-
Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981)
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- Abstract
- A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory
- Content
- Originally published July 1981 as Internal Report 81-2, Dept. of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 3400 Gottingen, W.-Germany.
- Source
- http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
-
Gödert, W.; Lepsky, K.: Informationelle Kompetenz : ein humanistischer Entwurf (2019)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].
-
Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001)
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- Source
- Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
-
Large, A.; Beheshti, J.; Breuleux, A.: Multimedia and comprehension : a cognitive study (1994)
0.08
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- Abstract
- Tests were carried out on 120 grade 6 students to compare Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia on CD-ROM and its printe equivalent in terms of students' ability to recall information and to draw inferences from it. Between-subject varaibles were 3 presentation conditions (printed text with illustrations, text-on-screen, and multimedia-text, still images, and animation) and a retrieval condition (topic retrieved before viewing / topic presented without retrieval). Within-subject variables were text complexity (complex or simple), text type (descriptive or procedural), and measure (propositions recalled versus propositions inferred). Presentation conditions produced no significant main effect although text-on-screen resulted in somewhat higher recall and multimedia resulted in somewhat higher inference scores. Multimedia had the greatest effect in the case of simple topics, and especially the simple procedural topic
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 45(1994) no.7, S.515-528
-
Stock, W.A.; Kulhavy, R.W.; Peterson, S.E.; Hancock, T.E.; Verdi, M.P.: Mental representations of maps and verbal descriptions : evidence they may affect text memory differently (1995)
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- Abstract
- 2 studies examined the effect that mental representations derived from maps and verbal descriptions have on the recall of facts from a text. In experiment 1, subjects studies a map of Tasmania, a control map of Ceylon, or comparable verbal descriptions and then listened to a text containing facts about Tasmania. Fact recall was higher and map drawings were more accurate for the group that studied the Tasmania map. In experiment 2, subject studied a map of Tasmania, or one of two verbal descriptions (using different sequences of landmarks) of Tasmania. The results replicated those of experiment 1. These findings suggest that there may be fundamental differences between visual and verbal representations of the same space
-
Liang, T.-Y.: ¬The basic entity model : a fundamental theoretical model of information and information processing (1994)
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- Abstract
- Management information systems (MIS) is a young and dynamic technological discipline that is greatly in need of a theoretical foundation in order to be recognized as an academic field. A key to this search is the construction of a paradigm which engulfs a set of objects that is genuinely indigenous to MIS. This study is a modest attempt to identify this set of objects and to construct a simple model based on them. A basic entity model is constructed to provide a better understanding for the fundamental theory of information. The model identifies the four basic entities which define the scope of information theory and establishes the 4 fundamental postulates which can serve as its foundation. The 4 basic entities are data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The order of the entity as specified is important. Each entity is transformed to the next higher one during entity processing reduces the entropy of the entity so that further analysis can be executed more systematically. This concept enforces the fact that all computerized information systems also have a similar basic role
-
Cardoso, A.M.P.; Bemfica, J.C.; Borges, M.N.: Information and organizational knowledge faced with contemporary knowledge theories : unveiling the strength of the myth (2000)
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- Abstract
- The paper discusses the applicability of contemporary knowledge theories to the study of information and knowledge as conditions of the survival and development of social organizations. Its relevance is connected to the importance that the variability of environmental conditions acquired from the acceleration of time and the relocation of space, as a result of the contemporary technological innovations. The majority of the managerial models, which focus on the production of information and organizational knowledge, share premises originated from a view of the world based on the myth of absolute objectivity. According to this interpretation, the organizational issue is related to the identification of procedures and rules, which enable the organizations to reach an optimal position in relation to the environmental conditions they face. Reflection on information and knowledge in organizations based on presuppositions of contemporary knowledge theories treats the relevance of circumstantial factors in the organization-environment context acknowledging the fact that the specifics in each organization are, at the same time, the contingency and the possibility of its survival. In this context, learning is not a procedure that can be normalized or generalized, but a process and a product of the survival of the organization. Keeping in mind the distance between this approach and the current patterns and methods - scientific knowledge based on the Cartesian method - the article focuses on the consequences of the hegemony of the scientific model of phenomena explanation - the myth of absolute objectivity - on the potential of the contemporary knowledge theory biology of knowing, or autopoiesis theory, by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, which is based on the premise that, for the study of organizations, the perception of the object/phenomenon, and its interpretation, is not reachable outside the perceptive experience itself
- Source
- Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the 6th International ISKO-Conference, 10-13 July 2000, Toronto, Canada. Ed.: C. Beghtol et al
-
Martin, W.J.: ¬The information society (1995)
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- Date
- 15. 7.2002 14:22:55
- PRECIS
- Society / Effects of technological development in information systems
- Subject
- Society / Effects of technological development in information systems
-
Weingarten, R.: ¬Die Verkabelung der Sprache : Grenzen der Technisierung von Kommunikation (1989)
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- LCSH
- Communication / Technological innovations
- Subject
- Communication / Technological innovations
-
Thellefsen, T.; Thellefsen, M.: Signifikans-effekt i indeksering (1998)
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- Abstract
- Building on Jens-Erik Mai: 'Semiotics and its uses in library and information science', discusses indexing and semiotics. Presents the concept significance affect as expression of an information effect in index words, based on a discussion of the key concepts in Geroge Lakoff's cognitive semantics: basic-level categorizing, cue validity, prototype effect, kinesthetic image schemas, metaphors, metonymy and radical structures, and idealized cognitive models
- Footnote
- Übers. d. Titels: Significance effect in indexing
-
Lindesay, C.: What price information? (1997)
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- Abstract
- Considers cost and value issues of information, which are increasingly becoming the concern of a wide range of professions in addition to information and records managers. Explores a variety of ways of valuing information, 2 of which are based on its availability or proximity and the effect of possessing the information. Concludes that whilst putting a price or value on information is very difficult, there must be a value to it, as the effect of not having it can readily be observed
-
Raban, D.R.; Rafaeli, S.: ¬The effect of source nature and status on the subjective value of information (2006)
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- Abstract
- This is an empirical, experimental investigation of the value of information, as perceived through the willingness to purchase information (WTP) and the willingness to sell it (accept payment, WTA). We examined the effects of source nature: expertise versus content, and source status: copy versus exclusive original of information on the WTA-WTP ratio. In an animated computer simulation of a business game, players could maximize their profits by making choices regarding inventory and prices. Participants were offered the chance to bid for buying or selling information regarding the weather that may affect demand. We find, as hypothesized, that the subjective value of information does indeed follow the predictions of endowment effect theory. The ratio of willingness to accept to willingness to purchase (WTA-WTP) recorded for the 294 subjects resembles the ratio common for private goods, rather than the intuitively expected unity. The WTA-WTP ratios diverged from unity more often and in a more pronounced manner for information traded in the original form rather than as a copy of the original, although even for copies the WTA-WTP ratio is still double. The results yield a value of about three for the WTA-WTP ratio for original information whether the source is content or expertise. Copy information received a subjective value that was significantly different (lower) than original information. The implications for both online trading and online sharing of information are discussed.
- Date
- 22. 7.2006 15:09:35
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.3, S.321-329
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Cole, C.: Activity of understanding a problem during interaction with an 'enabling' information retrieval system : modeling information flow (1999)
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- Abstract
- This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of 'information' when the user is interacting with an 'enabling' information retrieval system. An 'enabling' IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need / problem / task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information and K.R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating massage, with particluar emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, 'enabling' IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, absed on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are 'online' interacting with the system
- Date
- 22. 5.1999 14:51:49
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.6, S.544-552
-
Macgregor, G.: ¬The nature of information in the twenty-first century : conundrums for the informatics community? (2005)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - With the proliferation of electronic information via the web a further distension of the unique characteristics of information has been witnessed. With seismic developments occurring in such a short period of time, it seems prudent to consider the very nature of information and to assess whether this accelerated growth has implications for the work of the informatics community and the information society. Design/methodology/approach - The paper begins by revisiting and refreshing the unique characteristics of information via a reappraisal of the relevant literature. These characteristics are then contextualised within the new economy and traditional economic theory. Once these unique characteristics have been examined, the author discusses how the nature of information in the twenty-first century presents the informatics community with new and difficult challenges. Findings - The challenges posed by the unique nature of information demand a definite response on the part of the informatics community, including the creation of innovative new models to accommodate information's inherent characteristics. Additionally, as the nature of information evolves yet further and ICT innovations accelerate, ever more adaptable skills will be required by the end user in order that value be derived from information. Practical implications - Outcomes and conclusions addressed in the paper may inform the informatics community generally, but will specifically inform the practice of information managers and librarians, and offer ways of assisting them in arriving at holistic decisions with respect to service provision. Originality/value - The paper is a contribution to the debate on the precise nature of information and offers new perspectives on how the informatics community should view information in the twenty-first century.
-
Crane, G.; Jones, A.: Text, information, knowledge and the evolving record of humanity (2006)
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- Abstract
- Consider a sentence such as "the current price of tea in China is 35 cents per pound." In a library with millions of books we might find many statements of the above form that we could capture today with relatively simple rules: rather than pursuing every variation of a statement, programs can wait, like predators at a water hole, for their informational prey to reappear in a standard linguistic pattern. We can make inferences from sentences such as "NAME1 born at NAME2 in DATE" that NAME more likely than not represents a person and NAME a place and then convert the statement into a proposition about a person born at a given place and time. The changing price of tea in China, pedestrian birth and death dates, or other basic statements may not be truth and beauty in the Phaedrus, but a digital library that could plot the prices of various commodities in different markets over time, plot the various lifetimes of individuals, or extract and classify many events would be very useful. Services such as the Syllabus Finder1 and H-Bot2 (which Dan Cohen describes elsewhere in this issue of D-Lib) represent examples of information extraction already in use. H-Bot, in particular, builds on our evolving ability to extract information from very large corpora such as the billions of web pages available through the Google API. Aside from identifying higher order statements, however, users also want to search and browse named entities: they want to read about "C. P. E. Bach" rather than his father "Johann Sebastian" or about "Cambridge, Maryland", without hearing about "Cambridge, Massachusetts", Cambridge in the UK or any of the other Cambridges scattered around the world. Named entity identification is a well-established area with an ongoing literature. The Natural Language Processing Research Group at the University of Sheffield has developed its open source Generalized Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) for years, while IBM's Unstructured Information Analysis and Search (UIMA) is "available as open source software to provide a common foundation for industry and academia." Powerful tools are thus freely available and more demanding users can draw upon published literature to develop their own systems. Major search engines such as Google and Yahoo also integrate increasingly sophisticated tools to categorize and identify places. The software resources are rich and expanding. The reference works on which these systems depend, however, are ill-suited for historical analysis. First, simple gazetteers and similar authority lists quickly grow too big for useful information extraction. They provide us with potential entities against which to match textual references, but existing electronic reference works assume that human readers can use their knowledge of geography and of the immediate context to pick the right Boston from the Bostons in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), but, with the crucial exception of geographic location, the TGN records do not provide any machine readable clues: we cannot tell which Bostons are large or small. If we are analyzing a document published in 1818, we cannot filter out those places that did not yet exist or that had different names: "Jefferson Davis" is not the name of a parish in Louisiana (tgn,2000880) or a county in Mississippi (tgn,2001118) until after the Civil War.
Although the Alexandria Digital Library provides far richer data than the TGN (5.9 vs. 1.3 million names), its added size lowers, rather than increases, the accuracy of most geographic name identification systems for historical documents: most of the extra 4.6 million names cover low frequency entities that rarely occur in any particular corpus. The TGN is sufficiently comprehensive to provide quite enough noise: we find place names that are used over and over (there are almost one hundred Washingtons) and semantically ambiguous (e.g., is Washington a person or a place?). Comprehensive knowledge sources emphasize recall but lower precision. We need data with which to determine which "Tribune" or "John Brown" a particular passage denotes. Secondly and paradoxically, our reference works may not be comprehensive enough. Human actors come and go over time. Organizations appear and vanish. Even places can change their names or vanish. The TGN does associate the obsolete name Siam with the nation of Thailand (tgn,1000142) - but also with towns named Siam in Iowa (tgn,2035651), Tennessee (tgn,2101519), and Ohio (tgn,2662003). Prussia appears but as a general region (tgn,7016786), with no indication when or if it was a sovereign nation. And if places do point to the same object over time, that object may have very different significance over time: in the foundational works of Western historiography, Herodotus reminds us that the great cities of the past may be small today, and the small cities of today great tomorrow (Hdt. 1.5), while Thucydides stresses that we cannot estimate the past significance of a place by its appearance today (Thuc. 1.10). In other words, we need to know the population figures for the various Washingtons in 1870 if we are analyzing documents from 1870. The foundations have been laid for reference works that provide machine actionable information about entities at particular times in history. The Alexandria Digital Library Gazetteer Content Standard8 represents a sophisticated framework with which to create such resources: places can be associated with temporal information about their foundation (e.g., Washington, DC, founded on 16 July 1790), changes in names for the same location (e.g., Saint Petersburg to Leningrad and back again), population figures at various times and similar historically contingent data. But if we have the software and the data structures, we do not yet have substantial amounts of historical content such as plentiful digital gazetteers, encyclopedias, lexica, grammars and other reference works to illustrate many periods and, even if we do, those resources may not be in a useful form: raw OCR output of a complex lexicon or gazetteer may have so many errors and have captured so little of the underlying structure that the digital resource is useless as a knowledge base. Put another way, human beings are still much better at reading and interpreting the contents of page images than machines. While people, places, and dates are probably the most important core entities, we will find a growing set of objects that we need to identify and track across collections, and each of these categories of objects will require its own knowledge sources. The following section enumerates and briefly describes some existing categories of documents that we need to mine for knowledge. This brief survey focuses on the format of print sources (e.g., highly structured textual "database" vs. unstructured text) to illustrate some of the challenges involved in converting our published knowledge into semantically annotated, machine actionable form.
-
Bailey, R.L.: Information : the currency of the new millennium (1997)
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- Abstract
- Presents technology changes that are shaking the foundations of the methods previously employed by the library, archival and records management professions. Identifies current problems with what has worked in the past. Predicts what will be happening in the future and what effect it has on a global information society and the way the information professions need to proceed in the coming decades
- Footnote
- Contribution to an issue devoted to papers from the UNESCO conference Info-Ethics: first International Congress on Ethical, Legal and Societal Aspects of Digital Information, held in Monaco, 10-12 March 1997
-
Dosa, M.: Thoughts on the social implications of information theory (1994)
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- Abstract
- Conceptualizes 'information theory' as a collective term for all information related theoretical models produced by a number of disciplines. There is a consensus in the scholarly community that information science and informatics does not, at present, have a focused systematic foundation of theoretical knowledge. Argues that this open endedness of the theoretical context can work to the advantage of the information sciences because of its capacity to accomodate future multidisciplinary research results. Briefly reviews the characteristics of information theories and offers perspectives on the implications of these characteristics for information planning and practice. Concludes that information research, including individual, societal, environmental and technological aspects, benefits from the flexibility of an open conceptual framework that closely resembles the dynamic world or reality
- Source
- International forum on information and documentation. 19(1994) no.2, S.3-7
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Fujiwara, Y.: ¬The model for self-structured semantic relationships of information and its advanced utilization (1994)
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- Abstract
- A great deal of information and knowledge is available in the form of full text, multimedia and other databases, as well as traditional information services. One of the issues of using information is to process meanings which are closely related with the sophisticated functiones such as learning, reasoning, inductive inference and problem solving. Automatic classification and intelligent access are straightforward applications and are useful when they are used togehter with thesauri and taxonomies which represent conceptual structures. Describes the basic principles and formulation of a new information model with flexible representation of meaning, and the direction of applications to advanced research of science and technology
- Source
- International forum on information and documentation. 19(1994) no.2, S.8-10
-
Large, A.: Effect of animation in enhancing descriptive and procedural texts in a multimedia learning environment (1996)
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- Abstract
- Reports the 3rd and final phase of a research project to investigate the role of animation in enhancing recall and comprehension of text by grade 6 primary school students. Its aims were to: determine whether a complex descriptive text is enhanced by animation so long as the animation exhibits close semantic links with the text; to explore the importance of captions in linking an animation with a text so as to increase comprehension of that text; and to investigate the relationship between students' spatial skills and their ability to recall and comprehend a text enhanced with still images and animation. A descriptive text on the structure and functions of the heart from Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia was used
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 47(1996) no.6, S.437-448
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Mostafa, S.P.: Enfoqies paradigmaticos de bibliotecologia : unidade na diversidad na unidad (1996)
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- Abstract
- Information science is currently dominated by 2 paradigms: one emphasises information retrieval as a technological process, based on natural sciences; the other derives from the social sciences, focusing on the information process as a communication act. The first is based on the structure of atoms, the second as people as collective actors. In Brazil the social science approach predominates, chiefly through the influence of 3 currents of thought: American liberalism; German social democracy and French post-structuralism. The ideas of the chief exponents of these theories have been developed by Brazilian researchers, introducing elements from political economy, quantum physics, linguistics, social science and epistemology. This interdisciplinarity is the key to unity in information science
- Content
- Presentation given at a round table on paradigmatic focuses of library science, during the 14th colloque on library science at the National Autonomous University of Mexico
- Footnote
- Übers. des Titels: Paradigmatic focuses of library science: unit of diversity or diversity in unity
