschaft (2012) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Die beliebte Diagnose der "Wissensgesellschaft" verdeckt, dass keineswegs geklärt scheint, von welchem Wissen hier die Rede ist. Vor der zeitdiagnostischen Analyse muss daher in epistemologischer Hinsicht eine kritische, transdisziplinär angelegte Begriffsarbeit stehen. Bleibt dies aus, prägen weiter zahllebige Mythen unser Wissen vom Wissen; der graue Schwan steht dann bildhaft für jenen eigenartigen Zwang, diesbezüglich Zentrales leichthin zu ignorieren: Weder besteht Wissen aus einem geheimnisvollen physikalischen Stoff Information, der beliebig zwischen unterschiedlich strukturierten Systemen hin- und her übertragen oder von diesen umstandslos gespeichert werden könnte, noch ist es sinnvoll als Gut, Rohstoff oder gar Ware zu begreifen. Wissen generiert den Erscheinungen der Welt kognitiv und kommunikativ ihre (stabile) Bedeutung.
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  5. Blackmore, S.J.: Gespräche über Bewußtsein (2012) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Originaltitel: Conversations on Consciousness.
  6. Chalmers, D.J.: ¬The conscious mind : in search of a fundamental theory (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    What is consciousness? How do physical processes in the brain give rise to the self-aware mind and to feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or spiritual yearning? These questions today are among the most hotly debated issues among scientists and philosophers, and we have seen in recent years superb volumes by such eminent figures as Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Gerald Edelman, and Roger Penrose, all firing volleys in what has come to be called the consciousness wars. Now, in The Conscious Mind, philosopher David J. Chalmers offers a cogent analysis of this heated debate as he unveils a major new theory of consciousness, one that rejects the prevailing reductionist trend of science, while offering provocative insights into the relationship between mind and brain. Writing in a rigorous, thought-provoking style, the author takes us on a far-reaching tour through the philosophical ramifications of consciousness. Chalmers convincingly reveals how contemporary cognitive science and neurobiology have failed to explain how and why mental events emerge from physiological occurrences in the brain. He proposes instead that conscious experience must be understood in an entirely new light--as an irreducible entity (similar to such physical properties as time, mass, and space) that exists at a fundamental level and cannot be understood as the sum of its parts. And after suggesting some intriguing possibilities about the structure and laws of conscious experience, he details how his unique reinterpretation of the mind could be the focus of a new science. Throughout the book, Chalmers provides fascinating thought experiments that trenchantly illustrate his ideas. For example, in exploring the notion that consciousness could be experienced by machines as well as humans, Chalmers asks us to imagine a thinking brain in which neurons are slowly replaced by silicon chips that precisely duplicate their functions--as the neurons are replaced, will consciousness gradually fade away? The book also features thoughtful discussions of how the author's theories might be practically applied to subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
  7. Ciompi, L.: ¬Die emotionalen Grundlagen des Denkens : Entwurf einer fraktalen Affektlogik (1997) 0.00 
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  8. Neuser, W.: Wissen begreifen : zur Selbstorganisation von Erfahrung, Handlung und Begriff (2013) 0.00 
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  9. Koch, C.: Bewusstsein : ein neurobiologisches Rätsel (2005) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2006, H.6, S.101-102 (M. Springer): "Wir erforschen den Kosmos, um zu erfahren, woher wir kommen, und die Welt der Elementarteilchen, weil wir erkennen wollen, woraus wir letztlich bestehen. Nun wenden wir uns mit dem in Jahrhunderten gewonnenen Wissen dem nächstliegenden Forschungsobjekt zu: dem eigenen Gehirn. Das ist ein Schwindel erregendes Unternehmen, denn dabei beugt sich gewissermaßen das Gehirn wissbegierig über sich selbst. Geht das? Kann eine ursprünglich zur Analyse der unbelebten, bewusstlosen Natur entwickelte Methode jemals erklären, wie unser Gehirn Bewusstsein produziert? Muss nicht zwischen physikalisch-chemischen Hirnvorgängen und unserem sinnlichen Erleben von Farben, Schmerzen und Emotionen die notorische »Erklärungslücke« der Bewusstseinsforschung klaffen? Es kommt auf den Versuch an. Wer wissen will, was die Naturwissenschaft - konkret die Neurobiologie - bisher über die materielle Basis unseres bewussten Erlebens herausgebracht hat, sollte dieses Buch lesen. Christof Koch sucht empirisch nach den »neuronalen Korrelaten des Bewusstseins« (neuronal correlates of consciousness, NCCs) - dem kleinsten Satz neuronaler Ereignisse, der für eine bestimmte bewusste Wahrnehmung hinreichend ist. Gewiss vermag unser Gehirn noch viel mehr, als bloß Sinneserlebnisse zu vermitteln: Wir können sprechen, Erlebnisse reflektieren, zählen, logisch denken und so weiter. Das vergleichsweise bescheidene Projekt, NCCs für bewusste visuelle Wahrnehmung zu suchen, hat Koch gemeinsam mit Francis Crick, dem Mitentdecker des genetischen Codes, bis zu dessen Tod 2004 verfolgt, weil die beiden darin den einfachsten Zugang zum Rätsel des Bewusstseins sahen. Damit wiederholte Crick eine Vorgehensweise, mit der er schon 1953 erfolgreich war: zur Erforschung des bislang Unvorstellbaren zunächst ein möglichst einfaches Beispiel zu studieren. Bevor Crick zusammen mit James Watson die Struktur der DNA aufdeckte, konnten die Biologen sich nicht vorstellen, wie ein einzelnes Molekül die Information über den Aufbau eines lebenden Organismus enthalten sollte. Analog hofften später Crick und Koch, aus der Struktur der Neuronen und ihren Wechselwirkungen auf die physische Grundlage des Bewusstseins schließen zu können.

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