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Abstract

Der Aufbau der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek wurde im Herbst 2007 auf soliden Grund gestellt: Mit der European Digital Library Foundation steht eine geschäftsfähige Organisation als Trägerin der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek zur Verfügung. Sie fungiert zunächst als Steuerungsgremium für das EU-finanzierte Projekt EDLnet und übernimmt sukzessive die Aufgaben, die für den Aufbau und die Weiterentwicklung der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek notwendig sind. Die Gründungsmitglieder sind zehn europäische Dachorganisationen aus den Bereichen Bibliothek, Archiv, audiovisuelle Sammlungen und Museen. Vorstandsmitglieder sind die Vorsitzende Elisabeth Niggemann (CENL) die Vize-Vorsitzende Martine de Boisdeffre (EURBICA), der Schatzmeister Edwin van Huis (FIAT) sowie Wim van Drimmelen, der Generaldirektor der Koninklijke Bibliotheek, der Nationalbibliothek der Niederlande, welche die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek hostet. Der Prototyp für die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek wird im Rahmen des EDLnet-Projekts entwickelt. Die erste Version des Prototyps wurde auf der internationalen Konferenz »One more step towards the European Digital Library« vorgestellt, die am 31. Januar und 1. Februar 2008 in der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (DNB) in Frankfurt am Main stattfand. Die endgültige Version des Prototyps wird im November 2008 von der EU-Kommissarin für Informationsgesellschaft und Medien, Viviane Reding, in Paris vorgestellt werden. Dieser Prototyp wird direkten Zugang zu mindestens zwei Mio. digitalisierten Büchern, Fotografien, Karten, Tonaufzeichnungen, Filmaufnahmen und Archivalien aus Bibliotheken, Archiven, audiovisuellen Sammlungen und Museen Europas bieten.

Content

Darin u.a. "Interoperabilität als Kernstück - Technische und semantische Interoperabilität bilden somit das Kernstück für das Funktionieren der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek. Doch bevor Wege gefunden werden können, wie etwas funktionieren kann, muss zunächst einmal festgelegt werden, was funktionieren soll. Hierfür sind die Nutzeranforderungen das Maß aller Dinge, weshalb sich ein ganzes Arbeitspaket in EDLnet mit der Nutzersicht, den Nutzeranforderungen und der Nutzbarkeit der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek befasst, Anforderungen formuliert und diese im Arbeitspaket »Interoperabilität« umgesetzt werden. Für die Entscheidung, welche Inhalte wie präsentiert werden, sind jedoch nicht allein technische und semantische Fragestellungen zu klären, sondern auch ein Geschäftsmodell zu entwickeln, das festlegt, was die beteiligten Institutionen und Organisationen in welcher Form zu welchen Bedingungen zur Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek beitragen. Auch das Geschäftsmodell wird Auswirkungen auf technische und semantische Interoperabilität haben und liefert die daraus abgeleiteten Anforderungen zur Umsetzung an das entsprechende Arbeitspaket. Im EDLnet-Projekt ist somit ein ständiger Arbeitskreislauf installiert, in welchem die Anforderungen an die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek formuliert, an das Interoperabilitäts-Arbeitspaket weitergegeben und dort umgesetzt werden. Diese Lösung wird wiederum an die Arbeitspakete »Nutzersicht« und »Geschäftsmodell« zurückgemeldet, getestet, kommentiert und für die Kommentare wiederum technische Lösungen gesucht. Dies ist eine Form des »rapid prototyping«, das hier zur Anwendung kommt, d. h. die Funktionalitäten werden schrittweise gemäß des Feedbacks der zukünftigen Nutzer sowie der Projektpartner erweitert und gleichzeitig wird der Prototyp stets lauffähig gehalten und bis zur Produktreife weiterentwickelt. Hierdurch verspricht man sich ein schnelles Ergebnis bei geringem Risiko einer Fehlentwicklung durch das ständige Feedback."

Theme

Information Gateway

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Content

""Sacherschließung - Informationsdienstleistung nach Maß": unter diesem Titel fand am 3. Leipziger Kongress für Information und Bibliothek ("Information und Ethik") eine sehr aufschlussreiche Vortragsreihe statt. Neue Projekte der Vernetzung unterschiedlichst erschlossener Bestände wurden vorgestellt. Auch die Frage, inwieweit man die Nutzerinnen und Nutzer in die Erschließung einbinden kann, wurde behandelt. Die Arbeit der Bibliothekare kann wertvolle Ausgangssituationen für alternative Methoden bieten. Das Zusammenwirken von intellektueller und maschineller Erschließung wird in Zukunft eine große Rolle spielen. Ein Ausweg, um die Erschließung der ständig wachsenden Informationsquellen zu ermöglichen, könnte eine arbeitsteilige Erschließung und eine Kooperation mit anderen Informationseinrichtungen darstellen. Im Mittelpunkt all dieser Überlegungen standen die Heterogenitätsprobleme, die sich durch unterschiedliche Erschließungsregeln, verschiedene Arbeitsinstrumente, verschiedene Sprachen und durch die unterschiedliche Bedeutung der Begriffe ergeben können. Der Nachmittag begann mit einem konkreten Beispiel: "Zum Stand der Heterogenitätsbehandlung in vascoda" (Philipp Mayr, Bonn und Anne-Kathrin Walter, Bonn). Das Wissenschaftsportal vascoda beinhaltet verschiedene Fachportale, und es kann entweder interdisziplinär oder fachspezifisch gesucht werden. Durch die verschiedenen Informationsangebote, die in einem Fachportal vorhanden sind und die in dem Wissenschaftsportal vascoda zusammengefasst sind, entsteht semantische Heterogenität. Oberstes Ziel ist somit die Heterogenitätsbehandlung. Die Erstellung von Crosskonkordanzen (zwischen Indexierungssprachen innerhalb eines Fachgebiets und zwischen Indexierungssprachen unterschiedlicher Fachgebiete) und dem sogenannten Heterogenitätsservice (Term-Umschlüsselungs-Dienst) wurden anhand dieses Wissenschaftsportals vorgestellt. "Crosskonkordanzen sind gerichtete, relevanzbewertete Relationen zwischen Termen zweier Thesauri, Klassifikationen oder auch anderer kontrollierter Vokabulare." Im Heterogenitätsservice soll die Suchanfrage so transformiert werden, dass sie alle relevanten Dokumente in den verschiedenen Datenbanken erreicht. Bei der Evaluierung der Crosskonkordanzen stellt sich die Frage der Zielgenauigkeit der Relationen, sowie die Frage nach der Relevanz der durch die Crosskonkordanz zusätzlich gefundenen Treffer. Drei Schritte der Evaluation werden durchgeführt: Zum einen mit natürlicher Sprache in der Freitextsuche, dann übersetzt in Deskriptoren in der Schlagwortsuche und zuletzt mit Deskriptoren in der Schlagwortsuche mit Einsatz der Crosskonkordanzen. Im Laufe des Sommers werden erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation der Crosskonkordanzen erwartet.
Der dritte Vortrag dieser Vortragsreihe mit dem Titel: "Anfragetransfers zur Integration von Internetquellen in digitalen Bibliotheken auf der Grundlage statistischer Termrelationen" (Robert Strötgen, Hildesheim) zeigte eine maschinelle Methode der Integration ausgewählter, inhaltlich aber nicht erschlossener Internetdokumentbestände in digitale Bibliotheken. Das Zusammentreffen inhaltlich gut erschlossener Fachdatenbanken mit Internetdokumenten steht im Mittelpunkt dieses Forschungsprojekts. "Sollen ausgewählte fachliche Internetdokumente zur Ausweitung einer Recherche in einer digitalen Bibliothek integriert werden, ist dies entweder durch eine Beschränkung auf hochwertige und aufwändig erstellte Clearinghouses oder durch eine "naive" Weiterleitung der Benutzeranfrage möglich." Weiter heißt es in der Projektbeschreibung: "Unter Anwendung von Methoden des maschinellen Lernens werden semantische Relationen zwischen Klassen verschiedener Ontologien erstellt, die Übergänge zwischen diesen Ontologien ermöglichen. Besondere Bedeutung für dieses Forschungsvorhaben hat der Transfer zwischen Ontologien und Freitexttermen." Ausgehend vom Projekt CARMEN werden in diesem Projekt automatisiert - durch statistisches maschinelles Lernen - semantische Relationen berechnet. So wird eine Benutzeranfrage, die mittels Thesaurus erfolgte, für eine Abfrage in Internetdokumentbeständen transformiert.

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Abstract

The middle of the 1990s are coined by the increased enthusiasm for the possibilities of the WWW, which has only recently deviated - at least in relation to scientific information - for the differentiated measuring of its advantages and disadvantages. Web Information Retrieval originated as a specialized discipline with great commercial significance (for an overview see Lewandowski 2005). Besides the new technological structure that enables the indexing and searching (in seconds) of unimaginable amounts of data worldwide, new assessment processes for the ranking of search results are being developed, which use the link structures of the Web. They are the main innovation with respect to the traditional "mother discipline" of Information Retrieval. From the beginning, link structures of Web pages are applied to commercial search engines in a wide array of variations. From the perspective of scientific information, link topology based approaches were in essence trying to solve a self-created problem: on the one hand, it quickly became clear that the openness of the Web led to an up-tonow unknown increase in available information, but this also caused the quality of the Web pages searched to become a problem - and with it the relevance of the results. The gatekeeper function of traditional information providers, which narrows down every user query to focus on high-quality sources was lacking. Therefore, the recognition of the "authoritativeness" of the Web pages by general search engines such as Google was one of the most important factors for their success.

Source

Information und Sprache: Beiträge zu Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Festschrift für Harald H. Zimmermann. Herausgegeben von Ilse Harms, Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt und Hans W. Giessen

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Source

New review of information networking. 7(2001) no.xx, S.147-157

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Abstract

With the establishment of global information spaces that are characterized by heterogeneity new kinds of knowledge organization systems (KOS) are needed to facilitate efficient subject access to available information resources. KOS need not to be built bottom-up. Internationalization and localization of common KOS enable making use of all different kinds of existing data from subject indexing for retrieval purposes and help creating a user-friendly tool that supports cross-national query modification and hermeneutic processes of information seeking as well as precise topical queries.

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Abstract

Since several years it has been observed that information offered by different knowledge producing institutions on the internet is more and more interlinked. This tendency will increase, because the fragmented information offers on the internet make the retrieval of information difficult as even impossible. At the same time the quantity of information offered on the internet grows exponentially in Europe - and elsewhere - due to many digitization projects. Insofar as funding institutions base the acceptance of projects on the observation of certain documentation standards the knowledge created will be retrievable and will remain so for a longer time. Otherwise the retrieval of information will become a matter of chance due to the limits of fragmented, knowledge producing social groups.

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Abstract

Digital Libraries currently face the challenge of integrating many different types of research information (e.g. publications, primary data, expert's profiles, institutional profiles, project information etc.) according to their scientific users' needs. To date no general, integrated model for knowledge organization and retrieval in Digital Libraries exists. This causes the problem of structural and semantic heterogeneity due to the wide range of metadata standards, indexing vocabularies and indexing approaches used for different types of information. The research presented in this paper focuses on areas in which activities are being undertaken in the field of Digital Libraries in order to treat semantic interoperability problems. We present a model for the integrated retrieval of factual and textual data which combines multiple approaches to semantic interoperability und sets them into context. Embedded in the research cycle, traditional content indexing methods for publications meet the newer, but rarely used ontology-based approaches which seem to be better suited for representing complex information like the one contained in survey data. The benefits of our model are (1) easy re-use of available knowledge organisation systems and (2) reduced efforts for domain modelling with ontologies.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

The JISC-funded HILT project is looking to make contact with staff in information services or projects interested in helping it test and refine its developing terminology services. The project is currently working to create pilot web services that will deliver machine-readable terminology and cross-terminology mappings data likely to be useful to information services wishing to extend or enhance the efficacy of their subject search or browse services. Based on SRW/U, SOAP, and SKOS, the HILT facilities, when fully operational, will permit such services to improve their own subject search and browse mechanisms by using HILT data in a fashion transparent to their users. On request, HILT will serve up machine-processable data on individual subject schemes (broader terms, narrower terms, hierarchy information, preferred and non-preferred terms, and so on) and interoperability data (usually intellectual or automated mappings between schemes, but the architecture allows for the use of other methods) - data that can be used to enhance user services. The project is also developing an associated toolkit that will help service technical staff to embed HILT-related functionality into their services. The primary aim is to serve JISC funded information services or services at JISC institutions, but information services outside the JISC domain may also find the proposed services useful and wish to participate in the test and refine process.

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Abstract

For the sake of national security, very large volumes of data and information are generated and gathered daily. Much of this data and information is written in different languages, stored in different locations, and may be seemingly unconnected. Crosslingual semantic interoperability is a major challenge to generate an overview of this disparate data and information so that it can be analyzed, shared, searched, and summarized. The recent terrorist attacks and the tragic events of September 11, 2001 have prompted increased attention an national security and criminal analysis. Many Asian countries and cities, such as Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore, have been advised that they may become the next targets of terrorist attacks. Semantic interoperability has been a focus in digital library research. Traditional information retrieval (IR) approaches normally require a document to share some common keywords with the query. Generating the associations for the related terms between the two term spaces of users and documents is an important issue. The problem can be viewed as the creation of a thesaurus. Apart from this, terrorists and criminals may communicate through letters, e-mails, and faxes in languages other than English. The translation ambiguity significantly exacerbates the retrieval problem. The problem is expanded to crosslingual semantic interoperability. In this paper, we focus an the English/Chinese crosslingual semantic interoperability problem. However, the developed techniques are not limited to English and Chinese languages but can be applied to many other languages. English and Chinese are popular languages in the Asian region. Much information about national security or crime is communicated in these languages. An efficient automatically generated thesaurus between these languages is important to crosslingual information retrieval between English and Chinese languages. To facilitate crosslingual information retrieval, a corpus-based approach uses the term co-occurrence statistics in parallel or comparable corpora to construct a statistical translation model to cross the language boundary. In this paper, the text based approach to align English/Chinese Hong Kong Police press release documents from the Web is first presented. We also introduce an algorithmic approach to generate a robust knowledge base based an statistical correlation analysis of the semantics (knowledge) embedded in the bilingual press release corpus. The research output consisted of a thesaurus-like, semantic network knowledge base, which can aid in semanticsbased crosslingual information management and retrieval.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.3, S.272-281

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Abstract

One of the major problems facing systems for Computer Aided Design (CAD), Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications today is the lack of interoperability among the various systems. When integrating software applications, substantial di culties can arise in translating information from one application to the other. In this paper, we focus on semantic di culties that arise in software integration. Applications may use di erent terminologies to describe the same domain. Even when appli-cations use the same terminology, they often associate di erent semantics with the terms. This obstructs information exchange among applications. To cir-cumvent this obstacle, we need some way of explicitly specifying the semantics for each terminology in an unambiguous fashion. Ontologies can provide such specification. It will be the task of this paper to explain what ontologies are and how they can be used to facilitate interoperability between software systems used in computer aided design, architecture engineering and construction, and geographic information processing.

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Abstract

This dissertation studies ontology mapping: the problem of finding semantic correspondences between similar elements of different ontologies. In the dissertation, elements denote classes or properties of ontologies. The goal of this research is to use ontology mapping to make heterogeneous information more accessible. The World Wide Web (WWW) now is widely used as a universal medium for information exchange. Semantic interoperability among different information systems in the WWW is limited due to information heterogeneity, and the non semantic nature of HTML and URLs. Ontologies have been suggested as a way to solve the problem of information heterogeneity by providing formal, explicit definitions of data and reasoning ability over related concepts. Given that no universal ontology exists for the WWW, work has focused on finding semantic correspondences between similar elements of different ontologies, i.e., ontology mapping. Ontology mapping can be done either by hand or using automated tools. Manual mapping becomes impractical as the size and complexity of ontologies increases. Full or semi-automated mapping approaches have been examined by several research studies. Previous full or semiautomated mapping approaches include analyzing linguistic information of elements in ontologies, treating ontologies as structural graphs, applying heuristic rules and machine learning techniques, and using probabilistic and reasoning methods etc. In this paper, two generic ontology mapping approaches are proposed. One is the PRIOR+ approach, which utilizes both information retrieval and artificial intelligence techniques in the context of ontology mapping. The other is the non-instance learning based approach, which experimentally explores machine learning algorithms to solve ontology mapping problem without requesting any instance. The results of the PRIOR+ on different tests at OAEI ontology matching campaign 2007 are encouraging. The non-instance learning based approach has shown potential for solving ontology mapping problem on OAEI benchmark tests.

Content

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of School of Information Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

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Abstract

The HILT Phase II project aimed to develop a pilot terminologies server with a view to improving cross-sectoral information retrieval. In order to inform this process, it was first necessary to examine how a representative group of users approached a range of information-related tasks. This paper focuses on exploratory interviews conducted to investigate the proposed ideal and actual strategies of a group of 30 users in relation to eight separate information tasks. In addition, users were asked to give examples of search terms they may employ and to describe how they would formulate search queries in each scenario. The interview process undertaken and the results compiled are outlined, and associated implications for the development of a pilot terminologies server are discussed.

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Abstract

The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research funded a major terminology mapping initiative, which found its conclusion in 2007. The task of this terminology mapping initiative was to organize, create and manage 'cross-concordances' between controlled vocabularies (thesauri, classification systems, subject heading lists) centred around the social sciences but quickly extending to other subject areas. 64 crosswalks with more than 500,000 relations were established. In the final phase of the project, a major evaluation effort to test and measure the effectiveness of the vocabulary mappings in an information system environment was conducted. The paper reports on the cross-concordance work and evaluation results.

Content

Beitrag während: World library and information congress: 74th IFLA general conference and council, 10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada.

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Abstract

As an important support tool in science research, specialized information systems are rapidly changing their character. The potential for improvement compared with today's usual systems is enormous. This fact will be demonstrated by means of two problem complexes: - WWW search engines, which were developed without any government grants, are increasingly dominating the scene. Does the WWW displace information centers with their high quality databases? What are the results we can get nowadays using general WWW search engines? - In addition to the WWW and specialized databases, scientists now use WWW library catalogues of digital libraries, which combine the catalogues from an entire region or a country. At the same time, however, they are faced with highly decentralized heterogeneous databases which contain the widest range of textual sources and data, e.g. from surveys. One consequence is the presence of serious inconsistencies in quality, relevance and content analysis. Thus, the main problem to be solved is as follows: users must be supplied with heterogeneous data from different sources, modalities and content development processes via a visual user interface without inconsistencies in content development, for example, seriously impairing the quality of the search results, e. g. when phrasing their search inquiry in the terminology to which they are accustomed

Source

Information Research & Content Management: Orientierung, Ordnung und Organisation im Wissensmarkt; 23. DGI-Online-Tagung der DGI und 53. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. DGI, Frankfurt am Main, 8.-10.5.2001. Proceedings. Hrsg.: R. Schmidt

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Abstract

A case study in compatibility and heterogeneity of knowledge organization (KO) systems and processes is presented. It is based in the experience of the author in the field of information for consumer protection, a good example of the emerging transdisciplinary applied social sciences. The activities and knowledge organization problems and solutions of the Aragonian Consumers' Information and Documentation Centre are described and analyzed. Six assertions can be concluded: a) heterogeneity and compatibility are certainly an inherent problem in knowledge organization and also in practical domains; b) knowledge organization is also a social task, not only a lögical one; c) knowledge organization is affected by economical and efficiency considerations; d) knowledge organization is at the heart of Knowledge Management; e) identifying and maintaining the focus in interdisciplinary fields is a must; f the different knowledge organization tools of a institution must be considered as an integrated system, pursuing a unifying model.

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Abstract

Purpose - The general science portal "vascoda" merges structured, high-quality information collections from more than 40 providers on the basis of search engine technology (FAST) and a concept which treats semantic heterogeneity between different controlled vocabularies. First experiences with the portal show some weaknesses of this approach which come out in most metadata-driven Digital Libraries (DLs) or subject specific portals. The purpose of the paper is to propose models to reduce the semantic complexity in heterogeneous DLs. The aim is to introduce value-added services (treatment of term vagueness and document re-ranking) that gain a certain quality in DLs if they are combined with heterogeneity components established in the project "Competence Center Modeling and Treatment of Semantic Heterogeneity". Design/methodology/approach - Two methods, which are derived from scientometrics and network analysis, will be implemented with the objective to re-rank result sets by the following structural properties: the ranking of the results by core journals (so-called Bradfordizing) and ranking by centrality of authors in co-authorship networks. Findings - The methods, which will be implemented, focus on the query and on the result side of a search and are designed to positively influence each other. Conceptually, they will improve the search quality and guarantee that the most relevant documents in result sets will be ranked higher. Originality/value - The central impact of the paper focuses on the integration of three structural value-adding methods, which aim at reducing the semantic complexity represented in distributed DLs at several stages in the information retrieval process: query construction, search and ranking and re-ranking.

Theme

Information Gateway

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Abstract

The paper describes a project to add value to controlled vocabularies by making inter-vocabulary associations. A methodology for mapping terms from one vocabulary to another is presented in the form of a case study applying the approach to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Thesaurus and the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). Our approach to mapping involves encoding vocabularies according to Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) standards, machine matching of vocabulary terms, and categorizing candidate mappings by likelihood of valid mapping. Mapping data is then stored as machine links. Vocabularies with associations to other schemes will be a key component of Web-based terminology services. The paper briefly describes how the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is used to provide access to a vocabulary with mappings.

Footnote

Teil eines Themenheftes von: Journal of digital information. 4(2004) no.4.

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Abstract

Topic Maps are a standardized modelling approach for the semantic annotation and description of WWW resources. They enable an improved search and navigational access on information objects stored in semi-structured information spaces like the WWW. However, the according standards ISO 13250 and XTM (XML Topic Maps) lack formal semantics, several questions concerning e.g. subclassing, inheritance or merging of topics are left open. The proposed TMUML meta model, directly derived from the well known UML meta model, is a meta model for Topic Maps which enables semantic constraints to be formulated in OCL (object constraint language) in order to answer such open questions and overcome possible inconsistencies in Topic Map repositories. We will examine the XTM merging conditions and show, in several examples, how the TMUML meta model enables semantic constraints for Topic Map merging to be formulated in OCL. Finally, we will show how the TM validation process, i.e., checking if a Topic Map is well formed, includes our merging conditions.

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Abstract

The semantic heterogeneity presented by Web information in the Agricultural domain presents tremendous information retrieval challenges. This article presents work taking place at the Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) which addresses this challenge. Based on the analysis of resources in the domain of agriculture, this paper proposes (a) an application profile (AP) for dealing with the problem of heterogeneity originating from differences in terminologies, domain coverage, and domain modelling, and (b) a root application ontology (AAO) based on the application profile which can serve as a basis for extending knowledge of the domain. The paper explains how even a small investment in the enhancement of relations between vocabularies, both metadata and domain-specific, yields a relatively large return on investment.

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Source

Wa(h)re Information: 29. Österreichischer Bibliothekartag Bregenz, 19.-23.9.2006. Hrsg.: Harald Weigel