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Abstract

Als Otlet und La Fontaine um 1900 den Begriff Bibliographie durch den moderneren Begriff Dokumentation ersetzten und im Sinne einer Dokumentationswissenschaft von Dokumentologie sprachen, um damit auch den Weg zu öffnen, immer mehr "Neue Medien", wie Lochkartensysteme, Filme, Mikrofiches, Schallplatten, Magnetbandaufzeichnungen, etc. in die bibliothekarische Wissensbewahrung zu integrieren, da geriet das Bibliothekswesen in eine Zerreißprobe, die für Deutschland besonders nachhaltig war. Eigentlich war es nur ein Zeichen dafür, dass die Bibliothekswissenschaft plötzlich eine so große Dynamik bekam, dass ein Teil ihrer Vertreter sich immer stärker an den rasanten Entwicklungen dieser "Neuen Medien", dann an den informationsverarbeitenden Maschinen und an der Digitalisierung orientierten, während sich andere um so mehr darum bemühten, alte Erfahrungen und das bereits etablierte Wissen nicht dem Untergang preis zu geben. Diese Zerreißprobe hat zunächst auch international eine tiefe Spaltung zwischen Dokumentation und Bibliothekswesen hervorgebracht. Die "alte" Bibliothek erschien zunehmend "verstaubt" gegenüber der modernen Dokumentation, die ihrerseits allerdings einen Namen trug, der sich als Berufsbild in der breiten Bevölkerung nie so recht durchsetzen konnte. Heute hat die Digitale Bibliothek beide wieder vereinigt und damit das Berufsbild Dokumentar auf einen speziellen Bereich, der Erschließung nicht publizierter Dokumente, neben dem Archivar fokussiert.

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Abstract

The catalog is the enduring means of access to information about the collection of a library. Without such information, use of a library would be limited to browsing the shelves in hopes of finding materials of interest. Hanson and Daily trace the development of catalogs from ancient times to the middle of the twentieth century. In parallel they also trace the history of cataloging rules and principles through the many codes of practice that have been developed over the years. The authors' speculation on what computerized catalogs might be like in the future, once developed, provides an interesting sidelight on the thinking of the era preceding the automation of catalogs.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates

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Imprint

New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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New York : Haworth Information Press

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Abstract

From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.

Imprint

New York : Haworth Information Press

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Abstract

This report constitutes Phase I of a two-part study; a Phase II report will discuss subject cataloging. Phase I is concerned with the materials of a library as individual records (or documents) and as representations of certain works by certain authors--that is, with descriptive, or bibliographic, cataloging. Discussed in the report are (1) the history, role, function, and oblectives .of the author-and-title catalog; (2) problems and principles of descriptive catalogng, including the use and function of "main entry, the principle of authorship, and the process and problems of cataloging print and nonprint materials; (3) organization of the catalog; and (4) potentialities of automation. The considerations inherent in bibliographic cataloging, such as the distinction between the "book" and the "work," are said to be so elemental that they are essential not only to the effective control of library's materials but also to that of the information contained in the materials. Because of the special concern with information, the author includes a discussion of the "Bibliographic Dimensions of Information Control," 'prepared in collaboration with Robert M. Hayes, which also appears in "American Documentation," VOl.201 July 1969, p. 247-252.

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Imprint

New York : Haworth Information Press

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Abstract

An overview of the FRBR model, and how it can improve access to information through the helpful organization of metadata records. What is FRBR, and why is everyone talking about it? Is it really going to revolutionize cataloguing? And if so, what form will it take? This book is written for librarians, bibliographic systems designers, library and information science faculty and students, and anyone else who is interested in learning about the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and how following the FRBR model can improve access to information through helpful organization of the metadata records that are surrogates for information resources. Serials, art, music, moving images, maps, and archival materials are just a few of the formats covered. Not for catalogers only!

Footnote

Resonanz: "Arlene Taylor and her compadres don't even try to teach you how to construct a hierarchical record. Instead, they direct their efforts toward showcasing what's possible when digital technology and traditional cataloging practice meet. This is the future of cataloging." - Library Media Connection "The emergence of this textbook is testimony to the breadth and depth of work done to date. It documents much of that work, and provides a good basic introduction to FRBR that is broadly understandable... The relational concepts within FRBR are complicated and can be challenging. This book does a good job of illuminating them in a straightforward manner. It also describes how the application of the FRBR concepts could improve our systems of bibliographic access in very specific ways... For those of us that really want or need to be able to predict the impact that FRBR will have on our work, this is an accessible explanation of the current state of the art. As such it is a real contribution to our understanding." - TechKNOW "Understanding FRBR... features chapters contributed by leading authorities in the cataloging field... It offers a basic introduction to FRBR, discussions about FRBR, FRAD (functional requirements for authority data), and RDA (resource description and access), and the issues involved in using FRBR in nontraditional library settings such as with cartographic materials and music. Both books are well illustrated and include numerous bibliographical resources.' [Reviewed in conjuntion with FRBR: A Guide for the Perplexed]." - Library Journal "Taylor and her contributors cover FRBR and introduce the reader to FRAD as well... All chapters conclude with current and useful references to further reading and more information." - Booklist "Understanding FRBR is clearly written, well illustrated (many of the concepts are clarified by very helpful diagrams), and well indexed; additionally, chapters feature extensive bibliographies, many of which provide URLs to the IFLA groups' documents. While it may seem that this book is of interest only to catalogers, the application of FRBR will change the structure of catalog and the systems used to store and display it; therefore, it is an important text for systems librarians, reference librarians, and anybody else interested in the future of the organization and display of bibliographic information." - College & Research Libraries "Understanding FRBR is a useful and timely book that brings together recent developments in FRBR and offers several assessments of it." - Technicalities "No cataloguer, bibliographic systems designer or library and information science lecturers and students should be without this book. It is a useful resource in acquiring an understanding of what FRBR is about and how it will change the way in which cataloguers will think about cataloguing in future." - The Electronic Library

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Abstract

From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.

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Abstract

With a long history, cataloging has evolved with changes in society, economy, and technology in China. This paper presents Chinese cataloging history in four parts, with emphasis on the last two parts: the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the development of cataloging after 1979 when China opened its doors to the world. Particularly important has been the rapid growth of online cataloging in recent years. The China Academic Library and Information System (CALIS), as a successful online cataloging model, is emphasized. Through investigation of the entire history of Chinese cataloging, three distinct features can be stated: (1) Standardization- switching from the Chinese traditional way to aligning with international standards, (2) Cooperation-from decentralized and self-supporting systems to sharing systems, (3) Computerization and networking-from manual operation to computer-based online operation. At the end of this paper, a set of means by which to enhance online cataloging and resource sharing is suggested.

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Imprint

New York : Haworth Information Press

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Blake, V.L.P.: Forging the Anglo-American Cataloging Alliance: descriptive cataloging, 1830-1908; M. Carpenter, M.: The original 73 rules of the British Museum: a preliminary analysis; De Rijk Spanhoff, E.: Principle issues: catalog paradigms, old and new; Mutula, S.M., Tsvakai, M.: Historical perspectives of cataloguing and classification; Barber, E.E., Tripaldi, N.M., Pisano, S.L.: Facts, approaches, and reflections an classification in the history of Argentine librarianship; MirandaArguedas, A.: Standardization of technical processes in Central American Libraries; Steinhagen, EN.: Historical perspective of a union catalog in Chile: authorities and periodicals; Liu, S.Q., Shen, Z.G.: The development of cataloging in China; Popst, H.: The development of descriptive cataloging in Germany; Croissant, C.R.: RAK or AACR2? : the current discussion in Germany an cataloging rules; Soltani, P.: Historical aspects of cataloging and classification in Iran; Takawashi, T.: Cataloging in Japan: relationship between Japanese and Western cataloging rules; Martinez-Arellano, F.F.: Cataloging and classification history in Mexico; Carter, R.C.: Three book collectors of imperial Spain; Lincoln, T.: Cultural reassertion of Alaska native languages and cultures: libraries' responses; Descriptive standards and the archival profession; Shuler, J.A.: Foundations of government information and bibliographic control in the United States: 1789-1900; Zhou, L.: Characteristics of material organization and classification in the Kinsey Institute Library; Goldberg, J.E.: Development of a universal law classification: a retrospective an Library of Congress Class K; Lubas, R.L.: The evolution of bibliographic control of maps; Guthrie II, L.S.: Monastic cataloging and classification and the beginnings of Class B at the Library of Congress; Bradley, C.J.: Classifying and cataloguing music in American Libraries: a historical overview; Haddad, P.: Cataloging and classification of Pacific and Asian language materials at the National Library of Australia; Russell, B.M.: Description and access in rare books cataloging: a historical survey; Waithe, M.E., Vintro, M.E.: Posthumously plagiarizing Oliva Sabuco: an appeal to cataloging librarians; Walravens, H.: Serials cataloguing in Germany: the historical development; Smiraglia, R.P.: The history of The Work in the modern catalog.

Imprint

New York : Haworth Information Press

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Content

Der erste Hauptteil 'Um 1800' versucht daraufhin, mit einem Bruch in der Anwendungsweise des Gessnerschen Verfahrens dessen erste Diskontinuität nachzuweisen. Nicht zuletzt wegen dieses Einschnitts muß die Art der Verzeichnung bis dato das Attribut vorläufig tragen. Die Verzettelungstechnik gelangt von einem temporären Gebrauch zur dauerhaften Verwendung, was dadurch eine ebenso unbeabsichtigte wie folgenreiche Umstellung markiert. Gleichzeitig entsteht hiermit der bibliothekshistorisch erste Zettelkatalog, dessen unverhoffter Einsatz und Genese in Wien um 1780 eine detaillierte Beschreibung erfährt. Der Zettelkatalog besteht nicht nur als bibliothekarische Antwort auf einen drohenden information overflow, sondern vor allem dank seiner umsichtigen Logistik. Entscheidend dabei sind schriftlich fixierte, genaue Handlungsanweisungen, anhand derer auch unausgebildetes Personal in den arbeitsteiligen Prozeß eingebunden werden kann. Mit Hilfe eines kleinen Exkurses soll zuvor jedoch die Koinzidenz zweier Adressierungslogiken untersucht werden: In einem Jahrzehnt und derselben Stadt fällt die Entstehung des Zettelkatalogs zusammen mit der Erfindung der Hausnummer. Damit etabliert sich eine Möglichkeit zur abstrakteren Repräsentation und zu einem kontrollierenden Zugriff auf Schriften bzw. Hausbewohner. Das anschließende dritte Kapitel verbleibt in der Umbruchphase um 1800, indem es eine notwendige Differenz zieht zwischen der Bibliothekstechnologie von vielen Schreib- für viele Lese-Köpfe und einer eigenwilligen Anordnung von gelehrten Exzerptensammlungen. Die Unterscheidung trennt ein Server-Konzept von einer Workstation-Philosophie. Der erste Zettelkatalog ist nicht nur das Produkt eines kollektiven Arbeitsprozesses, sondern vor allem für eine vielköpfige Benutzung geeignet und konzipiert. Im Gegensatz zu diesem Multi-User-System verwehrt die idiosynkratische Maschine in Form eines Gelehrtenkastens gerade jede fremde Einsichtnahme. Sie besitzt keine Vermittlungsnotwendigkeit, so daß sich das interne System der Verzeichnung durchaus unverständlich für alle Einsichtnehmenden ausnehmen darf. Auch eine Form von Datenschutz, die anhand der eigentümlichen gelehrten Exzerpiertechniken in einer kleinen Genealogie von Johann Jacob Moser bis zu Jean Paul und anderen konturiert wird. Das vierte und letzte Kapitel des ersten Teils widmet sich einer ersten Übertragung alteuropäischer Bibliothekstechnik in die Neue Welt. Das Zettelkastenprinzip erreicht einerseits die amerikanische Ostküste durch Bibliothekare, die in Europa studieren, um die dort etablierte Praxis der Katalogisierung auf ihre im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts schnell anwachsenden Büchersammlungen anzuwenden. Andererseits jedoch besitzen die Vereinigten Staaten auch eine eigene, autochthone Genealogie der Verzettelung. 1817 gelingt William Croswell bei seinem unglücklichen Projekt, der Harvard College Library einen umfassenden Katalog zu verschaffen, die Geburt des amerikanischen Zettelkatalogs aus dem Geiste der Faulheit.
Manches hat der Zettelkasten verschwiegen, um seine eigene Ökonomie und die des notwendigerweise beschränkten Umfangs dieser Studie nicht allzu sehr zu beanspruchen - manches schlechterdings aus Mangel an Information. Allererstes Manko ist die Verlegenheit, keine Universalgeschichten mehr schreiben zu können. So beginnt diese Geschichte nicht mit dem Anfang von Geschichte und beschreibt demzufolge keine mesopotamischen, ägyptischen, griechischen oder römischen Register als Verzeichnisse der gespeicherten Schriften. Auch die berühmte Bibliothek von Alexandria samt ihrem ebenso berühmten Bibliothekar Kallimachos, der die Inventare der Schriften auf tönernen Pinakes an den Regalen fixierte, bleibt außen vor. Statt dessen steht am Beginn der Karteigeschichte eine (vermeintliche) Urszene des 16. Jahrhunderts, die vielleicht auch anders, d.h. früher, hätte gesetzt sein können. Des weiteren vermag diese Studie nicht, einem ausgelobten Desiderat abzuhelfen, eine schlichte Fußnote bei Foucault: »Aufkommen der Karteikarte und Konstituierung der Humanwissenschaften: noch eine Erfindung, die von den Historikern wenig gefeiert wird.« Wenngleich die eine Entwicklung, die »Konstitution der Humanwissenschaften«, dieser Studie als methodisches Leitbild dient, konnte die direkte Verbindung zum Erscheinen der Karteikarte nicht eindeutig geknüpft werden. Geplant war, ein Desiderat der Fußnote zur Entfaltung zu bringen, d.h. einem Exkurs zur Evolution der Karteikarte die letztendliche Übertragungs-Leistung zwischen Bibliothekaren und Kaufleuten ab 1890 anzufügen. Der Exkurs mußte gleichwohl einer anderen, bereits erwähnten Ökonomie, der Raumnot, zum Opfer fallen. In diesem Kapitel, das im Anschluß an das zweite gefolgt wäre, hätte nicht nur die verfestigende Entwicklung einer Materialität der Karteikarte vom Papierschnipsel bis zu ihrer Aufrechtigkeit als Leit-Karton Platz gefunden. (Diese Episode zieht sich nun implizit durch die Beschreibung einer fortschreitenden Standardisierung.) Foucaults beunruhigende Bemerkung stellt des weiteren, Bonneville zitierend, bereits für das Jahr 1833 einen direkten Zusammenhang her zwischen der Karteikarte und einer kaufmännischen Verzeichnungstechnik. Die Monographie zu den technischen Medien der Kaufleute ist leider noch ungeschrieben oder dem hier ins Spiel geratenen Zettelkasten bislang zumindest unbekannt. Darüber hinaus wäre der Versuch unternommen worden, die isomorphe Logik der Repräsentation von Zetteln und Banknoten sowie ihren Zusammenfall in den Zettel/Daten/Banken zu schildern. So muß die Episode über die Zirkulation von Geld und Ideen ihrerseits auf eine Fußnote zur Bank of England beschränkt bleiben und auf diese Anmerkung.