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  1. Eden, B.L.: Metadata and librarianship : will MARC survive? (2004) 0.22 
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    Abstract
    Metadata schema and standards are now a part of the information landscape. Librarianship has slowly realized that MARC is only one of a proliferation of metadata standards, and that MARC has many pros and cons related to its age, original conception, and biases. Should librarianship continue to promote the MARC standard? Are there better metadata standards out there that are more robust, user-friendly, and dynamic in the organization and presentation of information? This special issue examines current initiatives that are actively incorporating MARC standards and concepts into new metadata schemata, while also predicting a future where MARC may not be the metadata schema of choice for the organization and description of information.
    Source
    Library hi tech. 22(2004) no.1, S.6-7
  2. Understanding metadata (2004) 0.19 
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    Abstract
    Metadata (structured information about an object or collection of objects) is increasingly important to libraries, archives, and museums. And although librarians are familiar with a number of issues that apply to creating and using metadata (e.g., authority control, controlled vocabularies, etc.), the world of metadata is nonetheless different than library cataloging, with its own set of challenges. Therefore, whether you are new to these concepts or quite experienced with classic cataloging, this short (20 pages) introductory paper on metadata can be helpful
    Date
    10. 9.2004 10:22:40
    Imprint
    Washington, DC : National Information Standards Organization
    Source
    http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
  3. Dextre Clarke, S.G.: Challenges and opportunities for KOS standards (2007) 0.17 
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    Content
    Beitrag anläßlich des Seminars "Tools for knowledge organization - ISKO UK Seminar", 4. September 2007
    Date
    22. 9.2007 15:41:14
  4. Kester, D.D.; Jones, P.A.: Frances Henne and the development of school library standards (2004) 0.16 
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    Abstract
    Frances Henne (1906-85) was the leader in the development of school library standards during her career as a teacher, librarian, and library educator. She was the driving force behind the publication of the 1945, 1960, and 1969 national standards for school libraries. Her imprint is evident in the research and philosophical foundations for the 1975, 1988, and 1998 national standards.
    Date
    15. 2.2007 19:00:22
    Footnote
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science
  5. ¬The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (2007) 0.16 
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    Abstract
    Defines fifteen metadata elements for resource description in a cross-disciplinary information environment
    Editor
    National Information Standards Organization
    Source
    http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/Z39-85-2007.pdf
  6. Dextre Clarke, S.G.: Knowledge organization system standards (2009) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    This entry presents an overview of the standards for different types of knowledge organization system (KOS). Their development history and the principles within them are described. Standards for thesauri receive most attention, since other types of KOS are less standardized. The arrival of the Internet, enabling simultaneous access to multiple disparate systems and resources, caused a major reorientation of standardization efforts in the last decade, towards interoperability goals. Current initiatives address two main needs: interoperability between KOSs, and data exchange between one vocabulary application and another. The prospects for bringing the standards together are discussed.
    Source
    Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates
  7. Thomas, A.R.; Roe, S.K.: ¬An interview with Dr. Amy J. Warner (2004) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    Amy Warner, Project Leader for NISO's Thesaurus Development Team, discusses her involvement in the revision of Z39.19 Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri. Keywords: Z39.19 Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri, thesaurus standards, controlled vocabulary standards, National Information Standards Organization, NISO
  8. Milstead, J.L.: Standards for relationships between subject indexing terms (2001) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    Relationships between the terms in thesauri and Indexes are the subject of national and international standards. The standards for thesauri enumerate and provide criteria for three basic types of relationship: equivalence, hierarchical, and associative. Standards and guidelines for indexes draw an the thesaurus standards to provide less detailed guidance for showing relationships between the terms used in an Index. The international standard for multilingual thesauri adds recommendations for assuring equal treatment of the languages of a thesaurus. The present standards were developed when lookup and search were essentially manual, and the value of the kinds of relationships has never been determined. It is not clear whether users understand or can use the distinctions between kinds of relationships. On the other hand, sophisticated text analysis systems may be able both to assist with development of more powerful term relationship schemes and to use the relationships to improve retrieval.
    Series
    Information science and knowledge management; vol.2
    Source
    Relationships in the organization of knowledge. Eds.: Bean, C.A. u. R. Green
  9. Slavic, A.: On the nature and typology of documentary classifications and their use in a networked environment (2007) 0.13 
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    Abstract
    Networked orientated standards for vocabulary publishing and exchange and proposals for terminological services and terminology registries will improve sharing and use of all knowledge organization systems in the networked information environment. This means that documentary classifications may also become more applicable for use outside their original domain of application. The paper summarises some characteristics common to documentary classifications and explains some terminological, functional and implementation aspects. The original purpose behind each classification scheme determines the functions that the vocabulary is designed to facilitate. These functions influence the structure, semantics and syntax, scheme coverage and format in which classification data are published and made available. The author suggests that attention should be paid to the differences between documentary classifications as these may determine their suitability for a certain purpose and may impose different requirements with respect to their use online. As we speak, many classifications are being created for knowledge organization and it may be important to promote expertise from the bibliographic domain with respect to building and using classification systems.
    Date
    22.12.2007 17:22:31
  10. Gardner, T.; Iannella, R.: Architecture and software solutions (2000) 0.13 
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    Abstract
    The current subject gateways have evolved over time when the discipline of Internet resource discovery was in its infancy. This is reflected by the lack of well-established, light-weight, deployable, easy-to-use, standards for metadata and information retrieval. We provide an introduction to the architecture, standards and software solutions in use by subject gateways, and to the issues that must be addressed to support future subject gateways
    Date
    22. 6.2002 19:38:24
    Source
    Online information review. 24(2000) no.1, S.35-39
    Theme
    Information Gateway
  11. Codes for the representation of languages for information interchange (2001) 0.13 
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    Editor
    National Information Standards Organization
  12. Chiu, T.-h.: Attributes and factors affecting the organization of knowledge resources : a case study of the library and information service industry in Taiwan. (2005) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Using a qualitative research method, in this study we investigated the attributes and factors that might affect the organization of knowledge resources in the library and information service industry. The findings from this study suggest that, in addition to "document/content" attributes (i.e., author, title, subject, etc.) traditionally emphasized by the library and information science field, the library and information service industry may also take "disposition," "situation," and "order/scheme" attributes as additional standards for organizing knowledge resources.
    Source
    Knowledge organization. 32(2005) no.3, S.128-134
  13. Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (2003) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    This document is the formal definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model ("CRM"), a formal ontology intended to facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of heterogeneous cultural heritage information. The CRM is the culmination of more than a decade of standards development work by the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM). Work on the CRM itself began in 1996 under the auspices of the ICOM-CIDOC Documentation Standards Working Group. Since 2000, development of the CRM has been officially delegated by ICOM-CIDOC to the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group, which collaborates with the ISO working group ISO/TC46/SC4/WG9 to bring the CRM to the form and status of an International Standard.
    Date
    6. 8.2010 14:22:28
    Editor
    ICOM/CIDOC Documentation Standards Group
    Issue
    Version 3.4.9 - 30.11.2003. Produced by the ICOM/CIDOC Documentation Standards Group, continued by the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group.
  14. ISO 15836:2003 The Dublin Core metadata element set. (2003) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    The Dublin Core metadata standard provides a core set of 15 metadata elements for cross-domain information resource sharing. Since the original workshop, held in March 1995 in Dublin, Ohio - thus the name Dublin Core - this core set of metadata elements has gained worldwide recognition and use, with translations in over 20 languages. The issuance of the ISO standard provides the official international endorsement for use of theDublin Core metadata. Under NISO's leadership this standard was fast-tracked in ISO Technical Committee 45 (Information and documentation) Subcommittee 4 (Technical Interoperability) through the ISO approval process using a version identical to ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001
    Footnote
    ISO 15836 is available for purchase in electronic or paper formats, in English and French, from ISO <http://www.iso.ch/>. A free downloadable pdf file of the ANSI/NISO version is available from the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) website: <http:www.niso.org/standards/resources/Z39-85.pdf>
    Imprint
    London : International Standards Organization
  15. Dextre Clarke, S.G.; Gilchrist, A.; Will, L.: Revision and extension of thesaurus standards (2004) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    The current standards for monolingual and multilingual thesauri are long overdue for an update. This applies to the international standards ISO 2788 and ISO 5964, as well as the corresponding national standards in several countries and the American standard ANSI/NISO Z39.19. Work is now under way in the UK and in the USA to revise and extend the standards, with particular emphasis on interoperability needs in our world of vast electronic networks. Work in the UK is starting with the British Standards, in the hope of leading on to one international standard to serve all. Some of the issues still under discussion include the treatment of facet analysis, coverage of additional types of controlled vocabulary such as classification schemes, taxonomies and ontologies, and mapping from one vocabulary to another. 1. Are thesaurus standards still needed? Since the 1960s, even before the renowned Cranfield experiments (Cleverdon et al., 1966; Cleverdon, 1967) arguments have raged over the usefulness or otherwise of controlled vocabularies. The case has never been proved definitively one way or the other. At the same time, a recognition has become widespread that no one search method can answer all retrieval requirements. In today's environment of very large networks of resources, the skilled information professional uses a range of techniques. Among these, controlled vocabularies are valued alongside others. The first international standard for monolingual thesauri was issued in 1974. In those days, the main application was for postcoordinate indexing and retrieval from document collections or bibliographic databases. For many information professionals the only practicable alternative to a thesaurus was a classification scheme. And so the thesaurus developed a strong following. After computer systems with full text search capability became widely available, however, the arguments against controlled vocabularies gained more followers. The cost of building and maintaining a thesaurus or a classification scheme was a strong disincentive. Today's databases are typically immense compared with those three decades ago. Full text searching is taken for granted, not just in discrete databases but across all the resources in an intranet or even the Internet. But intranets have brought particular frustration as users discover that despite all the computer power, they cannot find items which they know to be present an the network. So the trend against controlled vocabularies is now being reversed, as many information professionals are turning to them for help. Standards to guide them are still in demand.
    Series
    Advances in knowledge organization; vol.9
    Source
    Knowledge organization and the global information society: Proceedings of the 8th International ISKO Conference 13-16 July 2004, London, UK. Ed.: I.C. McIlwaine
  16. Jizba, L.; Hillmann, D.I.: Insights from Ithaca : an interview with Diane Hillmann on metadata, Dublin Core, the National Science Digital Library, and more (2004/05) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    In an interview, Diane I. Hillmann, an expert in metadata for digital libraries and currently co-principal investigator for the National Science Digital Library Registry based at Cornell University, discusses her education and career, and provides overviews and insights on metadata initiatives, including standards and models such as the widely adopted Dublin Core schema. She shares her professional interests from the early part of her career with communications, cataloging, and database production services; highlights key issues; and provides ideas and resources for managing changes in metadata standards and digital projects.
    Date
    2.12.2007 19:35:22
    Footnote
    Beitrag eines Themenheftes "Profiles in digital information"
  17. Olson, H.A.; Ward, D.B.: Mundane standards, everyday technologies, equitable access (2003) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    The problem of access to marginalized knowledge using general subject access standards is well-established, but few successful solutions have been developed. This paper surveys four different approaches to ameliorating bias: revision of general standards, adaptation of general standards, specialized standards for particular knowledge domains and specialized standards for particular situations. lt then examines their technological alternatives and institutional barriers to solutions. The analysis of standards, technologies and barriers is addressed through Ursula Franklin's interpretation of the real world of technology.
    Source
    Subject retrieval in a networked environment: Proceedings of the IFLA Satellite Meeting held in Dublin, OH, 14-16 August 2001 and sponsored by the IFLA Classification and Indexing Section, the IFLA Information Technology Section and OCLC. Ed.: I.C. McIlwaine
  18. Knowledge organization for a global learning society : Proceedings of the 9th International ISKO Conference, 4-7 July 2006, Vienna, Austria (2006) 0.11 
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    Content
    Enthält die Beiträge: Zins, C.: Knowledge map of information science: issues, principles, implications. - Lin, X., S. Aluker u. W. Zhu u.a.: Dynamic concept representation through a visual concept explorer. - Kohlbacher, F.: Knowledge organization(s) in Japan: empirical evidence from Japanese and western corporations. - Beghtol, C.: The global learning society and the iterative relationship between theory and practice in knowledge organization systems. - Tennis, J.T.: Function, purpose, predication, and context of information organization frameworks. - Doyle, A.: Naming and reclaiming knowledges in public intersections of landscapes and experience. - Qin, J., P. Creticos u. W.Y. Hsiao: Adaptive modeling of workforce domain knowledge. - Gnoli, C.: The meaning of facets in non-disciplinary classifications. - Loehrlein, A., E.K. Jacob u. S. Lee u.a.: Development of heuristics in a hybrid approach to faceted classification. - Thellefsen, M.: The dynamics of information representation and knowledge mediation. - LaBarre, K.: A multi faceted view: use of facet analysis in the practice of website organization and access. - Smiraglia, R.P.: Empiricism as the basis for metadata categorisation: expanding the case for instantiation with archival documents. - Bean, C.A.: Hierarchical relationships used in mapping between knowledge structures. - Friedman, A.: Concept mapping a measurable sign. - Naumis Pena, C.: Evaluation of educational thesauri. - Biagetti, M.T.: Indexing and scientific research needs. - Robert, C.A., A. Davis: Annotation and its application to information research in economic intelligence. - Mcllwaine, I.C., J.S. Mitchel: The new ecumenism: exploration of a DDC / UDC view of religion. - Hajdu Barát, A.: Usability and the user interfaces of classical information retrieval languages. - Eito Brun, R.: Uncovering hidden clues about geographic visualization in LCC. - Williamson, N.J.: Knowledge structures and the Internet progress and prospects. - Pajarillo, E.J.Y.: A classification scheme to determine medical necessity: a knowledge organization global learning application. - López-Huertas, M.J.: Thematic map of interdisciplinary domains based on their terminological representation: the gender studies. - Rodriguez Bravo, B.: The visibility of women in indexing languages. - Beall, J., D. Vizine-Goetz: Finding fiction: facilitating access to works of the imagination scattered by form and format. - Kwasnik, B.H., Y.L. Chun u. K. Crowston u.a.: Challenges in ceating a taxonomy of genres of digital documents. - Simon, J.: Interdisciplinary knowledge creation: using wikis in science. - Gabel, J.: Improving information retrieval of subjects through citation-analysis: a study. - Lee, H.L.: Navigating hierarchies vs. searching by keyword: two cultural perspectives. - Loehrlein, A., R. Martin u. E.L. Robertson: Integration of international standards in the domain of manufacturing enterprise. -
    Dervos, D.A., A. Coleman: A common sense approach to defining data, information, and metadata. - Keränen, S.: Equivalence and focus of translation in multicultural thesaurus construction. - Dabbadie, M., J.M. Blancherie: Alexandria, a multilingual dictionary for knowledge management purposes. - Rosemblat, G., L. Graham: Cross-language search in a monolingual health information system: flexible designs and lexical processes. - Garcia Marco, F.J.: Understanding the categories and dynamics of multimedia information: a model for analysing multimedia information. - Afolabi, B., O. Thiery: Using users' expectations to adapt business intelligence systems. - Zimmermann, K., J. Mimkes u. H.U. Kamke: An ontology framework for e-learning in the knowledge society. - Jacob, E.K., H. Albrechtsen u. N. George: Empirical analysis and evaluation of a metadata scheme for representing pedagogical resources in a digital library for educators. - Breitenstein, M.: Global unity: Otto Neurath and the International Encyclopedia of United Science. - Andersen, J.: Social change, modernity and bibliography: bibliography as a document and a genre in the global learning society. - Miksa, S.D., WE. Moen u. G. Snyder u.a.: Metadata assistance of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Record's four user tasks: a report on the MARC content designation utilization (MCDU) project. - Salaba, A., M.L. Zeng u. M. Zumer: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records. - Frâncu, V.: Subjects in FRBR and poly-hierarchical thesauri as possible knowledge organization tools. - Peschl, M.F.: Knowledge-oriented educational processes from knowledge transfer to collective knowledge creation and innovation. - Miller, S.J., M.J. Fox u. H.L. Lee u.a.: Great expectations: professionals' perceptions and knowledge organization curricula. - Pajarillo, E.J.Y.: A qualitative research on the use of knowledge organization in nursing information behavior.
    Date
    27.12.2008 11:22:36
    Footnote
    Vgl. den Bericht: Williamson, N.J.: International Society for Knowledge Organization: Ninth International ISKO Conference, Vienna, Austria, 2006. In: Knowledge organization. 33(2006) no.4, S.221-230. Vgl.: http://www.ergon-verlag.de/isko_ko/tocs/0497f79b0c0b3ed06/0497f79b0c0c7c33f/index.php.
    Series
    Advances in knowledge organization; vol.10
  19. Mas, S.; Marleau, Y.: Proposition of a faceted classification model to support corporate information organization and digital records management (2009) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    The employees of an organization often use a personal hierarchical classification scheme to organize digital documents that are stored on their own workstations. As this may make it hard for other employees to retrieve these documents, there is a risk that the organization will lose track of needed documentation. Furthermore, the inherent boundaries of such a hierarchical structure require making arbitrary decisions about which specific criteria the classification will b.e based on (for instance, the administrative activity or the document type, although a document can have several attributes and require classification in several classes).A faceted classification model to support corporate information organization is proposed. Partially based on Ranganathan's facets theory, this model aims not only to standardize the organization of digital documents, but also to simplify the management of a document throughout its life cycle for both individuals and organizations, while ensuring compliance to regulatory and policy requirements.
    Footnote
    Vgl.: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?reload=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4755313%2F4755314%2F04755480.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4755480&authDecision=-203.
  20. Teets, M.; Murray, P.: Metasearch authentication and access management (2006) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    Metasearch - also called parallel search, federated search, broadcast search, and cross-database search - has become commonplace in the information community's vocabulary. All speak to a common theme of searching and retrieving from multiple databases, sources, platforms, protocols, and vendors at the point of the user's request. Metasearch services rely on a variety of approaches including open standards (such as NISO's Z39.50 and SRU/SRW), proprietary programming interfaces, and "screen scraping." However, the absence of widely supported standards, best practices, and tools makes the metasearch environment less efficient for the metasearch provider, the content provider, and ultimately the end-user. To spur the development of widely supported standards and best practices, the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) sponsored a Metasearch Initiative in 2003 to enable: * metasearch service providers to offer more effective and responsive services, * content providers to deliver enhanced content and protect their intellectual property, and * libraries to deliver a simple search (a.k.a. "Google") that covers the breadth of their vetted commercial and free resources. The Access Management Task Group was one of three groups chartered by NISO as part of the Metasearch Initiative. The focus of the group was on gathering requirements for Metasearch authentication and access needs, inventorying existing processes, developing a series of formal use cases describing the access needs, recommending best practices given today's processes, and recommending and pursing changes to current solutions to better support metasearch applications. In September 2005, the group issued their final report and recommendation. This article summarizes the group's work and final recommendation.

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