Search (170 results, page 1 of 9)

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Abstract

User studies provide libraries with invaluable insight into their users' information needs and behaviors, allowing them to develop services that correspond to these needs. This insight has become even more important for libraries since the advent of the Internet. The Internet has brought about a development of information technologies and electronic information sources that have had a great impact on both the ways users search for information and the ways libraries manage information. Although humanists represent an important group of users for academic libraries, research studies into their information-seeking behavior since the advent of the Internet have been quite scarce (Ellis & Oldman, 2005) in the past decade. This study presents updated research on a group of humanists, Jewish studies scholars living in Israel, as information users in the digital age based on two categories: (a) the use of formal and informal information channels, and (b) the use of information technologies and their impact on humanistic research.

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Abstract

Information professionals are increasingly responsible not only for running traditional information and library services but also for providing an online presence for their organisation. This book shows how best practice in delivering online information services should be based an actual user needs and behaviour. A series of case studies provide real life examples of how social science information is being used in the community. The book then draws an these case studies to outline the main issues facing service providers: such as usability, meta-data and management. The book concludes with a look to the future and how both technological and organisational changes will shape online information services.

Content

Key features - Case studies show how - in practical terms - information science issues relate to users' behaviour - The book is written by experts in the field, with each chapter drawing an both case studies and extensive experience in the field - The book can be used as a detailed reference or an overview The Authors The contributors to the book are based at the Institute for Learning and Research Technology, University of Bristol, UK and are responsible for developing and running national online services. The book is edited by Dr Jacobs, an experienced information professional who has worked both in traditional libraries and an national projects and online services. Readership The book is aimed at anyone providing an online service to Chose using social science information, including information officers, librarians and knowledge managers, together with related IT managers and students of LIS at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Contents Section 1 - case studies, describing how information is used in the health, government, academic, trades union, media and other sectors, with particular attention to online information practices. Section 2 - drawing the lessons from the case studies. Section 3 - the major issues facing service providers, including selection, metadata, usability, accessibility, management, and building user skills. Section 4 - the future, covering both technological developments such as the semantic web and portals, and organisational issues such as the changing role of the information professional.

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Abstract

This paper deals with information needs, seeking, searching, and uses within scholarly communities by introducing theory from the field of science and technology studies. In particular it contributes to the domain-analytic approach in information science by showing that Whitley's theory of 'mutual dependence' and 'task uncertainty' can be used as an explanatory framework in understanding similarity and difference in information practices across intellectual fields. Based on qualitative case studies of three specialist scholarly communities across the physical sciences, applied sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities, this paper extends Whitley's theory into the realm of information communication technologies. The paper adopts a holistic approach to information practices by recognising the interrelationship between the traditions of informal and formal scientific communication and how it shapes digital outcomes across intellectual fields. The findings show that communities inhabiting fields with a high degree of 'mutual dependence' coupled with a low degree of 'task uncertainty' are adept at coordinating and controlling channels of communication and will readily co-produce field-based digital information resources, whereas communities that inhabit fields characterised by the opposite cultural configuration, a low degree of 'mutual dependence' coupled with a high degree of 'task uncertainty', are less successful in commanding control over channels of communication and are less concerned with co-producing field-based digital resources and integrating them into their epistemic and social structures. These findings have implications for the culturally sensitive development and provision of academic digital resources such as digital libraries and web-based subject portals.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.4, S.366-368 (L. Mon): "The early years of the 21st century have been marked in the library community by a sharp increase in "chat reference" Services offered through library Web sites. Variously called "live reference," "virtual reference," or "chat reference," these Services utilize chat, MOO, instant messaging, and other online technologies to extend the live, synchronous interaction of the library reference desk to the Internet. In 2001, Stephen Francoeur found 272 libraries with chat reference Services worldwide, and in June 2003 Bernie Sloan's online listing of chat consortia included 47 consortia, which together represented more than 550 U.S. libraries. (Francoeur, 2001; Sloan, 2003) Jana Ronan's book is the latest entrant among recent works intended to guide librarians in the growing trend of setting up synchronous online "chat reference" services, and provides information about selecting software, setting service policies, conducting training, and managing staffing for a variety of different service configurations. Ronan, who serves as Interactive Reference Coordinator for the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida, Gainesville, covers the practical aspects of launching and managing chat reference services in 10 chapters, followed by five chapters of individual case studies contributed by other authors who describe chat reference implementations at SUNY Morrisville, Austin Peay State University, Paradise Valley Community College, University of South Florida, and the University of Florida.
Training techniques are the focus in Chapter 6, including ways to relax trainees and reduce cognitive load as well as to maximize training utility when the software limits the number of logins available. Ronan covers everyday administration and policy issues in Chapters 7 and 8. These include a list of daily routines such as checking that the software is functioning, plus monthly routines of updating statistics, policies, and procedures. Chapter 9 offers guidance an the chat reference interview, which Ronan likens to "information therapy" within an online environment of diminished contextual cues. Marketing and publicity are discussed in Chapter 10, with advice an advertising and publicity campaigns as well as a checklist of 20 promotional strategies for attracting users to a new chat service (p. 165). In the final section of the book, Chapters 11-15 provide individual case studies written by six contributors describing how live different academic libraries have been able to launch and operate chat reference services using a variety of different types of software including instant messaging, MOO, Internet Relay Chat, and call center software. Each case study begins with a statement of the software used, launch date, staffing, and hours of the service, and most include statistical information an chat reference traffic. These final live chapters provide "voices from the front lines" giving details of individual librarians' experiences in launching chat services.
Overall, Ronan's book serves as an excellent guide for librarians interested in launching chat reference services and provides a particularly comprehensive overview of software and considerations for selection and expansion. However, the strong focus an basic hands-on setup, administration, and management may limit the appeal of the book for other readers interested in exploring issues of chat reference service in a larger context-such as whether library schools are adequately preparing the next generation of librarians to function in this new virtual environment, or whether the volume of chat reference traffic sufficiently justifies a refocusing of resources and staffing from e-mail, telephone, and face-to-face service points, especially in a 24/7 context. As chat reference moves beyond text into voice and video, and as the current chat start-ups either disappear or become strongly integrated within digital libraries, there will be a continuing need for writers such as Ronan to move beyond the basics and guide us in considering the next steps and the transformations that online reference services are both creating and reflecting within our libraries and the larger society."

Imprint

Westport, CT : Libraries Unlimited

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Abstract

Purpose - This study provides evidence on the actual information-seeking behaviour of students in a digital scholarly environment, not what they thought they did. It also compares student information-seeking behaviour with that of other academic communities, and, in some cases, for practitioners. Design/methodology/approach - Data were gathered as part of CIBER's ongoing Virtual Scholar programme. In particular log data from two digital journals libraries, Blackwell Synergy and OhioLINK, and one e-book collection (Oxford Scholarship Online) are utilized. Findings - The study showed a distinctive form of information-seeking behaviour associated with students and differences between them and other members of the academic community. For example, students constituted the biggest users in terms of sessions and pages viewed, and they were more likely to undertake longer online sessions. Undergraduates and postgraduates were the most likely users of library links to access scholarly databases, suggesting an important "hot link" role for libraries. Originality/value - Few studies have focused on the actual (rather than perceived) information-seeking behaviour of students. The study fills that gap.

Date

23. 2.2009 17:22:41

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.14, S.1304 (L.A. Ennis): "Written by Judith A. Siess, president of Information Bridges International, Inc. and recognized expert in one-person librarianship, The Visible Librarian: Asserting Your Value with Marketing and Advocacy is a concise and easy to read work an the art of self-promotion. As Siess explains in her introduction "libraries are no longer a given" (p. xi). Librarians must leam to market themselves and their services to the people who make decisions and practice proactive advocacy to survive. In The Visible Librarian Siess applies proven and practical marketing, customer service, and public relations strategies to libraries and librarians. The Visible Librarian is divided in to live chapters. The first chapter, "The Primacy of Customer Service and Other Basics," takes a close look at what it means to provide good customer service. Drawing from a variety of resources Siess provides the reader with a basic overview of customer service theory and then demonstrates how to put the theory into practice in libraries of all kinds. Siess also stresses the importance of thinking of library users as customers. Further, one of the most compelling points Siess makes in this chapter is that libraries now must compete with other information providers for customers. Libraries are no longer the only place for people to find information and, as Siess argues, good customer service is what will keep people coming back to the library. This is an excellent introductory chapter for this work. Chapter 2, "Doing the Groundwork: Marketing," is a lively discussion an the role energetic and positive marketing can play in promoting libraries and their services. Siess begins by stressing that marketing is vital to all libraries and that librarians must be the ones to do the marketing. The bulk of this chapter focuses an the "Six Ps" of marketing; "the right product at the right price in the right place, promoted in the right way to the right people at the right point in time" (p. 20). Along with the discussion of the six Ps Siess uses Ranganathan's model to provide the reader with some examples of creative marketing. This chapter also includes a sample customer satisfaction survey and a small section addressing marketing in specialized libraries such as corporate, academic, and hospitals. One of the best discussions is in chapter three, "Publicity: The Tangibles." Siess broadly defines publicity as "anything written or said, seen or heard about your business that communicates the who, what, why, when, and where ... (52). Siess begins by providing an outline explaining the different sections of a public relations plan. The chapter then covers publicity basics and provides the reader with a number of tips for conducting publicity such as, keeping things simple and proof reading copy multiple times. Siess closes with examples of forms of publicity such as brochures, newsletters, business cards, and more. One example given by the author is how she uses her e-mail signature file to publicize her book. Overall, this chapter especially is a practical and useful guide for all types of libraries and librarians.
The next chapter, "Public Relations: The Personal Touch," examines what to do when the publicity and marketing start to bring people together. One of the most important things Siess stresses is the positive impact that getting out of the physical library and going to the customers can have an peoples' perceptions. Besides visiting other offices and departments Siess includes teaching as an important public relations tool along with open houses, exhibits, and good telephone skills. The final chapter, "Advocacy: Putting it All Together," ties the previous four chapters together and stresses the importance of librarians being advocates for other librarians, libraries, and themselves. A good portion of this chapter is dedicated to how other sec librarians and libraries as well as how librarians view themselves and the services they provide. As Siess explains people generally only see about 20% of what librarians do so librarians should make it their business to educate people about the other 80%. The chapter is full of good suggestions for proactive library advocacy. The Visible Librarian is a well-written, organized, and timely addition to the growing body of work an library marketing and promotion. The book provides the reader with an excellent introduction to library promotion complete with case studies, personal anecdotes, and a lengthy list of sources cited and additional resources. The book is not geared toward any one type of library or librarian, however, the topics discussed and suggestions given throughout the text can be easily molded to different situations in different types of libraries. The Visible Librarian would serve as an excellent textbook for a library science course an just about any topic. Overall, this is a highly recommended book for all types of librarians despite Siess' vast experience in small, one-person libraries."

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 54(2003) no.7, S.695-697 (R. Savolainen): "Donald O. Case has written an ambitious book to create an overall picture of the major approaches to information needs and seeking (INS) studies. The aim to write an extensive review is reflected in the list of references containing about 700 items. The high ambitions are explained an p. 14, where Case states that he is aiming at a multidisciplinary understanding of the concept of information seeking. In the Preface, the author characterizes his book as an introduction to the topic for students at the graduate level, as well as as a review and handbook for scholars engagged in information behavior research. In my view, Looking for Information is particularly welcome as an academic textbook because the field of INS studies suffers from the lack of monographs. Along with the continuous growth of the number of journal articles and conference papers, there is a genuine need for a book that picks up the numerous pieces and puts them together. The use of the study as a textbook is facilitated by clearly delineated sections an major themes and the wealth of concrete examples of information seeking in everyday contexts. The book is lucidly written and it is accessible to novice readers, too. At first glance, the idea of providing a comprehensive review of INS studies may seem a mission impossible because the current number of articles, papers, and other contributions in this field is nearing the 10,000 range (p. 224). Donald Case is not alone in the task of coming to grips with an increasing number of studies; similar problems have been faced by those writing INS-related chapters for the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST). Case has solved the problem of "too many publications to be reviewed" by concentrating an the INS literature published during the last two decades. Secondly, studies an library use and information retrieval are discussed only to a limited extent. In addition, Case is highly selective as to studies focusing an the use of specific sources and channels such as WWW. These delineations are reasonable, even though they beg some questions. First, how should one draw the line between studies an information seeking and information retrieval? Case does not discuss this question in greater detail, although in recent years, the overlapping areas of information seeking and retrieval studies have been broadened, along with the growing importance of WWW in information seeking/retrieval. Secondly, how can one define the concept of information searching (or, more specifically, Internet or Web searching) in relation to information seeking and information retrieval? In the field of Web searching studies, there is an increasing number of contributions that are of direct relevance to information-seeking studies. Clearly, the advent of the Internet, particularly, the Web, has blurred the previous lines between INS and IR literature, making them less clear cut. The book consists of five main sections, and comprises 13 chapters. There is an Appendix serving the needs of an INS textbook (questions for discussion and application). The structure of the book is meticulously planned and, as a whole, it offers a sufficiently balanced contribution to theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues of INS. The title, Looking for Information: A Survey of Research an Information Seeking, Needs, and Behavior aptly describes the main substance of the book. . . . It is easy to agree with Case about the significance of the problem of specialization and fragmentation. This problem seems to be concomitant with the broadening field of INS research. In itself, Case's book can be interpreted as a struggle against this fragmentation. His book suggests that this struggle is not hopeless and that it is still possible to draw an overall picture of the evolving research field. The major pieces of the puzzle were found and the book will provide a useful overview of INS studies for many years."

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Abstract

Information literacy can be defined in terms of information skills needed by all citizens to be successful in the information environment of the twenty-first century. Information literacy standards indicating levels of proficiency for K-12 students, published by the American Association of School Librarians and the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, have been available and in use since 1989. Education departments in many states have mandated the inclusion of information skills teaching throughout the K-12 curricula. Outcome measurements for information skills developed by the Association of College and Research Libraries in 2000 (http://www.ala.org/acrl/ilstandardlo.html) can be addressed in terms of what type of information skills students in higher education need to acquire to become successful students, professionals and researchers and ultimately productive workers in the society of the twenty-first century. Integrating information literacy instruction throughout the curricula in the K-12 school environment as well as throughout higher education needs to become a major goal for librarians, faculty, and teachers. Methodology to accomplish this and related case studies describing actual learning environments in which information skills are taught are described in this issue. The need for information literacy instruction is a global issue and included in this publication are examples from the United States as well as China, the Netherlands, and South Africa.

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the US information infrastructure, including discussion of federal policy affecting the evolution of the infrastructure. Libraries are then discussed as a means to further utilize the information infrastructure to ensure democratic access to information. Design/methodology/approach - The paper begins with a brief history of the evolution of the US information infrastructure and then turns to discussion of how libraries can maximize their utility within the context of this information society. Findings - The paper identifies the richness of the information infrastructure and the potential for information poverty of Americans if libraries are not careful to focus on the information available through information technology rather than focus on the information technology itself. Research limitations/implications - This paper is based on an historical look at the democratic underpinnings of the US information infrastructure and outlines general trends in US federal information policy that lead to the modern US information society. Practical implications - It is the author's wish that librarians and other information professionals use this work to support their focus on information access, using information technology and the rest of the information infrastructure to provide top information service and access to their users. Originality/value - Democratic rule requires an informed populace. The key to an informed populace is utilizing a nation's information infrastructure to most fully disseminate and gather needed information to and from the citizens of that nation. This case study provides an historical overview of the evolution of one nation's information infrastructure as a means to draw attention to the leading role libraries can take in supporting a democratic society, providing access to information via information technologies.

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Abstract

Two studies are presented that investigate information seeking behaviour on the Internet. In study one, soccer fans' information seeking on the World Wide Web is investigated. In study two, access rates to a cancer information Web site are analysed. It is tentatively argued that there is a tendency for people to access information more commonly avoided in "real life", although in the case of football fans, the tendency to "bask in reflected glory" remains when online, while cutting off reflected failure is minimised. Implications for understanding and researching psychological processes of Web browsing behaviour are discussed.

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Abstract

This article seeks to shift the literature an chat-based reference services beyond the current spate of case studies and discussions of emerging standards and best practices in providing chat-based reference, to a higher level of discussion an the creation and discussion of theoretical frameworks to unite these standards and practices. The article explores the varlous steps in the process of providing synchronous, chat-based reference, as well as issues involved in providing such service at each step. The purpose of this exploration is twofold: First, this article presents some open research questions at each step in the process of providing chatbased reference service. Second, the entire process of providing chat-based reference is viewed as a whole, and a model of the provision of chat-based reference service is developed at a high level of abstraction. lt is hoped that this model may serve as a conceptual framework for future discussions of and development of applications for chat-based reference.

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Abstract

Purpose - To examine the changing nature and adaptation of the Information Commons concept at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Design/methodology/approach - This article is primarily a case study on the growth and development of technology at Lied Library, including its expansion beyond the physical confines of the original model of the Information Commons. Additionally, a cross-section of articles regarding the principles of providing services and systems within an Information Commons is surveyed. Findings - Stresses the importance of maintaining a flexible model for the integration of technology and library services. Practical implications - A matter-of-fact source for the implications of rethinking and reinventing the Information Commons concept. Originality/value - This article addresses considerations important to the integration and evolution of technology services and space within academic libraries.

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Date

25.11.2005 18:58:22

Imprint

Littleton, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited

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Abstract

This book, aimed at an international audience, provides an overview of information literacy (IL) in practice; what it is, why it's become so important in the library profession and demonstrates how librarians can cultivate a better understanding of IL in their own organisations. It uses the 'Cookbook' theme throughout to provide a more informal approach, which will appeal to practitioners, and also reflects the need to provide guidance in the form of recipes, tips for success, regional variations, and possible substitutions if ingredients aren't available. This approach makes it easy to read and highly valuable for the busy information professional. It includes an overview of information literacy in higher education, the schools sector, public libraries, the health service and the commercial sector. It also includes contributions from international authors. Key Features: 1. Highly readable for busy information professionals 2. Contains advice, case studies and examples of good practice particularly useful for practitioners 3. Relevant to librarians from all sectors 4.Suitable for an international audience The Editors: Dr Jane Secker is Learning Technology Librarian at the Centre for Learning Technology, based at the London School of Economics.
She is Chair of the Heron User Group and Association of Information Professionals in the Social Sciences (ALISS). She is the Conference Officer for CILIP Information Literacy Group and a founder member of the Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference (LILAC). Debbi Boden is a Faculty Team Leader at Imperial College London. She is chair and a founder member of the CILIP CSG Information Literacy Group and a member of the Information Literacy Annual Conference (LILAC) Committee. Gwyneth Price is Student Services Librarian at the Institute of Education, University of London. She is Editor of Education Libraries Journal. Readership: The book is aimed at library managers, information literacy/skills librarians/managers, and learner support librarians/managers.Contents: Getting started with the information literacy cookbook (Jane Secker, Debbi Boden and Gwyneth Price) Feeding the masses: digital citizenship and the public library (Ronan O'Beirne) Healthy mind, healthy body: digital literacy in the NHS (Di Mullen and Helen Roberts) Information discovery stir-fry: information literacy in the commercial sector (Angela Donnelly and Carey Craddock) Alone in the kitchen: when you're the only one providing the service (Sarah Hinton) Educating the palate of pupils and teachers: recipes for success in school libraries (Rebecca Jones) Variety is the spice of life, or choosing your topics with care: information literacy challenges in the further education sector (Gwyneth Price and Jane Del-Pizzo) Information literacy beef bourguignon (also known as information skills stew or i-skills casserole): the higher education sector (Jane Secker, Debbi Boden and Gwyneth Price) Conclusion: coffee, cheese, biscuits and petit fours (Jane Secker, Debbi Boden and Gwyneth Price)

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to outline how article genres, or article types, are classified and described in the disciplines of biology, education, and software engineering. By using the expression article genres, emphasis is placed on the social role of journal articles that, as such, accomplish specific communicative functions and are intended for a certain context and audience. Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on this idea, the instructions to authors of the research journals cited in the Journal Citation Reports for each of the three disciplines are analysed. Findings - The information provided by the instructions to authors of major publications in the fields studied allows one to describe the following article genres: major articles, theoretical articles, review articles, short articles, practice-oriented articles, case studies, comment and opinion, and reviews. Research limitations/implications - Results show that article genres reflect the nature of research in each field to the extent that using them to describe items along with topic may improve management and retrieval of scientific documents. In addition, article genres perform specific communicative functions within disciplinary communities, which accounts for both emerging types of articles and variations in traditional types. Originality/value - The paper summarizes the information on article genres available in the instructions to authors of scientific journals in the disciplines of biology, education and software engineering. It attempts to show how results can mirror the nature of research in each field as well as current debates within each discipline on the state and quality of research. Also it shows how article genres convey specific communication needs within disciplinary communities, which proves that genres are social and evolving objects.

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Abstract

Much progress has been made in aligning library services with changing (and increasingly digital and networked) research and learning environments. At times, however, this progress has been uneven, fragmented, and reactive. As libraries continue to engage with an ever-shifting information landscape, it is apparent that their efforts would be facilitated by a shared view of how library services should be organized and surfaced in these new settings and contexts. Recent discussions in a variety of areas underscore this point: * Institutional repositories: what is the role of the library in collecting, managing, and preserving institutional scholarly output, and what services should be offered to faculty and students in this regard? * Metasearch: how can the fragmented pieces of library collections be brought together to simplify and improve the search experience of the user? * E-learning and course management systems: how can library services be lifted out of traditional library environments and inserted into the emerging workflows of "e-scholars" and "e-learners"? * Exposing library collections to search engines: how can libraries surface their collections in the general Web search environment, and how can users be provisioned with better tools to navigate an increasingly complex information landscape? In each case, there is as yet no shared picture of the library to bring to bear on these questions; there is little consensus on the specific library services that should be expected in these environments, how they should be organized, and how they should be presented.
Libraries have not been idle in the face of the changes re-shaping their environments: in fact, much work is underway and major advances have already been achieved. But these efforts lack a unifying framework, a means for libraries, as a community, to gather the strands of individual projects and weave them into a cohesive whole. A framework of this kind would help in articulating collective expectations, assessing progress, and identifying critical gaps. As the information landscape continually shifts and changes, a framework would promote the design and implementation of flexible, interoperable library systems that can respond more quickly to the needs of libraries in serving their constituents. It will provide a port of entry for organizations outside the library domain, and help them understand the critical points of contact between their services and those of libraries. Perhaps most importantly, a framework would assist libraries in strategic planning. It would provide a tool to help them establish priorities, guide investment, and anticipate future needs in uncertain environments. It was in this context, and in recognition of efforts already underway to align library services with emerging information environments, that the Digital Library Federation (DLF) in 2005 sponsored the formation of the Service Framework Group (SFG) [1] to consider a more systematic, community-based approach to aligning the functions of libraries with increasing automation in fulfilling the needs of information environments. The SFG seeks to understand and model the research library in today's environment, by developing a framework within which the services offered by libraries, represented both as business logic and computer processes, can be understood in relation to other parts of the institutional and external information landscape. This framework will help research institutions plan wisely for providing the services needed to meet the current and emerging information needs of their constituents. A service framework is a tool for documenting a shared view of library services in changing environments; communicating it among libraries and others, and applying it to best advantage in meeting library goals. It is a means of focusing attention and organizing discussion. It is not, however, a substitute for innovation and creativity. It does not supply the answers, but facilitates the process by which answers are sought, found, and applied. This paper discusses the SFG's vision of a service framework for libraries, its approach to developing the framework, and the group's work agenda going forward.

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this article is to alert researchers to software for web tracking of information seeking behaviour, and to offer a list of criteria that will make it easier to select software. A selection of research projects based on web tracking as well as the benefits and disadvantages of web tracking are also explored. Design/methodology/approach - An overview of the literature, including clarification of key concepts, a brief overview of studies of web information seeking behaviour based on web tracking, identification of software used, as well as the strengths and short-comings noted for web tracking is used as a background to the identification of criteria for the selection of web tracking software. Findings - Web tracking can offer very valuable information for the development of websites, portals, digital libraries, etc. It, however, needs to be supplemented by qualitative studies, and researchers need to ensure that the tracking software will collect the data required. Research limitations/implications - The criteria is not applied to any software in particular. Practical implications - The criteria can be used by researchers working on web usage and web information seeking behaviour to select suitable tracking software. Originality/value - Although there are many reports on the use of web tracking (also reported in this article), nothing could be traced on criteria for the evaluation of web tracking software.

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Abstract

In the cycle of scholarly communication, scholars play the role of both consumer and contributor of intellectual works within the stores of recorded knowledge. In the digital environment scholars are seeking and using information in new ways and generating new types of scholarly products, many of which are specialized resources for access to research information. These practices have important implications for the collection and organization of digital access resources. Drawing on a series of qualitative studies investigating the information work of scientists and humanities scholars, specific information seeking activities influenced by the Internet and two general modes of information access evident in research practice are identified in this article. These conceptual modes of access are examined in relation to the digital access resources currently being developed by researchers in the humanities and neuroscience. Scholars' modes of access and their "working" and "implicit" assemblages of information represent what researchers actually do when gathering and working with research materials and therefore provide a useful framework for the collection and organization of access resources in research libraries.

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Abstract

Reports on the performance of five free digital reference services (DRS) in answering ten reference questions. The first five questions were of a simple, factual, nature which should have ready answers. The second set of five were based on the subject of film studies. The answers to these questions varied from a simple one- or two-word response, to more extensive information, such as question 10. This study notes the use of various delivery methods for DRS: chat, Web forms, e-mail. It outlines the individual and co-operative approaches; and the challenges posed to the academic libraries by the so-called expert services. This study also intends to check if the services would ask for further information to ensure accuracy or simply provide the best answer based on the first query. It finds that there is often a trade-off between speed of response and quality or accuracy of response.

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