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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.5, S.467-468 (W. Koehler): "Virtual Inequality is an important contribution to the digital divide debate. That debate takes two basic forms. One centers an the divide between the "information rich" developed countries and the "information poor" developing countries. The second is concerned with the rift between information "haves" and "have-nots" within countries. This book addresses the latter domain and is concerned with the digital divide in the United States. This book is the product of a cross-disciplinary collaboration. Mossberger and Tolbert are both members of the Kent State University political science department while Stansbury is an the Library and Information Science faculty. The book is extremely well documented. Perhaps the chapter an the democracy divide and e-government is the best done, reflecting the political science bent of two of the authors. E-government is very well covered. Unfortunately, e-commerce and e-education go virtually unmentioned. If e-government is important to defining the digital divide, then certainly e-commerce and e-education are as well. Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury argue that the digital divide should be described as four different divides: the access divide, the skills divide, the economic opportunity divide, and the democratic divide. Each of these divides is developed in its own chapter. Each chapter draws well an the existing literature. The book is valuable if for no other reason than that it provides an excellent critique of the current state of the understanding of the digital divide in the United States. It is particularly good in its contrast of the approaches taken by the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations. Perhaps this is a function of the multidisciplinary strength of the book's authorship, for indeed it shows here. The access divide is defined along "connectivity" lines: who has access to digital technologies. The authors tonfirm the conventional wisdom that age and education are important predictors of in-home access, but they also argue that rate and ethnicity are also factors (pp. 32-33): Asian Americans have greatest access followed by whites, Latinos, and African Americans in that order. Most access the Internet from home or work, followed by friends' computers, libraries, and other access points. The skills divide is defined as technical competence and information literacy (p. 38). Variation was found along technical competence for age, education, affluence, rate, and ethnicity, but not gender (p. 47). The authors conclude that for the most part the skills divide mirrors the access divide (p. 55). While they found no gender difference, they did find a gender preference for skills acquisition: males prefer a more impersonal delivery ("online help and tutorials") while females prefer more personal instruction (p. 56).
The economic opportunity divide is predicated an the hypothesis that there has, indeed, been a major shift in opportunities driven by changes in the information environment. The authors document this paradigm shift well with arguments from the political and economic right and left. This chapter might be described as an "attitudinal" chapter. The authors are concerned here with the perceptions of their respondents of their information skills and skill levels with their economic outlook and opportunities. Technological skills and economic opportunities are correlated, one finds, in the minds of all across all ages, genders, races, ethnicities, and income levels. African Americans in particular are ". . attuned to the use of technology for economic opportunity" (p. 80). The fourth divide is the democratic divide. The Internet may increase political participation, the authors posit, but only among groups predisposed to participate and perhaps among those with the skills necessary to take advantage of the electronic environment (p. 86). Certainly the Web has played an important role in disseminating and distributing political messages and in some cases in political fund raising. But by the analysis here, we must conclude that the message does not reach everyone equally. Thus, the Internet may widen the political participation gap rather than narrow it. The book has one major, perhaps fatal, flaw: its methodology and statistical application. The book draws upon a survey performed for the authors in June and July 2001 by the Kent State University's Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) lab (pp. 7-9). CATI employed a survey protocol provided to the reader as Appendix 2. An examination of the questionnaire reveals that all questions yield either nominal or ordinal responses, including the income variable (pp. 9-10). Nevertheless, Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury performed a series of multiple regression analyses (reported in a series of tables in Appendix 1) utilizing these data. Regression analysis requires interval/ratio data in order to be valid although nominal and ordinal data can be incorporated by building dichotomous dummy variables. Perhaps Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury utilized dummy variables; but 1 do not find that discussed. Moreover, 1 would question a multiple regression made up completely of dichotomous dummy variables. I come away from Virtual Inequality with mixed feelings. It is useful to think of the digital divide as more than one phenomenon. The four divides that Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury offeraccess, skills, economic opportunity, and democratic-are useful as a point of departure and debate. No doubt, other divides will be identified and documented. This book will lead the way. Second, without question, Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury provide us with an extremely well-documented, -written, and -argued work. Third, the authors are to be commended for the multidisciplinarity of their work. Would that we could see more like it. My reservations about their methodological approach, however, hang over this review like a shroud."
Anmerkung des Rezensenten in JASIST 55(2004) no.11, S.1024: "After reflecting an a requestfrom the authors of the reviewed book, 1 find that I did indeed err in my criticism of their methodology. The work's fault lies not with the methodology but rather with the discussion and explanation provided for the methodology. The authors do offer brief methodological explanation and justification in endnotes and appendices but are less clear in the book's text. I apologize to both the readers of the review and the authors for misinterpreting the text. For the authors' part, a methodology chapter would have been welcome. I am pleased to put right this misinterpretation that cast a shadow over an otherwise fine work."

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Abstract

Im Dezember 2003 fand in Genf die erste Phase des UN-Weltgipfels zur Informationsgesellschaft (WSIS) statt. Die Gipfelkonferenz, an der mehr als 11.000 Vertreter von Regierungen, der privaten Wirtschaft und der Zivilgesellschaft teilnahmen, verhandelte u. a. Themen wie die Überwindung der digitalen Spaltung, Menschenrechte im Informationszeitalter, geistige Eigentumsrechte, Cyberkriminalität und Internet Governance. Das vorliegende Buch stellt den WSIS-Gipfel in den historischen Kontext 200-jähriger internationaler Verhandlungen zur Regulierung grenzüberschreitender Kommunikation -- von den Karlsbader Verträgen 1819 bis zur Entstehung des Internets. Es beschreibt die spannenden und kontroversen Auseinandersetzungen darüber, wie das Internet reguliert, Menschenrechte im Informationszeitalter garantiert, Sicherheit im Cyberspace gewährleistet, geistiges Eigentum geschützt und die digitale Spaltung überbrückt werden soll. Kleinwächter lässt keinen Zweifel daran, dass der WSIS-Kompromiss von Genf nicht mehr ist als der Beginn eines langen Prozesses zur Gestaltung der globalen Informationsgesellschaft der Zukunft. Die zweite Phase des Gipfeltreffens findet im November 2005 in Tunis statt. Das Buch enthält im Anhang die vom Gipfel verabschiedete Deklaration und den Aktionsplan sowie die von der Zivilgesellschaft angenommene Erklärung zur Zukunft der Informationsgesellschaft.

Date

20.12.2006 18:22:32

Isbn

3-936931-22-4

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Editor

Grimm, P. u. R. Capurro

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Content

EINLEITUNG: Träume und Alpträume KAPITEL I: Die (gelegentliche) Macht der Zahlen KAPITEL 2: Das überraschende Versagen diskutierender Gruppen KAPITEL 3: Vier große Probleme KAPITEL 4: Geld, Preise und Prognosemarkte KAPITEL 5: Die Arbeit vieler Köpfe: Wikis, Open-Source-Software und Blogs KAPITEL 6: Folgerungen und Reformen SCHLUSS: Das Versprochene verwirklichen

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Content

Inhalt: I. Verschwiegene Wirklichkeit Die Verfassung Europas - Gesellschaftsumbau "Made in EU" - Der Moloch Globalisierung - Die dunkelste Seite der Globalisierung - Der Dritte Weltkrieg ist schon im Gang II. Der maßlose Kontinent USA ohne Maske - "Wirtschaftsriese" auf tönernen Füßen III. Marschrichtung Weltregierung Geheime Bünde und Strategien - Big Brother lebt mehr denn je - Die Zukunft ist heute IV. Wendezeit Weltbeben Nachwort: Wissen ist Macht

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Footnote

Wenn Wikipedia und blogs nur Ergänzungen zur Kultur und zur Information wären, wäre dies nicht gravierend. Das Problem ist, dass sie Ihren Ersatz geworden sind. Darüber hinaus neben der Unerfahrenheit der Autoren steht auch die Anonymität, die ermöglicht, dass sich zwischen den Amateurs Dessinformanten, getarnten Publizisten (vor allem die Spezialisten in Enten und Desinformation, welche jetzt die ganze Welt direkt und glaubhafter erreichen können) zwischen schieben. Fügen wir diesem apokalyptischen Panorama die intellektuelle Piraterie hinzu, werden wir eine Welt haben, in der die Schöpfer von den Nachahmern verdrängt werden. Dies annulliert die Motivation für die Schöpfung des Neuen. Der Autor gibt uns einige Beispiele, wie die Entlassungen bei Disney Productions. Eine große nordamerikanische Fernsehkette hat teuere Serien in Prime Time aus dem Programm entfernt, weil diese nicht mehr rentabel sind. Andere Beispiele u.a. sind die Verluste der traditionellen Presse und das Verschwinden von spezialisierten Platten- und Bücherläden egal wie gut sie waren. Andere Themen: Invasion der Privatsphäre durch das Internet, E-Mail Betrug, wachsende Kinderpornografie, das Plagiat bei Schülern sind auch in dem Buch enthalten. So sollten wir uns ein furchtbares Bild der von den neuen Technologien verursachten Probleme machen. Aber der Kern des Buches besteht in die Verteidigung des individuellen Schöpfertums und des Fachwissens. Beide sind nach Meinung des Autors die Hauptopfer des Web 2.0. Das Buch ist ein Pamphlet, was im Prinzip nicht Schlechtes bedeutet. Marx, Nietzsche, u..v.a. haben auch Pamphlete geschrieben und einige dieser Schriften haben bei der Gestaltung der modernen Welt beigetragen. Das Buch hat alle Merkmale des Pamphlets: ist kurz, kontrovers, aggressiv und einseitig. Daran liegen seine Kräfte und seine Schwäche. Der Text kann in einigen wenigen Stunden gelesen werden und schärft die Wahrnehmung des Leser vor scheinbar unschädlichen Praktiken: runterladen eines Liedes oder die Zusammenstellung einer Schulaufgabe. Weil er einseitig ist, der Autor absichtlich ignoriert, dass viele dieser Probleme unabhängig des Internets existieren, wie das Plagiat. Er unterdrückt auch Tatsachen, wie die Kontrollmechanismen von Wikipedia, die sie genau so vertrauensvoll wie die Encyclopaedia Britannica machen. Aber gerade weil das Buch einseitig ist, hilft der Autor dem Dialog zwischen den unterschiedlichen Formen, um das Internet zu sehen und zu nutzen. (Aus der Originalrezension in Spanisch von Juan Carlos Castillon, Barcelona, en el Blog Penultimos Dias)