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Abstract

This book features theoretical and practical perspectives from a range of disciplines on the challenges of using digital media in interpretation and representation of cultural heritage. In "Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage", experts offer a critical and theoretical appraisal of the uses of digital media by cultural heritage institutions. Previous discussions of cultural heritage and digital technology have left the subject largely unmapped in terms of critical theory. The essays in this volume offer this long-missing perspective on the challenges of using digital media in the research, preservation, management, interpretation, and representation of cultural heritage. The contributors - scholars and practitioners from a range of relevant disciplines - ground theory in practice, considering how digital technology might be used to transform institutional cultures, methods, and relationships with audiences. The contributors examine the relationship between material and digital objects in collections of art and indigenous artefacts; the implications of digital technology for knowledge creation, documentation, and the concept of authority; and the possibilities for "virtual cultural heritage" - the preservation and interpretation of cultural and natural heritage through real-time, immersive, and interactive techniques. The essays in "Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage" will serve as a resource for professionals, academics, and students in all fields of cultural heritage, including museums, libraries, galleries, archives, and archaeology, as well as those in education and information technology. The range of issues considered and the diverse disciplines and viewpoints represented point to new directions for an emerging field.

Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Rise and fall of the post-photographic museum : technology and the transformation of art / Peter Walsh -- Materiality of virtual technologies : a new approach to thinking about the impact of multimedia in museums / Andrea Witcomb -- Beyond the cult of the replicant-- museums and historical digital objects : traditional concerns, new discourses / Fiona Cameron -- Te Ahu Hiko : cultural heritage and indigenous objects, people, and environments / Deidre Brown -- Redefining digital art : disrupting borders / Beryl Graham -- Online activity and offlline community : cultural institutions and new media art / Sarah Cook -- Crisis of authority : new lamps for old / Susan Hazan -- Digital cultural communication : audience and remediation / Angelina Russo and Jerry Watkins -- Digital knowledgescapes : cultural, theoretical, practical and usage issues facing museum collection databases in a digital epoch / Fiona Cameron and Helena Robinson -- Art is redeemed, mystery is gone : the documentation of contemporary art / Harald Kraemer -- Cultural information standards-- political territory and rich rewards / Ingrid Mason -- Finding a future for digital cultural heritage resources using contextual information frameworks / Gavan McCarthy -- Engaged dialogism in virtual space : an exploration of research strategies for virtual museums / Suhas Deshpande, Kati Geber, and Corey Timpson -- Localized, personalized, and constructivist : a space for online museum learning / Ross Parry and Nadia Arbach -- Speaking in Rama : panoramic vision in cultural heritage visualization / Sarah Kenderdine -- Dialing up the past / Erik Champion and Bharat Dave -- Morphology of space in virtual heritage / Bernadette Flynn -- Toward tangible virtualities : tangialities / Slavko Milekic -- Ecological cybernetics, virtual reality, and virtual heritage / Maurizio Forte -- Geo-storytelling : a living archive of spatial culture / Scot T. Refsland, Marc Tuters, and Jim Cooley -- Urban heritage representations in hyperdocuments / Rodrigo Paraizo and José Ripper Kós -- Automatic archaeology : bridging the gap between virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and archaeology / Juan Antonio Barceló.

Footnote

The major strength of Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse is the balance of theory and practice achieved by its authors through the inclusion of discussion on digital culture exhibits and programs. By describing the work being done at diverse cultural institutions life is given to theoretical discussions. By relating theory to practice, the work becomes accessible to a broader range of readers. Further, these essays provide many examples of how libraries and museums could partner with each other in the realm of digital culture. The field of museum studies is dealing with the same issues as information and library science with regards to data organization, user behavior, object classification, and documentation schemas. Also, the emphasis on the users of digital cultural heritage and how individuals make meaningful connections with art, history, and geography is another asset of the book. Each chapter is well researched resulting in helpful and extensive bibliographies on various aspects of digital culture. Overall, the work is rich in discussion, description and illustrative examples that cover the subject of digital cultural heritage in terms of depth and breadth. The primary weakness of the title is on the focus on museum studies in the discourse on digital cultural heritage. There is much to be shared and discovered across other cultural institutions such as libraries and local historical societies and a more interdisciplinary approach to the essays included would have captured this. The overwhelming emphasis on museums, unfortunately, may cause some researching and studying digital cultural heritage from another perspective to overlook this work; thereby further dividing the efforts and communication of knowledge in this area. This work is highly recommended for collections on museum studies, cultural heritage, art history and documentation, library and information science, and archival science. This work would be most useful to educators and researchers interested in a theoretical understanding of cultural institutions and user interactions in view of the social and political impact of the evolving digital state of cultural heritage rather than in the specific technologies and specific user studies on the digital cultural heritage. Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage is an insightful work that will encourage further discourse and research."

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Content

Introduction: Libraries and Their Interrelationships with Google - William Miller Disruptive Beneficence: The Google Print Program and the Future of Libraries - Mark Sandler The Google Library Project at Oxford - Ronald Milne The (Uncertain) Future of Libraries in a Google World: Sounding an Alarm - Rick Anderson A Gaggle of Googles: Limitations and Defects of Electronic Access as Panacea - -Mark Y. Herring Using the Google Search Appliance for Federated Searching: A Case Study - Mary Taylor Google's Print and Scholar Initiatives: The Value of and Impact on Libraries and Information Services - Robert J. Lackie Google Scholar vs. Library Scholar: Testing the Performance of Schoogle - Burton Callicott; Debbie Vaughn Google, the Invisible Web, and Librarians: Slaying the Research Goliath - Francine Egger-Sider; Jane Devine Choices in the Paradigm Shift: Where Next for Libraries? - Shelley E. Phipps; Krisellen Maloney Calling the Scholars Home: Google Scholar as a Tool for Rediscovering the Academic Library - Maurice C. York Checking Under the Hood: Evaluating Google Scholar for Reference Use - Janice Adlington; Chris Benda Running with the Devil: Accessing Library-Licensed Full Text Holdings Through Google Scholar - Rebecca Donlan; Rachel Cooke Directing Students to New Information Types: A New Role for Google in Literature Searches? - Mike Thelwall Evaluating Google Scholar as a Tool for Information Literacy Rachael Cathcart - Amanda Roberts Optimising Publications for Google Users - Alan Dawson Google and Privacy - Paul S. Piper Image: Google's Most Important Product - Ron Force Keeping Up with Google: Resources and Strategies for Staying Ahead of the Pack - Michael J. Krasulski; Steven J. Bell

Footnote

Ebenfalls direkt aus der Praxis erhält der Leser Informationen zum Google-PrintProgramm. Robert Milne beschreibt die Zusammenarbeit von Google und der Universität Oxford. In diesem Aufsatz wird - was dem Autor natürlich nicht anzulasten ist - ein Problem des vorliegenden Werks deutlich: Viele Informationen sind doch von sehr beschränkter Haltbarkeit. Der Redaktionsschluss war im Frühsommer 2005, sodass sich in vielen Bereichen bereits neue Entwicklungen ergeben haben. Dies ist beim Print-Programm der Fall, vor allem wird es aber bei dem Hauptthema des Bandes, nämlich Google Scholar, deutlich. Dieser Dienst wurde im November 2004 gestartet und stieß auf unterschiedlichste Reaktionen, die (anhand von Beispielen amerikanischer Bibliotheken) im Beitrag von Maurice C. York beschrieben werden. Einige Bibliotheken nahmen den Dienst begeistert auf und verlinkten diesen mit Lob versehen auf ihren Websites. Andere reagierten gegenteilig und warnten vor dessen schlechter Qualität. Auch weil vorauszusehen war, dass Google Scholar bei den Nutzern gut ankommen würde, darf das folgende Statement von einer Bibliothekswebsite geradezu als ignorant gelten: Google Scholar »is wonderful for those who do not have access to the library's databases« (S.119). Wie nun die Scholar-Nutzer auf die Bibliotheksangebote gelenkt werden können, beschreibt der ironisch »Running with the Devil« betitelte Aufsatz von Rebecca Donlan und Rachel Cooke. Die Autorinnen beschreiben den Einsatz von Link-Resolvern und gehen auf die in Google Scholar bestehenden Probleme durch unklare Bezeichnungen in den Trefferlisten ein. Einige Beispiele zeigen, dass Google Scholar auch in Kombination mit der Verlinkung auf die Bibliotheksbestände keine befriedigende Recherchesituation herstellt, sondern vielmehr weitere Anstrengungen nötig sind, um »das Beste beider Welten« zusammenzuführen. Zwei weitere Aufsätze beschäftigen sich mit der Frage, wie gut Google Scholar eigentlich ist. Einmal geht es darum, wie gut Scholar den »ACRL Information Literacy Standards« genügt. Der zweite Beitrag vergleicht Google Scholar anhand von fünf Suchaufgaben einerseits mit einem lokalen Bibliothekskatalog, andererseits mit EBSCOs Academic Search Premier und jeweils einer fachspezifischen Datenbank. Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine durchgehende Überlegenheit einer Suchlösung, vielmehr wird deutlich, dass es auf die Auswahl des richtigen Suchwerkzeugs für die bestehende Suchanfrage ankommt bzw. dass erst eine Kombination dieser Werkzeuge zu optimalen Ergebnissen führt. Man könnte also auch hier wieder sagen: Google und Bibliotheken, nicht Google oder Bibliotheken.
Weitere Rez. in JASIST 59(2008) H.9, S.1531-1533 (J. Satyanesan): "Libraries and Google is an interesting and enlightening compilation of 18 articles on Google and its impact on libraries. The topic is very current, debatable, and thought provoking. Google has profoundly empowered individuals and transformed access to information and librarians are very much concerned about its popularity and visibility. In this book, the leading authorities discuss the usefulness of Google, its influence and potential menace to libraries, and its implications for libraries and the scholarly communication. They offer practical suggestions to cope with the changing situation. The articles are written from different perspective and express all shades of opinion, both hopeful and fearful. One can discern varied moods-apprehension, resignation, encouragement, and motivation-on the part of the librarians. This is an important book providing a wealth of information for the 21st century librarian. There is a section called "Indexing, Abstracting & Website/Internet Coverage," which lists major indexing and abstracting services and other tools for bibliographic access. The format of the articles is uniform with an introduction, key words, and with the exception of two articles the rest have summaries and conclusions. References and notes of varying lengths are included in each article. This book has been copublished simultaneously as Internet Reference Quarterly, 10(3/4), 2005. Although there are single articles written on Google and libraries, this is the first book-length treatment of the topic.

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Abstract

Offers an overview of digital libraries and the conceptual and practical understanding of digital libraries Presents the lifecycle of digital library design, use, preservation and evaluation, including collection development, digitization of static and multimedia resources, metadata, digital library development and interface design, digital information searching, digital preservation, and digital library evaluation Synthesizes current research and the best practices of digital libraries, providing both US and international perspectives on the development of digital libraries Introduces new developments in the area of digital libraries, such as large-scale digital libraries, social media applications in digital libraries, multilingual digital libraries, digital curation, linked data, rapid capture, guidelines for the digitization of multimedia resources Highlights the impact, challenges, suggestions for overcoming these challenges, and trends of present and future development of digital libraries Offers a comprehensive bibliography for each chapter

Content

Introduction to digital libraries - Digital library initiatives and international projects - Collection development - Techniques and technologies for multimedia storage and retrieval - Digitization - Knowledge representation and organization - Digital Library Content Management Systems - Interface design and evaluation - Sustainability and preservation - User needs and information retrieval - Evaluation of digital libraries - Impact, challenges, and trends for the future

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Footnote

Es empfiehlt sich, an die Google-Vorhaben mit einer gehörigen Portion Unvoreingenommenheit heranzutreten und von einem Projekt, das noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt, keine Wunderdinge zu erwarten; unbestreitbare Leistungen aber auch als solche würdigend anzuerkennen. ... Das in Digitalisierungsfragen noch immer schläfrige, wenn nicht gar schlafende Europa, ist zweifellos zunächst von Google geweckt und anschließend von Jeanneney alarmiert worden. Jeanneney hat aus einem zunächst harmlos anmutenden privatwirtschaftlichen Vorhaben ein Politikum gemacht; dass er hierbei immer wieder über sein hehres Ziel einer europäischen Gegenoffensive hinausschießt, kann die Debatte nur beleben. Er wendet sich gegen den neoliberalen Glauben, die Kräfte des freien kapitalistischen Marktes seien in der Lage, allen Seiten gerecht zu werden, und fordert eine Dominanz des staatlichen Sektors, der zumindest komplementär tätig werden müsse, um die Auswüchse von Google gegensteuernd zu bremsen. Dort, wo Jeanneney die antiamerikanische Schelte verlässt und die europäische Antwort skizziert, zeigen sich seine Stärken. Google arbeitet zwar mit Bibliotheken zusammen, ob die Intensität dieser Kooperation aber ausreichend hoch ist, um bewährte bibliothekarische Standards verwirklichen zu können, ist zumindest fraglich. Die >Suchmaske> erlaubt keine spezifizierenden Anfragen; die formale Erschließung der digitalisierten Werke ist völlig unzureichend; eine inhaltliche Erschließung existiert nicht. Hier könnten die europäischen Bibliothekare in der Tat ihre spezifischen Kenntnisse einbringen und statt der von Jeanneney kritisierten Bereitstellung »zusammenhangsloser] Wissensfragmente« (S.14) eine Anreicherung der Digitalisate mit Metadaten anbieten, die das Datenmeer filtert. Wer aber - in der Bibliothekslandschaft sicherlich unstrittig - die exakte Katalogisierung der Digitalisate und ihre Einbindung in Bibliothekskataloge wünscht, damit die Bücher nicht nur über Google, sondern auch über die Portale und Katalogverbünde zugänglich sind, sollte auf Google zugehen, anstatt Google zu provozieren.