Search (115 results, page 1 of 6)

  • × theme_ss:"Retrievalstudien"
  1. Blair, D.C.; Maron, M.E.: ¬An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system (1985) 0.08
    0.0802122 = product of:
      0.40106097 = sum of:
        0.40106097 = weight(_text_:d.c in 1345) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.40106097 = score(doc=1345,freq=6.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            1.3998185 = fieldWeight in 1345, product of:
              2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                6.0 = termFreq=6.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1345)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Footnote
    Vgl. auch : Salton, G.: Another look ... Comm. ACM 29(1986) S.S.648-656; Blair, D.C.: Full text retrieval ... Int. Class. 13(1986) S.18-23: Blair, D.C., M.E. Maron: Full-text information retrieval ... Inf. proc. man. 26(1990) S.437-447.
  2. Blair, D.C.: STAIRS Redux : thoughts on the STAIRS evaluation, ten years after (1996) 0.07
    0.07226417 = product of:
      0.18066043 = sum of:
        0.16208684 = weight(_text_:d.c in 3002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.16208684 = score(doc=3002,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.5657299 = fieldWeight in 3002, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3002)
        0.018573584 = product of:
          0.037147168 = sum of:
            0.037147168 = weight(_text_:22 in 3002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.037147168 = score(doc=3002,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 3002, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3002)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 47(1996) no.1, S.4-22
  3. Sievert, M.E.; McKinin, E.J.: Why full-text misses some relevant documents : an analysis of documents not retrieved by CCML or MEDIS (1989) 0.06
    0.06194072 = product of:
      0.1548518 = sum of:
        0.13893157 = weight(_text_:d.c in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.13893157 = score(doc=3564,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.48491132 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
        0.015920214 = product of:
          0.03184043 = sum of:
            0.03184043 = weight(_text_:22 in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.03184043 = score(doc=3564,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Date
    9. 1.1996 10:22:31
    Source
    ASIS'89. Managing information and technology. Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society for Information Science, Washington D.C., 30.10.-2.11.1989. Vol.26. Ed.by J. Katzer and G.B. Newby
  4. Blair, D.C.: Full text retrieval : Evaluation and implications (1986) 0.05
    0.048127312 = product of:
      0.24063656 = sum of:
        0.24063656 = weight(_text_:d.c in 2047) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.24063656 = score(doc=2047,freq=6.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.8398911 = fieldWeight in 2047, product of:
              2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                6.0 = termFreq=6.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2047)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Footnote
    Vgl.: Blair, D.C., M.E. Maron: An evaluation ... Comm. ACM 28(1985) S.280-299; Salton, G.: Another look ... Comm. ACM 29(1986) S.648-656; Blair, D.C., M.E. Maron: Full-text information retrieval ... Inf. Proc. Man. 26(1990) S.437-447.
  5. Blair, D.C.; Maron, M.E.: Full-text information retrieval : further analysis and clarification (1990) 0.04
    0.03704842 = product of:
      0.1852421 = sum of:
        0.1852421 = weight(_text_:d.c in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.1852421 = score(doc=2046,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.64654845 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
  6. Blair, D.C.: Some thoughts on the reported results of TREC (2002) 0.04
    0.03704842 = product of:
      0.1852421 = sum of:
        0.1852421 = weight(_text_:d.c in 2583) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.1852421 = score(doc=2583,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.28650925 = queryWeight, product of:
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.64654845 = fieldWeight in 2583, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2583)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
  7. Allan, J.; Callan, J.P.; Croft, W.B.; Ballesteros, L.; Broglio, J.; Xu, J.; Shu, H.: INQUERY at TREC-5 (1997) 0.03
    0.029173259 = product of:
      0.072933145 = sum of:
        0.04639945 = weight(_text_:u in 3103) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.04639945 = score(doc=3103,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.3617784 = fieldWeight in 3103, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3103)
        0.026533691 = product of:
          0.053067382 = sum of:
            0.053067382 = weight(_text_:22 in 3103) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.053067382 = score(doc=3103,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 3103, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3103)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Date
    27. 2.1999 20:55:22
    Source
    The Fifth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-5). Ed.: E.M. Voorhees u. D.K. Harman
  8. Ng, K.B.; Loewenstern, D.; Basu, C.; Hirsh, H.; Kantor, P.B.: Data fusion of machine-learning methods for the TREC5 routing tak (and other work) (1997) 0.03
    0.029173259 = product of:
      0.072933145 = sum of:
        0.04639945 = weight(_text_:u in 3107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.04639945 = score(doc=3107,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.3617784 = fieldWeight in 3107, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3107)
        0.026533691 = product of:
          0.053067382 = sum of:
            0.053067382 = weight(_text_:22 in 3107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.053067382 = score(doc=3107,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 3107, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3107)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Date
    27. 2.1999 20:59:22
    Source
    The Fifth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-5). Ed.: E.M. Voorhees u. D.K. Harman
  9. ¬The Fifth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-5) (1997) 0.02
    0.023338607 = product of:
      0.058346514 = sum of:
        0.03711956 = weight(_text_:u in 3087) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03711956 = score(doc=3087,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.28942272 = fieldWeight in 3087, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3087)
        0.021226954 = product of:
          0.042453907 = sum of:
            0.042453907 = weight(_text_:22 in 3087) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.042453907 = score(doc=3087,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 3087, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3087)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Abstract
    Proceedings of the 5th TREC-confrerence held in Gaithersburgh, Maryland, Nov 20-22, 1996. Aim of the conference was discussion on retrieval techniques for large test collections. Different research groups used different techniques, such as automated thesauri, term weighting, natural language techniques, relevance feedback and advanced pattern matching, for information retrieval from the same large database. This procedure makes it possible to compare the results. The proceedings include papers, tables of the system results, and brief system descriptions including timing and storage information
    Editor
    Voorhees, E.M. u. D.K. Harman
  10. ¬The Eleventh Text Retrieval Conference, TREC 2002 (2003) 0.02
    0.023338607 = product of:
      0.058346514 = sum of:
        0.03711956 = weight(_text_:u in 4049) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03711956 = score(doc=4049,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.28942272 = fieldWeight in 4049, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4049)
        0.021226954 = product of:
          0.042453907 = sum of:
            0.042453907 = weight(_text_:22 in 4049) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.042453907 = score(doc=4049,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.13716005 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.03916811 = queryNorm
                0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 4049, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4049)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.4 = coord(2/5)
    
    Abstract
    Proceedings of the llth TREC-conference held in Gaithersburg, Maryland (USA), November 19-22, 2002. Aim of the conference was discussion an retrieval and related information-seeking tasks for large test collection. 93 research groups used different techniques, for information retrieval from the same large database. This procedure makes it possible to compare the results. The tasks are: Cross-language searching, filtering, interactive searching, searching for novelty, question answering, searching for video shots, and Web searching.
    Editor
    Voorhees, E.M. u. D.K. Harman
  11. Gauch, S.; Wang, J.: Corpus analysis for TREC 5 query expansion (1997) 0.02
    0.015748495 = product of:
      0.078742474 = sum of:
        0.078742474 = weight(_text_:u in 5800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.078742474 = score(doc=5800,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.6139583 = fieldWeight in 5800, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5800)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    The Fifth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-5). Ed.: E.M. Voorhees u. D.K. Harman
    Theme
    Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
  12. ¬The Second Text Retrieval Conference : TREC-2 (1995) 0.02
    0.015748495 = product of:
      0.078742474 = sum of:
        0.078742474 = weight(_text_:u in 1320) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.078742474 = score(doc=1320,freq=16.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.6139583 = fieldWeight in 1320, product of:
              4.0 = tf(freq=16.0), with freq of:
                16.0 = termFreq=16.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1320)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Content
    Enthält die Beiträge: HARMAN, D.: Overview of the Second Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-2); SPRACK JONES, K.: Reflections on TREC; BUCKLEY, C., J. ALLAN u. G. SALTON: Automatic routing and retrieval using SMART: TREC-2; CALLAN, J.P., W.B. CROFT u. J. BROGLIO: TREC and TIPSTER experiments with INQUERY; ROBERTSON, S.R., S. WALKER u. M.M. HANCOCK-BEAULIEU: Large test collection experiments on an operational, interactive system: OKAPI at TREC; ZOBEL, J., A. MOFFAT, R. WILKINSON u. R. SACKS-DAVIS: Efficient retrieval of partial documents; METTLER, M. u. F. NORDBY: TREC routing experiments with the TRW/Paracel Fast Data Finder; EVANS, D.A. u. R.G. LEFFERTS: CLARIT-TREC experiments; STRZALKOWSKI, T.: Natural language information retrieval; CAID, W.R., S.T. DUMAIS u. S.I. GALLANT: Learned vector-space models for document retrieval; BELKIN, N.J. P. KANTOR, E.A. FOX u. J.A. SHAW: Combining the evidence of multiple query representations for information retrieval
  13. Harman, D.K.: ¬The TREC conferences (1995) 0.01
    0.013123746 = product of:
      0.06561873 = sum of:
        0.06561873 = weight(_text_:u in 1932) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06561873 = score(doc=1932,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.5116319 = fieldWeight in 1932, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1932)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Footnote
    Wiederabgedruckt in: Readings in information retrieval. Ed.: K. Sparck Jones u. P. Willett. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman 1997. S.247-256.
    Source
    Hypertext - Information Retrieval - Multimedia: HIM '95. Synergieeffekte elektronischer Informationssysteme. Hrsg.: R. Kuhlen u. M. Rittberger
  14. Harman, D.K.: ¬The TREC test collections (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 4637) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=4637,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 4637, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4637)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  15. Buckley, C.; Voorhees, E.M.: Retrieval system evaluation (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 648) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=648,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 648, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=648)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  16. Harman, D.K.: ¬The TREC ad hoc experiments (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 5711) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=5711,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 5711, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5711)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  17. Robertson, S.; Callan, J.: Routing and filtering (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 4688) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=4688,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 4688, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4688)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  18. Harman, D.K.: Beyond English (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 4850) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=4850,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 4850, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4850)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  19. Voorhees, E.M.; Garofolo, J.S.: Retrieving noisy text (2005) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 5084) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=5084,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 5084, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5084)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    TREC: experiment and evaluation in information retrieval. Ed.: E.M. Voorhees, u. D.K. Harman
  20. Järvelin, K.: Evaluation (2011) 0.01
    0.012991846 = product of:
      0.06495923 = sum of:
        0.06495923 = weight(_text_:u in 548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.06495923 = score(doc=548,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.12825379 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03916811 = queryNorm
            0.50648975 = fieldWeight in 548, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.2744443 = idf(docFreq=4547, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=548)
      0.2 = coord(1/5)
    
    Source
    Interactive information seeking, behaviour and retrieval. Eds.: Ruthven, I. u. D. Kelly

Years

Languages

  • e 103
  • d 8
  • chi 1
  • f 1
  • m 1
  • More… Less…

Types

  • a 107
  • s 7
  • m 5
  • More… Less…