Search (136 results, page 7 of 7)

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Abstract

It is argued that the evaluation of information-retrieval systems should ultimately be based on the principle of rationality, the maximization of expected utility. In full generality this would involve an estimation of both the cost and value of a system, but the emphasis in this paper is on the problem of value, in terms of which the effiency of the system could be defined. One implication of the discussion is that it is not legitimate to superimpose the 2x2 contingency tables that refer to select/discarded and relevant/irrelevant, correspondending to each request,but it might be all right to superimpose them after applying a monotonic function to the entries. In particular, it is questionable whether a useful statistic is the ratio of the total number of relevant selected documents to the total number of relevant ones, over a sample of requests.

Source

Information storage review. 3(1967), S.31-34

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Footnote

Zitiert in: Evens, M.: Thesaural relations in information retrieval. In: The semantics of relationships: an interdisciplinary perspective. Eds: R. Green u.a. Dordrecht: Kluwer 2002. S.143-160.

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Content

Zusammenfassung der Dissertation Vgl. auch: Garfield, E.: An algorithm for translating chemical names to molecular formulas. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1961. In: Essays of an information scientist. Vol. 7. Philadelphia, PA: ISI Press, 1985. S.441-513.

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Content

1. Einführung (1978) 2. A. Marxismus-Leninismus (1969) 3. B. Naturwissenschaften insgesamt. V. Physikalisch-math. Wissenschaften (1968) 4. Chemische Wissenschaften (1967) 5. D. Geowissenschaften. Geodäsie, Geophysik, Geologie u. Geographie (1972) 6. E. Biologische Wissenschaften (1969) 7,1 Z. Technik. Technische Wissenschaften insgesamt (1972) 7,2 Z. Energetik. Hochfrequenzelektronik (1974) 8. I. Bergbau K. Technologie der Metalle, Maschinen- u. Gerätebau (1987) 9,1 L. Chemische Technologie. Chemische und Nahrungsmittelproduktion (Halbband 1.2. 1972) 9,2 M. Holztechnologie.Leichtindustrie. Polygraphische Industrie. Photokinotechnik (1980) 10. N. Bauwesen (1985) 11. O. Transport (Halbband 1.2. 1973) 12. P. Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Landwirtschaftliche und forstwissen-schaftliche Wissenschaften (1968) 14,1 S. Gesellschaft-wissenschaften insgesamt. T 0/2. Geschichte. Historische Wissenschaften (Allg. Teil 1970) 14,2 T 3(2) Geschichte der UdSSR (1974) 14,3 S. Gesellschaftswissenschaften insgesamt. T 3 (4/9). Geschichte der Länder außerhalb der Sowjetunion (1971) 14,4 T. Archäologie. Ethnographie (1986) 15. U. Wirtschaft. Wirtschaftswiss. (Textband 1.2 1985) 15. U. Wirtschaft.Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Register 1985) 16. F 6/7 Politische Parteien. Geselschaftliche Organisationen (Textband 1.2 1977) 16. F 6/7 Politische Parteien. Gesellschaftliche Organisationen (Register 1977) 17. Ch. Staat und Recht. Rechts-wissenschaft (1978) 18. C. Militärwissenschaft. Militärwesen (1978) 19. C. Kultur. Wissenschaft, Bildung (1972) 20. S. Philologische Wissenschaften. Schöne Literatur (1985) 21. Sc Kunst. Kunstwissenschaft (1968) 22. E. Religion. Atheismus (1976) 23. Ju. Philosphische Wissenschaften. Psychologie (1973) 24. Ja. Literatur universalen Inhalts (1967) 25. Hilfstafeln (1967)

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Abstract

Two widerly used criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of information retrieval systems are, respectively, the recall and the precision. Since the determiniation of these measures is dependent on a distinction between documents which are relevant to a given query and documents which are not relevant to that query, it has sometimes been claimed that an accurate, generally valid evaluation cannot be based on recall and precision measure. A study was made to determine the effect of variations in relevance assesments do not produce significant variations in average recall and precision. It thus appears that properly computed recall and precision data may represent effectiveness indicators which are gemerally valid for many distinct user classes.

Source

Information storage and retrieval. 4(1969), S.343-359

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Abstract

In order to discover design principles for a large memory that can enable it to serve as the base of knowledge underlying human-like language behavior, experiments with a model memory are being performed. This model is built up within a computer by "recoding" a body of information from an ordinary dictionary into a complex network of elements and associations interconnecting them. Then, the ability of a program to use the resulting model memory effectively for simulating human performance provides a test of its design. One simulation program, now running, is given the model memory and is required to compare and contrast the meanings of arbitrary pairs of English words. For each pair, the program locates any relevant semantic information within the model memory, draws inferences on the basis of this, and thereby discovers various relationships between the meanings of the two words. Finally, it creates English text to express its conclusions. The design principles embodied in the memory model, together with some of the methods used by the program, constitute a theory of how human memory for semantic and other conceptual material may be formatted, organized, and used.

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LCSH

Information theory

Subject

Information theory

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Abstract

Index language (the system of symbols for representing subject content after analysis) is considered as a separate component and a variable in an information retrieval system. It is suggested that for purposes of testing, comparing and evaluating index language, the techniques of structural linguistics may provide a descriptive methodology by which all such languages (hierarchical and faceted classification, analytico-synthetic indexing, traditional subject indexing, indexes and classifications based on automatic text analysis, etc.) could be described in term of a linguistic model, and compared on a common basis

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Abstract

The resemblances between the categories of Aristotle and those of Ranganathan are shown. These categories are examined in the light of criticism made by Bertrand Russell and are shown to have no validity. Similar comparisons are made between the relations of Huma and Farradane. Farradane's work is a return to Hume, who is generally acknowledged as one of the founders of the British school of empirical philosophy which continues to Russell and beyond. In Russell's work lies the most promising line of development for information classification and indexing

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Source

Information and control. 8(1965), S.338-353

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Abstract

As an attempt to make a general structural theory of information retrieval, a documentation system (DS) is defined as a formal system consisting of (a) a set o of objects (documents); (b) a set A++ of elementary attributes (key-words), from which further attributes may be constructed: A++ generates A; (c) a set of axioms of the form X++(x)=m (m¯M, M a set of constant connecting attributes with objects: from the axioms further theorems (=true statements) may be constructed. By use of the theorems, different mappings O -> P(o) (P(o) set of all subsets of o) (search question -> set of documents retrieved) are defined. The type of a DS depends on two basic decisions: (1) choice of the rules for the construction of attributes and theorems, e.g., logical product in coordinate indexing; links. (2) choice of M; M may consist of the two constants 'applicable' and 'not applicable', or some positive integers, ...; Further practical decisions: A++ hierarchical or not; kind of mapping; introduction of roles (=further attributes). The most simple case - ordinary two-valued Coordinate Indexing - is discusssed in detail; o is a free distributive (but not Boolean) lattice, the homographic image a ring of subsets of o; instead of negation which is not useful, a useful retrieval operation 'praeternagation' is introduced. Furthermore these are discussed: a generalized definition of superimposed coding, some functions for the distance of objects or attributes; optimization and automatic derivation of classifications. The model takes into account term-term relations and document-document relations. It may serve as a structural framework in terms of which the functional problems of retrieval theory may be expressed more clearly

Source

Information storage and retrieval. 3(1967), S.129-173

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Abstract

This dissertation discusses, explains, and demonstrates a new algorithm for translating chemica l nomenclature into molecular formulas. In order to place the study in its proper context and perspective the historical development of nomenclature is first discussed, aa well as other related aspects of the chemical information problem. The relationship of nomenclature to modern linguistic studies is then introduced. Tire relevance of structural linguistic procedures to the study of chemical nomenclature is shown. The methods of the linguist are illustrated by examples from chemical discourse. The algorithm is then explained, first for the human translator and then for use by a computer. Flow diagrams for the computer syntactic analysis, dictionary Iook-up routine, and furmula calculation routine are included. The sampling procedure for testing the algorithm is explained and finalIy, conclusions are drawn with respect to the general validity of the method and the dirsction that might be taken for future research. A summary of modern chemical nomenclature practice is appened primarily for use by the reader who is not familiar with chemical nomenclature.

Content

Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1961. Vgl..: http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p441y1984.pdf. Auch in: Essays of an information scientist. Vol. 7. Philadelphia, PA: ISI Press, 1985. S.441-513.

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Abstract

Information ist Anfang und Grundlage der Gesellschaft. Wie die Nachrichtentechnik sich in der Vergangenheit entwickelte, wie sie die Gesellschaft veränderte und wie dieser Prozess sich wohl in der Zukunft fortsetzen wird, ist der Gegenstand dieses Buches.

Footnote

"Die informierte Gesellschaft In Zukunft werden die Menschen nicht nur über mehr materielle Güter und mehr Energie verfügen, sondern auch über sehr viel mehr Information. Der Besitz an Wissen wird mit unvorstellbarer Geschwindigkeit vergrößert werden, Informationen über Ereignisse an entfernten Orten werden durch Telegrafie, Fernsprecher und Fernsehen überallhin transportiert werden, diesewerden in Computern miteinander verknüpft und auf ihre Wirkung analysiert, das gesamte Wissen wird in riesigen, allen Menschen zugänglichen Informationsbanken gespeichert sein. Menschen werden mit Methoden belehrt, welche das Lernen zum Vergnügen machen und vom gegenwärtigen Stil der Massen- und Bestrafungsausbildung weiter entfernt sind als ein Elektromotor von einer Tretmühle. Die zukünftige Gesellschaft wird nicht nur eine Gesellschaft ohne Mangel an materiellen Gütern und Energie sein, die zukünftige Gesellschaft wird im besonderen eine informierte Gesellschaft sein. Der Übergang von der schlecht informierten Gesellschaft zur informierten Gesellschaft wird Veränderungen im menschlichen Verhalten bewirken. Zwar gibt es Komponenten des menschlichen Verhaltens, die unveränderbar sind, aber es ist sicher, daß sich der Mensch in einer anderen Umwelt anders verhalten wird. Die informierte Gesellschaft ist eine Umwelt, deren Wirkung auf den Menschen bisher noch nicht untersucht werden konnte. Das zukünftig zu erwartende Informiertsein über die Konsequenzen menschlichen Verhaltens ermöglicht es, spezielle Verhaltensmuster an deren Konsequenzen zu bewerten, nicht - wie es bisher üblich war - durch Vergleich mit der Tradition. Der kritische Blick orientiert sich dann weniger an der Vergangenheit, mehr an der Zukunft. Diese veränderte Blickrichtung ergibt sich zwangsläufig bei Menschen, deren Schicksal die Permanenz der Veränderung ist. Das Grundgesetz wird sein: Zukunft geht vor Vergangenheit! Wo immer eine aus der Vergangenheit stammende Denkweise in Kollision gerät mit Entwürfen, welche die Verbesserung menschlicher Existenz in der Zukunft ermöglichen, muß die Denkweise der Vergangenheit zurücktreten. Nichts zwingt den Menschen, die ungeheuren Möglichkeiten der Wissenschaft und Technik zu seinem Unheil zu verwenden, alle Wege sind offen, Wissenschaft und Technik zu seinem Wohle zu verwenden."

Theme

Information

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Theme

Information

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Date

22. 9.2021 16:02:03