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Abstract

That there is a "digital divide" - which falls between those who have and can afford the latest in technological tools and those who have neither in our society - is indisputable. "Virtual Inequality" redefines the issue as it explores the cascades of that divide, which involve access, skill, political participation, as well as the obvious economics. Computer and Internet access are insufficient without the skill to use the technology, and economic opportunity and political participation provide primary justification for realizing that this inequality is a public problem and not simply a matter of private misfortune. Defying those who say the divide is growing smaller, this volume, based on a national survey that includes data from over 1800 respondents in low-income communities, shows otherwise. In addition to demonstrating why disparities persist in such areas as technological abilities, the survey also shows that the digitally disadvantaged often share many of the same beliefs as their more privileged counterparts. African-Americans, for instance, are even more positive in their attitudes toward technology than whites are in many respects, contrary to conventional wisdom. The rigorous research on which the conclusions are based is presented accessibly and in an easy-to-follow manner. Not content with analysis alone, nor the untangling of the complexities of policymaking, "Virtual Inequality" views the digital divide compassionately in its human dimensions and recommends a set of practical and common-sense policy strategies. Inequality, even in a virtual form this book reminds us, is unacceptable and a situation that society is compelled to address.

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.5, S.467-468 (W. Koehler): "Virtual Inequality is an important contribution to the digital divide debate. That debate takes two basic forms. One centers an the divide between the "information rich" developed countries and the "information poor" developing countries. The second is concerned with the rift between information "haves" and "have-nots" within countries. This book addresses the latter domain and is concerned with the digital divide in the United States. This book is the product of a cross-disciplinary collaboration. Mossberger and Tolbert are both members of the Kent State University political science department while Stansbury is an the Library and Information Science faculty. The book is extremely well documented. Perhaps the chapter an the democracy divide and e-government is the best done, reflecting the political science bent of two of the authors. E-government is very well covered. Unfortunately, e-commerce and e-education go virtually unmentioned. If e-government is important to defining the digital divide, then certainly e-commerce and e-education are as well. Mossberger, Tolbert, and Stansbury argue that the digital divide should be described as four different divides: the access divide, the skills divide, the economic opportunity divide, and the democratic divide. Each of these divides is developed in its own chapter. Each chapter draws well an the existing literature. The book is valuable if for no other reason than that it provides an excellent critique of the current state of the understanding of the digital divide in the United States. It is particularly good in its contrast of the approaches taken by the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations. Perhaps this is a function of the multidisciplinary strength of the book's authorship, for indeed it shows here. The access divide is defined along "connectivity" lines: who has access to digital technologies. The authors tonfirm the conventional wisdom that age and education are important predictors of in-home access, but they also argue that rate and ethnicity are also factors (pp. 32-33): Asian Americans have greatest access followed by whites, Latinos, and African Americans in that order. Most access the Internet from home or work, followed by friends' computers, libraries, and other access points. The skills divide is defined as technical competence and information literacy (p. 38). Variation was found along technical competence for age, education, affluence, rate, and ethnicity, but not gender (p. 47). The authors conclude that for the most part the skills divide mirrors the access divide (p. 55). While they found no gender difference, they did find a gender preference for skills acquisition: males prefer a more impersonal delivery ("online help and tutorials") while females prefer more personal instruction (p. 56).

Series

American governance and public policy

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Footnote

Zu Aufbau und Inhalt: In einer Einleitung werden die grundsätzlichen Positionen der Verfasser offengelegt. Diese sind vor allem: eine von der Systemtheorie Luhmanns geprägte (und gelegentlich dessen Fachjargon evozierende) soziologische Perspektive, das Verständnis einer integrativen Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft, eine als modern zu bezeichnende historische Perspektive, sowie das Bestreben, neue Wege zu gehen und Aussagen von längerfristiger Gültigkeit zu treffen. Darauf folgen acht Kapitel Inhalt, ein neuntes als Zusammenschau und Schlusswort, ein Literaturverzeichnis, ein Verzeichnis der Internet-Adressen (leider ohne Datumsangaben), ein Abkürzungsverzeichnis sowie ein (gutes) Sachregister. Alle Kapitel sind wohl strukturiert und jeweils mit einem abschließenden "Ausblick» versehen. Behandelt werden: - die begrifflichen Grundlagen von Information und Bibliothek sowie die historischen/soziologischen Entwicklungslinien (Kapitel 1), - die strukturellen Entwicklungen der deutschen Bibliotheken hin zum funktional differenzierten Bibliothekssystem sowie die technischen Entwicklungen (Kapitel 2), - das deutsche Bibliothekswesen mit der Darstellung von Träger- und Förderinstitutionen, der Arten/Typen von Bibliotheken und ihrer rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen (Kapitel 3), - Netze und Kooperationen, d.h. im einzelnen Verbände, Partner/Förderer des Bibliothekswesens, internationale und nationale Zusammenarbeit, insbesondere im Rahmen von Erwerbung, Erschließung, Benutzung, sowie die Entwicklungen hin zu einem nationalen Wissenschaftsportal (Kapitel 4), - die zahlreichen im Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen relevanten Normen, Standards, Richtlinien und Empfehlungen (Kapitel 5), - die von den Bibliotheken gebotenen - klassischen wie neuartigen - Dienstleistungen, insbesondere auch moderne (digitale) Formen von Informations- und Auskunftsdiensten (Kapitel 6), - Management (Marketing, Aufbau, Personal, Controlling, Werbung/PR) und insbesondere Bestandsmanagement (Kapitel 7), sowie - Ausbildungs- und Berufsfragen, von den Anfängen der Professionali-sierung im 19. Jahrhundert bis hin zu den die Spartentrennungen überwindenden modernen Studien- und Ausbildungsentwicklungen (Kapitel 8)."

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Date

22. 2.2008 14:21:53

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Rise and fall of the post-photographic museum : technology and the transformation of art / Peter Walsh -- Materiality of virtual technologies : a new approach to thinking about the impact of multimedia in museums / Andrea Witcomb -- Beyond the cult of the replicant-- museums and historical digital objects : traditional concerns, new discourses / Fiona Cameron -- Te Ahu Hiko : cultural heritage and indigenous objects, people, and environments / Deidre Brown -- Redefining digital art : disrupting borders / Beryl Graham -- Online activity and offlline community : cultural institutions and new media art / Sarah Cook -- Crisis of authority : new lamps for old / Susan Hazan -- Digital cultural communication : audience and remediation / Angelina Russo and Jerry Watkins -- Digital knowledgescapes : cultural, theoretical, practical and usage issues facing museum collection databases in a digital epoch / Fiona Cameron and Helena Robinson -- Art is redeemed, mystery is gone : the documentation of contemporary art / Harald Kraemer -- Cultural information standards-- political territory and rich rewards / Ingrid Mason -- Finding a future for digital cultural heritage resources using contextual information frameworks / Gavan McCarthy -- Engaged dialogism in virtual space : an exploration of research strategies for virtual museums / Suhas Deshpande, Kati Geber, and Corey Timpson -- Localized, personalized, and constructivist : a space for online museum learning / Ross Parry and Nadia Arbach -- Speaking in Rama : panoramic vision in cultural heritage visualization / Sarah Kenderdine -- Dialing up the past / Erik Champion and Bharat Dave -- Morphology of space in virtual heritage / Bernadette Flynn -- Toward tangible virtualities : tangialities / Slavko Milekic -- Ecological cybernetics, virtual reality, and virtual heritage / Maurizio Forte -- Geo-storytelling : a living archive of spatial culture / Scot T. Refsland, Marc Tuters, and Jim Cooley -- Urban heritage representations in hyperdocuments / Rodrigo Paraizo and José Ripper Kós -- Automatic archaeology : bridging the gap between virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and archaeology / Juan Antonio Barceló.

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Abstract

Many information professionals working in small units today fail to find the published tools for subject-based organization that are appropriate to their local needs, whether they are archivists, special librarians, information officers, or knowledge or content managers. Large established standards for document description and organization are too unwieldy, unnecessarily detailed, or too expensive to install and maintain. In other cases the available systems are insufficient for a specialist environment, or don't bring things together in a helpful way. A purpose built, in-house system would seem to be the answer, but too often the skills necessary to create one are lacking. This practical text examines the criteria relevant to the selection of a subject-management system, describes the characteristics of some common types of subject tool, and takes the novice step by step through the process of creating a system for a specialist environment. The methodology employed is a standard technique for the building of a thesaurus that incidentally creates a compatible classification or taxonomy, both of which may be used in a variety of ways for document or information management. Key areas covered are: What is a thesaurus? Tools for subject access and retrieval; what a thesaurus is used for? Why use a thesaurus? Examples of thesauri; the structure of a thesaurus; thesaural relationships; practical thesaurus construction; the vocabulary of the thesaurus; building the systematic structure; conversion to alphabetic format; forms of entry in the thesaurus; maintaining the thesaurus; thesaurus software; and; the wider environment. Essential for the practising information professional, this guide is also valuable for students of library and information science.